[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.79,0:00:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What rights do people have,\Nand where do they come from?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.50,0:00:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who gets to make decisions for others\Nand on what authority?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.31,0:00:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how can we organize society\Nto meet people's needs?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.21,0:00:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These questions challenged\Nan entire nation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.87,0:00:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the upheaval \Nof the French Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.02,0:00:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.41,0:00:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe had undergone a profound\Nintellectual and cultural shift
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.44,0:00:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as the Enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.80,0:00:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philosophers and artists promoted\Nreason and human freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.41,0:00:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over tradition and religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.07,0:00:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rise of a middle class\Nand printed materials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.83,0:00:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encouraged political awareness,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.21,0:00:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the American Revolution had turned\Na former English colony
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.75,0:00:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an independent republic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.45,0:00:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet France, one of the largest and richest\Ncountries in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.26,0:00:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was still governed by an ancient regime\Nof three rigid social classes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.97,0:01:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Estates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.05,0:01:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monarch King Louis XVI\Nbased his authority on divine right
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.77,0:01:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and granted special privileges\Nto the First and Second Estates,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.04,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Catholic clergy, and the nobles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.78,0:01:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Third Estate, middle class merchants\Nand craftsmen,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.02,0:01:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as over 20 million peasants,\Nhad far less power
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.39,0:01:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were the only ones \Nwho paid taxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.46,0:01:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just to the king,\Nbut to the other Estates as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.63,0:01:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In bad harvest years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.01,0:01:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taxation could leave peasants\Nwith almost nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.37,0:01:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the king and nobles lived lavishly\Non their extracted wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.19,0:01:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as France sank into debt due to\Nits support of the American Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.27,0:01:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its long-running war with England,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.68,0:01:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change was needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.54,0:01:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Louis appointed \Nfinance minister Jacques Necker,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.77,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who pushed for tax reforms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.38,0:01:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and won public support by openly\Npublishing the government's finances.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.43,0:02:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the king's advisors strongly opposed\Nthese initiatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.71,0:02:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Desperate for a solution, the king called\Na meeting of the Estates-General,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.13,0:02:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an assembly of representatives\Nfrom the Three Estates,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.90,0:02:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time in 175 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.09,0:02:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the Third Estate represented\N98% of the French population,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.58,0:02:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its vote was equal to each\Nof the other Estates.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.10,0:02:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unsurprisingly, both of the upper\Nclasses favored keeping their privileges.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.46,0:02:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Realizing they couldn't \Nget fair representation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.02,0:02:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Third Estate broke off,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.91,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,declared themselves \Nthe National Assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pledged to draft a new constitution\Nwith or without the other Estates.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.50,0:02:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Louis ordered the First\Nand Second Estates
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.97,0:02:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to meet with the National Assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.78,0:02:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he also dismissed Necker,\Nhis popular finance minister.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.91,0:02:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In response, thousands \Nof outraged Parisians
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.83,0:02:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,joined with sympathetic soldiers\Nto storm the Bastille prison,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.18,0:02:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a symbol of royal power\Nand a large storehouse of weapons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.45,0:03:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Revolution had begun.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.10,0:03:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As rebellion spread \Nthroughout the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.38,0:03:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the feudal system was abolished.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.72,0:03:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Assembly's Declaration\Nof the Rights of Man and Citizen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.99,0:03:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proclaimed a radical idea for the time -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.61,0:03:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that individual rights and freedoms \Nwere fundamental to human nature
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and government existed \Nonly to protect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.49,0:03:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their privileges gone, \Nmany nobles fled abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.78,0:03:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begging foreign rulers to invade France\Nand restore order.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.86,0:03:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while Louis remained as the figurehead\Nof the constitutional monarchy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.69,0:03:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he feared for his future.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.98,0:03:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1791, he tried to flee the country\Nbut was caught.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.14,0:03:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The attempted escape shattered\Npeople's faith in the king.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.13,0:03:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The royal family was arrested\Nand the king charged with treason.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.40,0:03:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Queen Marie Antoinette,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.99,0:03:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a foreigner long mocked as Madame Deficit\Nfor her extravagant reputation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.51,0:03:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was publicly beheaded.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.07,0:03:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a trial, so was \Nthe once revered king,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.24,0:03:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ending 1,000 years of monarchy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.33,0:04:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and launching the first French republic
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.41,0:04:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,governed by the motto,\N"Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.62,0:04:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Revolution would not end there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.98,0:04:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some leaders, not content with just\Nchanging the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.10,0:04:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sought to completely transform \NFrench society -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.40,0:04:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.80,0:04:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its street names,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.91,0:04:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even its calendar.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.36,0:04:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As multiple factions formed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.23,0:04:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the extremist Jacobins lead \Nby Maximilien Robespierre
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.42,0:04:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,launched a Reign of Terror
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.73,0:04:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to suppress the slightest dissent\Nexecuting over 20,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.23,0:04:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the Jacobin's own downfall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.03,0:04:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, France found itself\Nat war with neighboring monarchs
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.82,0:04:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeking to strangle the Revolution\Nbefore it spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.73,0:04:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amidst the chaos, a general named\NNapoleon Bonaparte took charge
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.24,0:04:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming Emperor as he claimed to defend\Nthe Revolution's democratic values.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.54,0:04:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All in all, the Revolution \Nsaw three constitutions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.86,0:04:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and five governments within ten years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.88,0:05:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed by decades alternating between\Nmonarchy and revolt
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.66,0:05:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the next Republic formed in 1871.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.93,0:05:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while we celebrate \Nthe French Revolution's ideals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.72,0:05:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still struggle with many of the same\Nbasic questions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.98,0:05:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raised over two centuries ago.