0:00:16.421,0:00:19.217
When you grow up [br]in a musical family as I did,

0:00:19.622,0:00:23.195
it never occurs to you [br]not to be a musician.

0:00:23.644,0:00:27.643
As part of family activities [br]you sing and dance together.

0:00:27.883,0:00:30.611
No, really, that's what we do.

0:00:31.187,0:00:36.040
And as you grow older, [br]you find your own path.

0:00:36.262,0:00:41.466
For me, it's the piano. [br]It's become my musical voice.

0:00:42.341,0:00:46.338
At some point as you go [br]deeper into this musical world,

0:00:46.535,0:00:49.261
you typically learn and become conversant

0:00:49.261,0:00:52.397
in the formal language [br]of your preferred music.

0:00:52.627,0:00:56.334
This is true of classical [br]musical systems worldwide.

0:00:57.049,0:01:01.034
You learn the symbol system [br]of your preferred music.

0:01:01.828,0:01:07.631
These symbols convey musical concepts [br]and practices of your preferred music.

0:01:08.087,0:01:11.020
They also make it possible

0:01:11.020,0:01:15.823
to preserve musical [br]creations for the ages

0:01:15.823,0:01:20.236
and to transfer musical ideas [br]to other musicians.

0:01:20.806,0:01:24.116
So as a result of this kind of process,

0:01:24.711,0:01:29.951
the musical score, that written document, [br]has become extremely important.

0:01:30.269,0:01:35.759
And musicians who know how to "read" [br]music are highly valued.

0:01:36.345,0:01:40.092
Whether it's the shakuhachi, [br]tradition of Japan,

0:01:40.327,0:01:45.126
or the chromatic musical system [br]of South India,

0:01:45.524,0:01:49.063
or Gregorian Chant, Beethoven,

0:01:49.063,0:01:53.162
movie music, patriotic songs,

0:01:53.162,0:01:55.942
the musical score makes it [br]possible to recreate [br]

0:01:55.942,0:01:59.140
a musical experience any time, anywhere.

0:01:59.950,0:02:04.619
As result, most of our music [br]arrives to us ready-made.

0:02:05.439,0:02:09.093
Ready-made for our consumption, [br]our entertainment,

0:02:09.347,0:02:11.010
our enlightenment.

0:02:11.691,0:02:17.016
We are typically passive consumers [br]of ready-made music,

0:02:18.010,0:02:24.289
delivered to us by musicians who are [br]literate in that musical system.

0:02:25.990,0:02:32.746
But there is another world of music [br]where the emphasis is on doing it.

0:02:32.976,0:02:35.605
Everyone, doing it.

0:02:36.471,0:02:38.233
Let's go there.

0:02:40.010,0:02:43.831
(Singing)

0:02:47.311,0:02:51.312
(Singing)

0:02:54.582,0:02:57.555
(Stamping and clapping)[br]Come on.

0:03:01.775,0:03:05.244
Shh...[br](Softer stamping and clapping)

0:03:07.137,0:03:10.127
(Louder clapping)

0:03:11.417,0:03:12.788
(Clapping stopped)

0:03:13.609,0:03:16.866
(Singing)

0:03:20.115,0:03:23.823
(Audience singing together)

0:03:28.751,0:03:32.621
Okay, when did you get the music?

0:03:35.005,0:03:39.276
When did you get the score? [br]When did you learn the music?

0:03:40.812,0:03:46.061
This is a fine example of the difference

0:03:46.061,0:03:51.111
between music as a product,[br]meaning the musical score,

0:03:51.518,0:03:55.949
and the doing of it,[br]the musical process.

0:03:56.539,0:03:59.000
And this little improvisation

0:03:59.000,0:04:04.813
was made possible because [br]we're all born musical.

0:04:05.472,0:04:12.062
That's right. You are born musical. [br]We're all born musical.

0:04:13.436,0:04:15.786
What does that mean?

0:04:16.567,0:04:19.405
You were born with [br]certain musical capacities. [br]

0:04:19.405,0:04:21.663
They're innate.

