[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much. I'm going to try to take you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a journey of the underwater acoustic world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whales and dolphins.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since we are such a visual species,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's hard for us to really understand this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'll use a mixture of figures and sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hope this can communicate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's also think, as a visual species,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it's like when we go snorkeling or diving
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to look underwater.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We really can't see very far.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our vision, which works so well in air,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of a sudden is very restricted and claustrophobic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what marine mammals have evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last tens of millions of years
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is ways to depend on sound
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to both explore their world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also to stay in touch with one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins and toothed whales use echolocation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can produce loud clicks
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and listen for echoes from the sea floor in order to orient.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can listen for echoes from prey
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to decide where food is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to decide which one they want to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All marine mammals use sound for communication to stay in touch.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the large baleen whales
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will produce long, beautiful songs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are used in reproductive advertisement
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for male and females, both to find one another
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to select a mate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And mother and young and closely bonded animals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use calls to stay in touch with one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so sound is really critical for their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing that got me interested in the sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these underwater animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose world was so foreign to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was evidence from captive dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that captive dolphins could imitate human sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I mentioned I'll use
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some visual representations of sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the first example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a plot of frequency against time --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of like musical notation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the higher notes are up higher and the lower notes are lower,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and time goes this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of a trainer's whistle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whistle a trainer will blow to tell a dolphin
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's done the right thing and can come get a fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds sort of like "tweeeeeet." Like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a calf in captivity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making an imitation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that trainer's whistle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you hummed this tune to your dog or cat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it hummed it back to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you ought to be pretty surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very few nonhuman mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can imitate sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really important for our music and our language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a puzzle: The few other mammal groups that do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why do they do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of my career has been devoted
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trying to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how these animals use their learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use the ability to change what you say
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on what you hear
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their own communication systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start with calls of a nonhuman primate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many mammals have to produce contact calls
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when, say, a mother and calf are apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example of a call produced by squirrel monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're isolated from another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see, there's not much
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,variability in these calls.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By contrast, the signature whistle
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which dolphins use to stay in touch,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each individual here has a radically different call.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can use this ability to learn calls
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to develop more complicated and more distinctive calls
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to identify individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about the setting in which animals need to use this call?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well let's look at mothers and calves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In normal life for mother and calf dolphin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll often drift apart or swim apart if Mom is chasing a fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they separate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to get back together again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this figure shows is the percentage of the separations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which dolphins whistle,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the maximum distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when dolphins are separating by less than 20 meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than half the time they need to use whistles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the time they can just find each other
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by swimming around.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all of the time when they separate by more than 100 meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need to use these individually distinctive whistles
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come back together again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of these distinctive signature whistles
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are quite stereotyped and stable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the life of a dolphin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are some exceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a male dolphin leaves Mom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will often join up with another male
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and form an alliance, which may last for decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As these two animals form a social bond,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their distinctive whistles actually converge
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become very similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This plot shows two members of a pair.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see at the top here,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they share an up-sweep, like "woop, woop, woop."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They both have that kind of up-sweep.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas these members of a pair go "wo-ot, wo-ot, wo-ot."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's happened is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've used this learning process
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop a new sign that identifies this new social group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very interesting way that they can
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form a new identifier
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the new social group that they've had.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now take a step back
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see what this message can tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about protecting dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from human disturbance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anybody looking at this picture
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will know this dolphin is surrounded,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clearly his behavior is being disrupted.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a bad situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out that when just a single boat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is approaching a group of dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a couple hundred meters away,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dolphins will start whistling,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll change what they're doing, they'll have a more cohesive group,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wait for the boat to go by,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they'll get back to normal business.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in a place like Sarasota, Florida,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:04:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average interval between times
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a boat is passing within a hundred meters of a dolphin group
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is six minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even in the situation that doesn't look as bad as this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's still affecting the amount of time these animals have
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do their normal work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we look at a very pristine environment like western Australia,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lars Bider has done work
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comparing dolphin behavior and distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before there were dolphin-watching boats.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When there was one boat, not much of an impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And two boats: When the second boat was added,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happened was that some of the dolphins
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left the area completely.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the ones that stayed, their reproductive rate declined.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it could have a negative impact on the whole population.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we think of marine-protected areas for animals like dolphins,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this means that we have to be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite conscious about activities that we thought were benign.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may need to regulate the intensity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of recreational boating and actual whale watching
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to prevent these kinds of problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd also like to point out that sound
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't obey boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can draw a line to try to protect an area,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but chemical pollution and noise pollution
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will continue to move through the area.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd like to switch now from this local,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,familiar, coastal environment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a much broader world of the baleen whales and the open ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a kind of map we've all been looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world is mostly blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'd also like to point out that the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are much more connected than we think.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice how few barriers there are to movement
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across all of the oceans compared to land.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, the most mind-bending example
