[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.99,0:00:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's imagine a sculptor\Nbuilding a statue,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.03,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just chipping away with his chisel.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.29,0:00:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michelangelo had this elegant way\Nof describing it when he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.52,0:00:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Every block of stone\Nhas a statue inside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.44,0:00:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the task\Nof the sculptor to discover it."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.47,0:00:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if he worked\Nin the opposite direction?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.88,0:00:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not from a solid block of stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.96,0:00:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from a pile of dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.52,0:00:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow gluing millions of these particles\Ntogether to form a statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.69,0:00:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that's an absurd notion;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.50,0:00:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's probably impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.22,0:00:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way you get a statue from a pile\Nof dust is if the statue built itself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.70,0:00:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if somehow we could compel millions\Nof these particles to come together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.74,0:00:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form the statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.55,0:00:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as odd as that sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.12,0:00:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is almost exactly the problem\NI work on in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.32,0:00:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't build with stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.72,0:00:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I build with nanomaterials.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.11,0:00:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're these just impossibly small,\Nfascinating little objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.38,0:00:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so small that if this controller\Nwas a nanoparticle,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.82,0:00:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human hair would be the size\Nof this entire room.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.60,0:01:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're at the heart of a field\Nwe call nanotechnology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.39,0:01:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm sure we've all heard about,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.32,0:01:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've all heard how\Nit is going to change everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.90,0:01:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a graduate student,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.51,0:01:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was one of the most exciting\Ntimes to be working in nanotechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.80,0:01:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were scientific breakthroughs\Nhappening all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.89,0:01:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The conferences were buzzing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.36,0:01:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was tons of money\Npouring in from funding agencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.89,0:01:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.23,0:01:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when objects get really small,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.09,0:01:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're governed by a different set\Nof physics that govern ordinary objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.66,0:01:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the ones we interact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.17,0:01:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this physics quantum mechanics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.31,0:01:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it tells you is that you\Ncan precisely tune their behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.54,0:01:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by making seemingly\Nsmall changes to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.86,0:01:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like adding or removing\Na handful of atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.39,0:01:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or twisting the material.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.08,0:01:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like this ultimate toolkit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.87,0:01:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You really felt empowered;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.16,0:01:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you felt like you could make anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.96,0:01:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were doing it --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.07,0:01:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by we I mean my whole\Ngeneration of graduate students.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.38,0:01:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were trying to make blazing-fast\Ncomputers using nanomaterials.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.91,0:01:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were constructing quantum dots
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.52,0:01:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could one day go in your body\Nand find and fight disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.99,0:02:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were even groups\Ntrying to make an elevator to space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.12,0:02:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using carbon nanotubes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.76,0:02:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can look that up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.77,0:02:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.94,0:02:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyways, we thought it was\Ngoing to effect all parts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.37,0:02:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science and technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.62,0:02:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from computing to medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.07,0:02:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have to admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.47,0:02:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I drank all of the Kool-Aid.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, every last drop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.71,0:02:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that was 15 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.44,0:02:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.44,0:02:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantastic science was done,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.94,0:02:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really important work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.04,0:02:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've learned a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.35,0:02:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were never able to translate\Nthat science into new technologies --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.77,0:02:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into technologies that could\Nactually impact people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.37,0:02:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.50,0:02:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these nanomaterials --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.73,0:02:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're like a double-edged sword.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.36,0:02:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same thing that makes \Nthem so interesting --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.66,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're small size --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also makes them impossible to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.28,0:02:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's literally like trying to build\Na statue out of a pile of dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.09,0:02:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just don't have the tools\Nthat are small enough to work with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.79,0:02:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if we did,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.82,0:02:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it wouldn't really matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.07,0:02:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we couldn't one by one\Nplace millions of particles together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.14,0:02:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a techonology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.86,0:02:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So because of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.92,0:03:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the promise
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.92,0:03:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of the excitement
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.12,0:03:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has remained just that:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.62,0:03:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promise and excitement.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.17,0:03:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have any\Ndisease-fighting nanobots,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.74,0:03:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no elevators to space,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.80,0:03:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the thing that I'm most interested in,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.80,0:03:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no new types of computing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.25,0:03:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that last one,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.50,0:03:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a really important one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.95,0:03:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just have come to expect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.28,0:03:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pace of computing advancements\Nto go on indefinitely.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.15,0:03:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've built entire economies on this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.69,0:03:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this pace exists\Nbecause of our ability
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.43,0:03:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pack more and more devices\Nonto a computer chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.60,0:03:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as those devices get smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.56,0:03:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get faster,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.62,0:03:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they consume less power