0:04:21.663,0:04:25.972
Let's think back on what[br]we just did as an improvisation.

0:04:27.094,0:04:30.953
I sang out a melody to you

0:04:30.953,0:04:35.742
and your brain discerned[br]that those were different pitches.

0:04:35.742,0:04:38.601
That's called pitch discrimination.

0:04:39.361,0:04:43.045
Then, I set a tempo [br]and a rhythmic pattern.

0:04:43.045,0:04:47.486
You found the beat [br]and used your body to join in.

0:04:47.486,0:04:50.377
That's called rhythmic entrainment.

0:04:50.957,0:04:55.954
Then, you remembered the melody [br]that I sang. You sang back to me.

0:04:55.954,0:04:58.431
That's called musical memory.

0:04:58.937,0:05:04.214
Pitch discrimination, [br]rhythmic entrainment, musical memory.

0:05:04.696,0:05:07.388
These are things that you were born with.

0:05:07.388,0:05:11.792
You didn't have to learn it. [br]You didn't have to buy it.

0:05:11.792,0:05:16.480
They're virtually yours [br]for being a Homo sapiens.

0:05:18.150,0:05:25.100
We know this because new research [br]has focused on infants and babies.

0:05:26.271,0:05:31.330
Let's stick right now with[br]rhythmic entrainment.

0:05:33.650,0:05:35.319
(Music)

0:05:35.319,0:05:39.847
Here is a baby, just being balanced, [br]listening to a drum track.

0:05:40.457,0:05:42.765
(Laughter)

0:05:42.765,0:05:44.834
She can't get enough with this.

0:05:45.394,0:05:47.393
(Laughter)

0:05:49.373,0:05:51.133
(Music stops)

0:05:52.743,0:05:54.877
What this kind of research [br]has shown us

0:05:54.877,0:05:58.931
is that our brains are [br]beautifully wired for music.

0:05:59.461,0:06:02.767
This is not a right-brain, [br]left-brain world.

0:06:03.264,0:06:08.516
The music receptors in your brain [br]are all over the brain.

0:06:10.096,0:06:12.904
Regardless of your preferred music.

0:06:14.206,0:06:16.022
So this raises a question:

0:06:16.022,0:06:21.528
if all of this in innate[br]and we're all pre-wired for music,

0:06:22.998,0:06:25.835
what about other species?

0:06:26.257,0:06:29.253
Let's stick with rhythmic [br]entrainment for the moment.

0:06:30.203,0:06:32.009
(Music)

0:06:32.009,0:06:33.920
Here is Snowball.

0:06:33.924,0:06:37.071
(Laughter)

0:06:37.071,0:06:43.623
(Music) (Laughter)

0:06:54.385,0:06:56.979
(End of music) (Applause)

0:06:57.939,0:07:00.065
He could do this all day.

0:07:00.065,0:07:01.451
(Laughter)

0:07:01.451,0:07:06.879
Okay, how about a sea lion? [br]Here is Roland.

0:07:08.859,0:07:12.566
(Music)

0:07:17.266,0:07:20.383
(Same music, with faster tempo)

0:07:26.453,0:07:30.751
This is my research with [br]our closest primate cousin: bonobo.

0:07:31.206,0:07:34.353
(Bonobo drumming)

0:07:35.173,0:07:40.490
(Voices of people talking to the bonobos)

0:07:47.820,0:07:50.937
Okay, that's rhythmic entrainment.

0:07:50.937,0:07:54.391
What about pitch discrimination [br]and musical memory?

0:07:56.211,0:07:59.825
(Humpback whale calls)

0:08:12.581,0:08:17.018
Let me talk a little bit about [br]humpback whale song.

0:08:17.802,0:08:25.405
All the males in a specific ocean [br]sing the same seasonal song.

0:08:26.398,0:08:31.313
And they create this seasonal song [br]as a collaborative effort.

