[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.67,0:00:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a talk about sugar and cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.89,0:00:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I became interested in sugar\Nwhen I was in college.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.19,0:00:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not this kind of sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.07,0:00:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the sugar that our biology\Nprofessors taught us about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.04,0:00:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the context of the coating\Nof your cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.73,0:00:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you didn't know that your cells\Nare coated with sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.87,0:00:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I didn't know that, either,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.47,0:00:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until I took these courses in college,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.64,0:00:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but back then --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.08,0:00:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was in, let's just\Ncall it the 1980s --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.56,0:00:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people didn't know much about why\Nour cells are coated with sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.84,0:00:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I dug through my notes,\Nwhat I noticed I had written down
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.83,0:00:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the sugar coating on our cells\Nis like the sugar coating
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.40,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a peanut M&M.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.20,0:00:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people thought\Nthe sugar coating on our cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.89,0:00:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was like a protective coating
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.74,0:00:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somehow made our cells\Nstronger or tougher.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.93,0:00:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we now know, many decades later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.08,0:01:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's much more complicated than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.91,0:01:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the sugars on our cells\Nare actually very complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.18,0:01:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you could shrink yourself down\Nto a little miniature airplane
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.72,0:01:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fly right along\Nthe surface of your cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.52,0:01:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it might look something like this --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.92,0:01:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with geographical features.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.14,0:01:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, the complex sugars\Nare these trees and bushes --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.19,0:01:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weeping willows that are\Nswaying in the wind
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.75,0:01:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and moving with the waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.81,0:01:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I started thinking about\Nall these complex sugars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.65,0:01:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are like this foliage on our cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.60,0:01:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became one of the most interesting\Nproblems that I encountered
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.74,0:01:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a biologist and also as a chemist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.66,0:01:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so now we tend\Nto think about the sugars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.62,0:01:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are populating\Nthe surface of our cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.91,0:01:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.34,0:01:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a lot of information\Nstored in their complex structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.14,0:01:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what are they trying to tell us?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.55,0:02:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you that we do know\Nsome information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.89,0:02:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes from these sugars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.52,0:02:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's turned out already\Nto be incredibly important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.48,0:02:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world of medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.78,0:02:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, one thing\Nyour sugars are telling us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.46,0:02:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is your blood type.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.04,0:02:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So your blood cells, your red blood\Ncells, are coated with sugars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.22,0:02:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the chemical structures of those\Nsugars determine your blood type.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.92,0:02:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, I know\Nthat I am blood type O.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.87,0:02:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many people are also blood type O?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put your hands up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.18,0:02:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a pretty common one,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.40,0:02:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so when so few hands go up,\Neither you're not paying attention
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.36,0:02:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you don't know your blood type,\Nand both of those are bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.27,0:02:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.31,0:02:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for those of you who share\Nthe blood type O with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what this means is that we have\Nthis chemical structure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.74,0:02:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the surface of our blood cells:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.30,0:02:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three simple sugars linked together\Nto make a more complex sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.04,0:02:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, by definition, is blood type O.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.37,0:02:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many people are blood type A?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.57,0:03:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.77,0:03:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means you have\Nan enzyme in your cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.75,0:03:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that adds one more building block,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.19,0:03:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that red sugar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.59,0:03:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a more complex structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.12,0:03:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how many people are blood type B?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.30,0:03:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a few.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.49,0:03:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a slightly different enzyme\Nthan the A people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.24,0:03:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you build a slightly\Ndifferent structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.38,0:03:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those of you that are AB
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.52,0:03:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the enzyme from your mother,\Nthe other enzyme from your father,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.73,0:03:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now you make both of these structures\Nin roughly equal proportions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.53,0:03:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when this was figured out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.96,0:03:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now back in the previous century,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.72,0:03:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this enabled one of the most important\Nmedical procedures in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.26,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, of course,\Nis the blood transfusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.66,0:03:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by knowing what your blood type is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.58,0:03:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can make sure,\Nif you ever need a transfusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.20,0:03:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that your donor has the same blood type,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.74,0:03:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that your body\Ndoesn't see foreign sugars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.78,0:03:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which it wouldn't like\Nand would certainly reject.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.11,0:04:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What else are the sugars on the surface\Nof your cells trying to tell us?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.11,0:04:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, those sugars might be telling us\Nthat you have cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.71,0:04:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a few decades ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.98,0:04:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,correlations began to emerge\Nfrom the analysis of tumor tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.40,0:04:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the typical scenario is a patient\Nwould have a tumor detected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.94,0:04:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tissue would be removed\Nin a biopsy procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.79,0:04:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then sent down to a pathology lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.58,0:04:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where that tissue would be analyzed\Nto look for chemical changes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.74,0:04:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might inform the oncologist\Nabout the best course of treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.98,0:04:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what was discovered\Nfrom studies like that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.89,0:04:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the sugars have changed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.78,0:04:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the cell transforms\Nfrom being healthy to being sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.82,0:04:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those correlations have come up\Nagain and again and again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.50,0:04:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a big question in the field\Nhas been: Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.99,0:05:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do cancers have different sugars?\NWhat's the importance of that?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.26,0:05:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does it happen, and what\Ncan we do about it if it does turn out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.64,0:05:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be related to the disease process?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.78,0:05:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, one of the changes that we study
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.02,0:05:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an increase in the density\Nof a particular sugar
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.59,0:05:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's called sialic acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.62,0:05:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this is going to be\None of the most important sugars
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.56,0:05:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our times,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.75,0:05:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I would encourage everybody\Nto get familiar with this word.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.50,0:05:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sialic acid is not\Nthe kind of sugar that we eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.49,0:05:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are different sugars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.60,0:05:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a kind of sugar\Nthat is actually found