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the interconnectedness of the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from an acoustic experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.00,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where oceanographers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a ship to the southern Indian Ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deployed an underwater loudspeaker
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and played back a sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That same sound
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,traveled to the west, and could be heard in Bermuda,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and traveled to the east, and could be heard in Monterey --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we live in a world of satellite communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are used to global communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's still amazing to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ocean has properties
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow low-frequency sound
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to basically move globally.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The acoustic transit time for each of these paths is about three hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's nearly halfway around the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the early '70s,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roger Payne and an ocean acoustician
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,published a theoretical paper
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pointing out that it was possible
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sound could transmit over these large areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but very few biologists believed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually turns out, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though we've only known of long-range propagation for a few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whales clearly have evolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over tens of millions of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a way to exploit this amazing property of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So blue whales and fin whales
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce very low-frequency sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can travel over very long ranges.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top plot here shows
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a complicated series of calls
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are repeated by males.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They form songs, and they appear to play a role in reproduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of like that of song birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down below here, we see calls made by both males and females
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that also carry over very long ranges.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biologists continued to be skeptical
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the long-range communication issue
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well past the '70s,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the end of the Cold War.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened was, during the Cold War,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. Navy had a system that was secret at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they used to track Russian submarines.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had deep underwater microphones, or hydrophones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cabled to shore,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all wired back to a central place that could listen
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sounds over the whole North Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after the Berlin Wall fell, the Navy made these systems available
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whale bio-acousticians
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see what they could hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a plot from Christopher Clark
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who tracked one individual blue whale
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it passed by Bermuda,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went down to the latitude of Miami and came back again.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was tracked for 43 days,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming 1,700 kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more than 1,000 miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shows us both that the calls
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are detectable over hundreds of miles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that whales routinely swim hundreds of miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're ocean-based and scale animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are communicating over much longer ranges
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we had anticipated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike fins and blues, which
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disperse into the temperate and tropical oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the humpbacked whales congregate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in local traditional breeding grounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can make a sound that's a little higher in frequency,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broader-band and more complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you're listening to the complicated song
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced by humpbacks here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humpbacks, when they develop
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to sing this song,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're listening to other whales
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and modifying what they sing based on what they're hearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like song birds or the dolphin whistles I described.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that humpback song
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a form of animal culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like music for humans would be.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think one of the most interesting examples of this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biologists on the east coast of Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recording the songs of humpbacks in that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this orange line here marks the typical songs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of east coast humpbacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In '95 they all sang the normal song.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in '96 they heard a few weird songs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it turned out that these strange songs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were typical of west coast whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The west coast calls became more and more popular,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until by 1998,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of the whales sang the east coast song; it was completely gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just sang the cool new west coast song.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if some new hit style
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had completely wiped out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the old-fashioned style before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with no golden oldies stations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody sang the old ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to briefly just show what the ocean does to these calls.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you are listening to a recording made by Chris Clark,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,0.2 miles away from a humpback.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can hear the full frequency range. It's quite loud.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You sound very nearby.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next recording you're going to hear
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was made of the same humpback song
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's shown down here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You only hear the low frequencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You hear the reverberation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the sound travels over long-range in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is not quite as loud.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now after I play back these humpback calls,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll play blue whale calls, but they have to be sped up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're so low in frequency
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you wouldn't be able to hear it otherwise.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a blue whale call at 50 miles,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was distant for the humpback.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's loud, clear -- you can hear it very clearly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the same call recorded from a hydrophone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.00,0:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of noise, which is mostly other whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can still hear that faint call.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now switch and think about
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.00,0:11:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a potential for human impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most dominant sound that humans put into the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from shipping.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the sound of a ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm having to talk a little louder to talk over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that whale listening from 500 miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a potential problem that maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of shipping noise would prevent whales
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from being able to hear each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is something that's been known for quite a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a figure from a textbook on underwater sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the y-axis
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the loudness of average ambient noise in the deep ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by frequency.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the low frequencies, this line indicates
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sound that comes from seismic activity of the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up high, these variable lines
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicate increasing noise in this frequency range
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from higher wind and wave.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right in the middle here where there's a sweet spot,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the noise is dominated by human ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now think about it. This is an amazing thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That in this frequency range where whales communicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main source globally, on our planet, for the noise
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from human ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of human ships, distant, far away,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just all aggregating.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next slide will show what the impact this may have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the range at which whales can communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we have the loudness of a call at the whale.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we get farther away,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.00,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sound gets fainter and fainter.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in the pre-industrial ocean, as we were mentioning,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this whale call could be easily detected.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's louder than noise
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a range of a thousand kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now take that additional increase in noise
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we saw comes from shipping.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden, the effective range of communication
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes from a thousand kilometers to 10 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if this signal is used for males and females
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find each other for mating and they're dispersed,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine the impact this could have
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the recovery of endangered populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whales also have contact calls
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like I described for the dolphins.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.00,0:13:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll play the sound of a contact call used