0:08:31.313,0:08:36.179
It's done by one whale singing out phrase

0:08:36.179,0:08:38.565
and if it's sung back to him,

0:08:38.565,0:08:42.172
it's incorporated in this seasonal song.

0:08:42.172,0:08:48.179
And they spend six months creating[br]this seasonal song together.

0:08:49.200,0:08:54.330
Then they go silent for six months, [br]while they go to the feeding grounds.

0:08:54.884,0:08:58.196
When they resume singing [br]six months later,

0:08:58.196,0:09:02.788
they start with last year's seasonal song.

0:09:02.788,0:09:06.712
Pitch discrimination, musical memory.

0:09:07.784,0:09:10.739
So what does all of this mean?

0:09:11.350,0:09:14.828
I work in a field called BioMusic,

0:09:15.388,0:09:20.254
which studies musical brains[br]and musical capacities in all species.

0:09:20.254,0:09:26.387
Because your ability to interact with [br]others and with your environment

0:09:26.729,0:09:30.736
is dependent on these musical capacities.

0:09:34.611,0:09:39.790
They also forecast [br]your ability to survive and to get along.

0:09:40.875,0:09:44.666
Let's think about being together [br]with our fellow human beings.

0:09:45.941,0:09:51.367
Where would marching, [br]singing together, dancing,

0:09:51.367,0:09:56.563
team sports, even cheerleading be [br]without rhythmic entrainment?

0:09:57.693,0:10:01.741
In a conversation with another person, [br]all speech doesn't have to come

0:10:01.741,0:10:07.627
to a grinding halt of silence[br]for the other person to begin speaking.

0:10:08.055,0:10:11.825
No. The uptake of that conversation [br]by the other person

0:10:11.825,0:10:17.283
happens at that natural rhythmic moment[br]that has just flowed from you.

0:10:17.283,0:10:21.062
This kind of conversational [br]turn-taking is rhythmical

0:10:21.062,0:10:25.071
and your brain just does it automatically.

0:10:25.071,0:10:28.407
Think about how you entrain with yourself.

0:10:28.407,0:10:34.882
When you're walking, your arms naturally [br]rhythmically entrain to your walk.

0:10:35.811,0:10:40.454
And if you are gesturing while you speak,

0:10:40.454,0:10:44.127
your gestures automatically entrain[br]to your stress,

0:10:44.127,0:10:46.990
and to the tempo of your speech.

0:10:46.990,0:10:49.340
Rhythmic entrainment.

0:10:50.320,0:10:52.447
As far as pitch discrimination [br]is concerned, [br]

0:10:52.447,0:10:54.264
in this whole room with cell phones,

0:10:54.264,0:10:56.662
you all know what your [br]own ringtone sounds like.

0:10:56.662,0:10:58.990
(Laughter)

0:10:59.300,0:11:03.319
And we could all break out right now [br]in a course of Happy Birthday

0:11:03.319,0:11:06.450
because of our musical memory.

0:11:06.450,0:11:13.407
All these scenarios are supported by [br]a magnificent musical communication system

0:11:13.847,0:11:17.426
that resides within us and around us.

0:11:18.744,0:11:24.995
And what we're finding in this research, [br]is that we're not alone,

0:11:25.828,0:11:30.821
that these musical capacities are [br]embedded deeply in the wild.

0:11:32.713,0:11:37.638
Furthermore,[br]these musical capacities are primal.

0:11:39.013,0:11:43.440
This has really profound implications [br]for our species

0:11:43.440,0:11:46.957
and for other species.

0:11:47.457,0:11:53.791
I'm engaged in soundmapping [br]the Meso-American Reef.

0:11:53.791,0:11:59.168
We're dropping hydrophones at the [br]second largest reef system in the world,

0:11:59.168,0:12:02.961
because vision is not [br]the best tool in the ocean.

0:12:03.505,0:12:06.365
We're capturing the sounds of the animals

0:12:06.365,0:12:09.965
that live at the reef [br]and migrate by the reef.

