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Good morning!

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(Applause)

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Good morning, everyone!

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(Audience) Good morning!

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Claudine and I are delighted 
to be with you this morning

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to be the first one.

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I left home when I was 13
to go to apprenticeship,

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that was in 1949.

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Actually, home was the restaurant
where my mother was the chef,

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I was already in that business.

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In fact, there was 12 restaurants
through the years in my family

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and 12 of them owned by women,

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I'm the first male to enter 
that business in my family.

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I went into apprenticeship from Lyon,
where my mother had her little restaurant

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to Bourg-en-Bresse, 
where I was born a few miles away.

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Prior to that, when we were 
about 8-9 years old,

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my mother at that little restaurant so,

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my brother and I before going to school
walk with my mother to the market,

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the St Antoine market 
along the Saône river,

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and she would walk the market one way, 
about 1/2 a mile, and buy on her way back.

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Buying a case of mushrooms 
which was getting dark,

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maybe for a third of the price or less.

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We carried, of course, 
we didn't have a car at the time.

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She'd get home and start doing 
her vegetables, peeling for the day.

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She did not have 
a refrigerator at that time.

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She had an ice box, that is
a block of ice into a little cabinet,

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so she'd have chicken of the day, meat,

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fish, usually, whiting or mackerel 
or skate -- inexpensive fish,

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and that she has to use it that day.

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And the day after, 
we start all over again.

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Everything was organic, 
everything was local.

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The word organic did not really exist,

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chemical fertilizers 
did not exist either,

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or fungicides, insecticides, pesticides,
all that stuff did not exist,

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so everything was, local and organic.

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I went into apprenticeship, 
I was 13 years old and, at that time,

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it was very structured,
well, still is to certain extend,

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you got to be there on time,
you got to be clean,

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you have to be willing,

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it's discipline, it's structure,
that's the way a kitchen can work.

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We learn through a type of osmosis.

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The chef never really explained anything, 
he'd just say, "Do that".

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And if you say, "Why?", and 
he'd say, "Because I just told you".

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That was about the end 
of the apprenticeship.

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Probably, just as good 
for someone 13-14 years old.

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So, we worked, repeating, and repeating,
and repeating those techniques ad nauseam,

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we were not allowed
to go to the stove for a year.

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So, during that year,
I plucked a lot of chicken,

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eviscerated a lot of chicken, 
scaled fish, chopped parsley,

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all of that type of things,
and then the chef called me --

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My name was [Hugues] at the time,

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then by the time I went to the stove
they called me Jacques, so I got the name.

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He said, "You start tomorrow".

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"I start tomorrow?"
I didn't know how to do it,

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but when I went to the stove,
I knew how to do it.

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It was through that type of osmosis,
things that you show,

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I've got a book called, "La technique",
that I published in 1975

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so, it's 40-year old, and I don't cook
the way I did 40 years ago.

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But the way I did an egg white, 
or sharpen a knife, or bone out a chicken,

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to [inaudible]... it is that kind 
of permanence, that kind of continuity

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that you'll learn in the kitchen.

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To be first a craftman.

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And very often it's very difficult 
to explain in words

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something that you can show --

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It's easier to show --

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than to explain in words --

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You can do that to chocolate as well --

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You'd do that at exactly 
the right temperature --

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and we used to --

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put the butter in
a little container and that on top,

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and now you can charge 20 bucks for it --

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(Laughter)

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Put that in water that's cold --

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(Applause)

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Thank you, Titine.

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For me, first you have to be a craftsman.

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You have to be a craftsman, and 
it's that repeat, and repeat, and repeat,

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that is very important.

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Just like --

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you spend a 1-2 years
in a studio in art school

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and learn the law of perspective
-- it is perfectly fine,

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and you learn how to mix 
yellow and blue to make green,

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what to do with your sand, 
with your spatula, with the brush --

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then you can come out and 
do one painting after another.

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That's that make you a chef?

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Not really, but you're by then
a good craftsman.