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.00,0:13:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by right whales to stay in touch.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the kind of call that is used by,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, right whale mothers and calves
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they separate to come back again.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine -- let's put the ship noise in the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's a mother to do
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the ship comes by and her calf isn't there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll describe a couple strategies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One strategy is if your call's down here,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the noise is in this band,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could shift the frequency of your call out of the noise band
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and communicate better.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Susan Parks of Penn State has actually studied this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's looked in the Atlantic. Here's data from the South Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.00,0:13:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a typical South Atlantic contact call from the '70s.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look what happened by 2000 to the average call.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.00,0:13:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same thing in the North Atlantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the '50s versus 2000.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last 50 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we've put more noise into the oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these whales have had to shift.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if the whole population had to shift
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from being basses to singing as a tenor.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.00,0:14:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an amazing shift, induced by humans
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over this large scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in both time and space.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we now know that whales can compensate for noise
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by calling louder, like I did when that ship was playing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by waiting for silence
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by shifting their call out of the noise band.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's probably costs to calling louder
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or shifting the frequency away from where you want to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's probably lost opportunities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.00,0:14:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we also have to wait for silence,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.00,0:14:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may miss a critical opportunity to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.00,0:14:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to be very concerned
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.00,0:14:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about when the noise in habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.00,0:14:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,degrades the habitat enough
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the animals either have to pay too much to be able to communicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are not able to perform critical functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a really important problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm happy to say that there are several
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very promising developments in this area,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the impact of shipping on whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.00,0:14:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of the shipping noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.00,0:15:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.00,0:15:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has formed a group whose job is to establish
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guidelines for quieting ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell the industry how you could quiet ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.00,0:15:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they've already found
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.00,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that by being more intelligent about better propeller design,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.00,0:15:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can reduce that noise by 90 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you actually insulate and isolate
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.00,0:15:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the machinery of the ship from the hull,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can reduce that noise by 99 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this point, it's primarily an issue of cost and standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this group can establish standards,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.00,0:15:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the shipbuilding industry adopts them for building new ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.00,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can now see a gradual decline
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this potential problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.00,0:15:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's also another problem from ships that I'm illustrating here,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.00,0:15:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the problem of collision.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.00,0:15:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a whale that just squeaked by
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a rapidly moving container ship and avoided collision.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But collision is a serious problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Endangered whales are killed every year by ship collision,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's very important to try to reduce this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.00,0:15:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll discuss two very promising approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first case comes from the Bay of Fundy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These black lines mark shipping lanes
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in and out of the Bay of Fundy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The colorized area
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows the risk of collision for endangered right whales
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.00,0:16:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the ships moving in this lane.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that this lane here
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.00,0:16:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes right through a major feeding area of right whales in the summer time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.00,0:16:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes an area of a significant risk of collision.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.00,0:16:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, biologists
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.00,0:16:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who couldn't take no for an answer
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went to the International Maritime Organization
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.00,0:16:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and petitioned them to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.00,0:16:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Can't you move that lane? Those are just lines on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.00,0:16:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can't you move them over to a place
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.00,0:16:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there's less of a risk?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.00,0:16:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the International Maritime Organization responded very strongly,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.00,0:16:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"These are the new lanes."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:16:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shipping lanes have been moved.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.00,0:16:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see, the risk of collision is much lower.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.00,0:16:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very promising, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.00,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can be very creative about thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.00,0:16:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different ways to reduce these risks.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.00,0:16:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another action which was just taken independently
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.00,0:16:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a shipping company itself
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.00,0:16:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was initiated because of concerns the shipping company had
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.00,0:17:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about greenhouse gas emissions with global warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.00,0:17:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Maersk Line looked at their competition
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.00,0:17:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saw that everybody who is in shipping thinks time is money.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.00,0:17:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They rush as fast as they can to get to their port.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.00,0:17:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then they often wait there.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.00,0:17:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Maersk did is they worked ways to slow down.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.00,0:17:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could slow down by about 50 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.00,0:17:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This reduced their fuel consumption by about 30 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.00,0:17:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which saved them money,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.00,0:17:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the same time, it had a significant benefit for whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.00,0:17:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It you slow down, you reduce the amount of noise you make
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.00,0:17:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you reduce the risk of collision.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.00,0:17:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to conclude, I'd just like to point out,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.00,0:17:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, the whales live in
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.00,0:17:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an amazing acoustic environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.00,0:17:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've evolved over tens of millions of years
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.00,0:17:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take advantage of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.00,0:17:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to be very attentive and vigilant
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.00,0:17:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to thinking about where things that we do
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.00,0:17:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may unintentionally prevent them
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.00,0:17:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from being able to achieve their important activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.00,0:17:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, we need to be really creative
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.00,0:17:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.00,0:17:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope these examples have shown
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.00,0:17:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the different directions we can take
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.00,0:17:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to protected areas
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.00,0:18:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to keep the ocean safe for whales to be able to continue to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.00,0:18:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.00,0:18:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)