0:12:09.965,0:12:16.321
And we're learning, in a whole new way, [br]how they interact with each other

0:12:16.321,0:12:18.969
and with their environment.

0:12:19.586,0:12:25.980
Returning to our species, [br]new therapies are being developed

0:12:25.980,0:12:31.466
that use this magnificent [br]musical system in our brain

0:12:31.760,0:12:35.880
to re-program damaged brains.

0:12:36.499,0:12:42.344
So by using music-making, [br]we can actually re-capture lost abilities

0:12:42.344,0:12:45.594
due to stroke or traumatic brain injury.

0:12:46.119,0:12:52.267
And, when it comes to interventions, [br]we have new interventions

0:12:52.267,0:12:56.038
that use music-making combination [br]with hand-eye coordination

0:12:56.338,0:12:59.739
to stimulate an increased learning.

0:13:01.428,0:13:04.531
Going forward into the future,

0:13:04.531,0:13:07.554
we want to continue to expand [br]our understanding

0:13:07.554,0:13:11.488
of this fabulous music [br]communication system

0:13:11.488,0:13:15.825
and to learn better [br]how to use it to our advantage.

0:13:16.765,0:13:24.102
So in the future, we will design sound [br]environments that support wellness.

0:13:24.770,0:13:29.491
We will design sound environments [br]that are prescriptive,

0:13:29.491,0:13:34.132
and individualized, that support healing.

0:13:34.132,0:13:38.007
We will manage the sound environments

0:13:38.007,0:13:42.172
that will preserve [br]and protect other species.

0:13:43.262,0:13:47.829
Consider that new technology [br]is now on the drawing board,

0:13:48.049,0:13:52.504
that is going to be able [br]to record the sounds

0:13:52.504,0:13:55.689
of individual cells within your body.

0:13:57.189,0:14:00.605
That means that [br]we can use patterns of sound [br]

0:14:00.605,0:14:05.461
in time to listen to cells [br]that are healthy

0:14:05.461,0:14:08.809
versus cells that are diseased.

0:14:09.857,0:14:12.077
This opens up the possibilities for us

0:14:12.077,0:14:16.497
to have a diagnostic tool [br]that is not invasive,

0:14:16.497,0:14:21.887
that listens to the body [br]and pinpoints diseased cells.

0:14:23.334,0:14:28.511
And it may be possible [br]to write a code of sound waves

0:14:28.511,0:14:32.628
to neutralize those diseased cells.

0:14:34.418,0:14:36.577
You should also know that NASA

0:14:36.577,0:14:40.666
has already sent recordings [br]of human music-making

0:14:40.666,0:14:44.857
and whale songs [br]into intergalactic space,

0:14:45.607,0:14:48.121
with the possibility

0:14:48.121,0:14:54.173
that extraterrestrial intelligent life

0:14:54.173,0:14:57.949
will know us by these sounds,

0:14:59.119,0:15:03.887
creating the possibility that [br]the first communication with an E.T.

0:15:03.887,0:15:07.252
may actually be a musical communication.

0:15:09.062,0:15:14.707
With all this said, [br]perhaps we should reconsider

0:15:14.707,0:15:18.782
the importance [br]of music-making in our lives

0:15:18.782,0:15:24.019
and the role that it plays with educating [br]and mentoring our children.

0:15:25.618,0:15:29.807
Because they're going to need [br]height into musical capacities

0:15:29.807,0:15:35.106
to be able to walk [br]into these new careers and jobs.

0:15:35.106,0:15:38.537
Music is not just an interactivity.

0:15:38.537,0:15:42.038
It's a potent communication system

0:15:43.048,0:15:49.691
that is embedded in the wild and[br]that connects all the life on the planet.

0:15:50.542,0:15:54.572
So, embrace your musicality.

0:15:54.572,0:15:58.482
Experience this world as a musical place.

0:15:58.482,0:16:05.124
And know that the future holds[br]a robust and fast musical conversation.

0:16:05.124,0:16:06.442
Thank you.

0:16:06.442,0:16:08.550
(Applause)