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.59,0:05:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at certain levels on all\Nof the cells in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.74,0:05:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually quite common on your cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.39,0:05:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for some reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.45,0:05:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cancer cells, at least in a successful,\Nprogressive disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.96,0:05:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to have more sialic acid
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.10,0:05:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a normal, healthy cell would have.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.47,0:06:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.93,0:06:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.28,0:06:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what we've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.75,0:06:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it has to do\Nwith your immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.94,0:06:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me tell you a little bit\Nabout the importance of your immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.52,0:06:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.71,0:06:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something that's, I think,\Nin the news a lot these days.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.26,0:06:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, people are starting\Nto become familiar with the term
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.18,0:06:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"cancer immune therapy."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.97,0:06:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of you might even know people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.81,0:06:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are benefiting from these very new\Nways of treating cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.85,0:06:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we now know\Nis that your immune cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.11,0:06:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the white blood cells\Ncoursing through your bloodstream,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.07,0:06:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protect you on a daily basis\Nfrom things gone bad --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.75,0:06:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.95,0:06:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in this picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those little green balls\Nare your immune cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.71,0:06:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that big pink cell is a cancer cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.25,0:06:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these immune cells go around\Nand taste all the cells in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.04,0:06:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's their job.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.91,0:07:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of the time, the cells taste OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.69,0:07:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once in a while,\Na cell might taste bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.74,0:07:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully, that's the cancer cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.58,0:07:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when those immune cells\Nget the bad taste,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.99,0:07:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they launch an all-out strike\Nand kill those cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.63,0:07:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.81,0:07:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know that if you can\Npotentiate that tasting,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.25,0:07:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you can encourage those immune cells\Nto actually take a big old bite
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.10,0:07:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of a cancer cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.37,0:07:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get a better job protecting\Nyourself from cancer every day
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.98,0:07:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe even curing a cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.51,0:07:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are now a couple of drugs\Nout there in the market
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.38,0:07:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used to treat cancer patients
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.47,0:07:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that act exactly by this process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.73,0:07:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They activate the immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.38,0:07:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the immune system\Ncan be more vigorous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.15,0:07:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in protecting us from cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.93,0:07:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, one of those drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.99,0:07:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may well have spared\NPresident Jimmy Carter's life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.52,0:07:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you remember, President Carter\Nhad malignant melanoma
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.02,0:07:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had metastasized to his brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.90,0:08:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that diagnosis is one\Nthat is usually accompanied by numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.28,0:08:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like "months to live"?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.09,0:08:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was treated with one\Nof these new immune-stimulating drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.51,0:08:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now his melanoma\Nappears to be in remission,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.90,0:08:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.56,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering the situation\Nonly a few years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.02,0:08:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's so remarkable
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.87,0:08:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provocative statements like this one:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.69,0:08:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Cancer is having a penicillin moment,"\Npeople are saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.43,0:08:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these new immune therapy drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.28,0:08:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, that's an incredibly bold thing\Nto say about a disease
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.50,0:08:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we've been fighting for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.17,0:08:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mostly losing the battle with.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.86,0:08:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is very exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.91,0:08:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what does this have to do with sugars?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.34,0:08:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I'll tell you what we've learned.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.94,0:08:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an immune cell snuggles\Nup against a cancer cell to take a taste,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.30,0:08:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's looking for signs of disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.98,0:08:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it finds those signs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.92,0:08:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cell gets activated and it launches\Na missile strike and kills the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.27,0:09:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if that cancer cell has a dense forest\Nof that sugar, sialic acid,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.73,0:09:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, it starts to taste pretty good.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.51,0:09:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a protein on immune cells\Nthat grabs the sialic acid,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.18,0:09:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if that protein\Ngets held at that synapse
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.00,0:09:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the immune cell\Nand the cancer cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.17,0:09:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it puts that immune cell to sleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.81,0:09:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sialic acids are telling\Nthe immune cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.14,0:09:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, this cell's all right.\NNothing to see here, move along.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.36,0:09:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look somewhere else."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.74,0:09:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.99,0:09:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as our cells are wearing\Na thick coat of sialic acid,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.40,0:09:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look fabulous, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.04,0:09:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.52,0:09:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what if you could strip off that coat
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.70,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take that sugar away?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.02,0:09:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, your immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.05,0:09:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be able to see that cancer cell\Nfor what it really is:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.27,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that needs to be destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.88,0:10:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is what we're doing in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.70,0:10:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're developing new medicines
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.05,0:10:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are basically\Ncell-surface lawnmowers --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.86,0:10:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecules that go down\Nto the surface of these cancer cells
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.54,0:10:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just cut off those sialic acids,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.43,0:10:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the immune system\Ncan reach its full potential
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.76,0:10:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in eliminating those cancer\Ncells from our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.98,0:10:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in closing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.82,0:10:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me just remind you again:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.100,0:10:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your cells are coated with sugars.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.97,0:10:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sugars are telling cells\Naround that cell
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.69,0:10:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the cell is good or bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.68,0:10:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's important,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.87,0:10:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because our immune system needs\Nto leave the good cells alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.95,0:10:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, we'd have autoimmune diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.32,0:10:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once in a while,\Ncancers get the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.49,0:10:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to express these new sugars.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.07,0:10:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that we understand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.42,0:10:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how those sugars mesmerize\Nthe immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.61,0:11:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can come up with new medicines\Nto wake up those immune cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.82,0:11:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell them, "Ignore\Nthe sugars, eat the cell
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.07,0:11:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have a delicious snack, on cancer."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.57,0:11:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.07,0:11:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)