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.85,0:03:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they get cheaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.28,0:03:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's this convergence that gives us\Nthis incredible pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.64,0:03:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an example:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.65,0:03:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I took the room-sized computer\Nthat sent three men to the moon and back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.47,0:03:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow compressed it --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.56,0:03:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compressed the world's\Ngreatest computer of its day --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.77,0:03:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it was the same size\Nas your smartphone --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.50,0:03:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your actual smartphone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.78,0:03:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thing you spent 300 bucks on\Nand just toss out every two years --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.18,0:04:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would blow this thing away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.62,0:04:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would not be impressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.12,0:04:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It couldn't do anything\Nthat your smartphone does.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.61,0:04:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be slow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.21,0:04:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you couldn't put any of your stuff on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.16,0:04:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could possibly get through\Nthe first two minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.58,0:04:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a "Walking Dead" episode\Nif you're lucky --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.72,0:04:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.72,0:04:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point is the progress --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.17,0:04:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not gradual.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.25,0:04:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The progress is relentless;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.98,0:04:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's exponential;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.10,0:04:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it compounds on itself\Nyear after year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.51,0:04:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point where\Nif you compare a technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.66,0:04:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one generation to the next,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.40,0:04:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're almost unrecognizable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.44,0:04:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we owe it to ourselves\Nto keep this progress going.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.07,0:04:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to say the same thing\N10, 20, 30 years from now:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.77,0:04:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look what we've done\Nover the last 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.48,0:04:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, we know this progress\Nmay not last forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.23,0:04:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the party's kind of winding down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.23,0:04:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like "last call for alcohol," right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.69,0:04:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look under the covers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.35,0:04:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by many metrics like\Nspeed and performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.85,0:04:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the progress has already slowed to a halt.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.94,0:04:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we want to keep this party going,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.10,0:04:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to do what we've\Nalways been able to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.34,0:04:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is to innovate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.00,0:04:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our group's role
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.62,0:05:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our group's mission
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.73,0:05:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to innovate by employing\Ncarbon nanotubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.99,0:05:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we think that they can\Nprovide a path to continue this pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.99,0:05:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are just like they sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.42,0:05:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're tiny, hollow tubes\Nof carbon atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.04,0:05:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their nanoscale size --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.56,0:05:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that small size --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.97,0:05:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives rise to these just outstanding\Nelectronic properties.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.27,0:05:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science tells us if we could\Nemploy them in computing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could see up to ten times\Nimprovement in performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.11,0:05:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like skipping through several\Ntechnology generations in just one step.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there we have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.16,0:05:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have this really important problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.48,0:05:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have what is basically\Nthe ideal solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.85,0:05:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science is screaming at us,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.66,0:05:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is what you should be doing\Nto solve your problem."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.60,0:05:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, all right, let's get started,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.47,0:05:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.47,0:05:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you just run right back\Ninto that double-edged sword.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.14,0:05:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This "ideal solution" contains a material\Nthat's impossible to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.98,0:05:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd have to arrange billions of them\Njust to make one single computer chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.30,0:05:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's that same conundrum,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.20,0:05:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like this undying problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.47,0:06:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.47,0:06:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we said, "Let's just stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.72,0:06:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's not go down that same road.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.52,0:06:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's just figure out what's missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.99,0:06:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not dealing with?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.38,0:06:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are not doing that needs to be done?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.74,0:06:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like in "The Godfather," right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.50,0:06:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Fredo betrays his brother Michael,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.91,0:06:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all know what needs to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.56,0:06:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fredo's got to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.84,0:06:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.84,0:06:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Michael --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.84,0:06:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he puts it off.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.93,0:06:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fine, I get it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.93,0:06:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their mother's still alive,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.24,0:06:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would make her upset.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.39,0:06:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.39,0:06:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just said,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.39,0:06:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What's the Fredo in our problem?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.31,0:06:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not dealing with?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.72,0:06:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.34,0:06:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but needs to be done\Nto make this a success?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.42,0:06:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is that the statue\Nhas to build itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.44,0:06:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to find a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.51,0:06:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.51,0:06:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to compel,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.36,0:06:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to convince billions of these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.60,0:06:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assemble themselves\Ninto the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.57,0:06:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't do it for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.79,0:06:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have to do it for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.77,0:06:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's the hard way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.08,0:06:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is not trivial,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.96,0:06:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.29,0:06:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the only way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.88,0:06:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.97,0:06:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is not that alien of a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.65,0:07:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just don't build anything this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.65,0:07:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People don't build anything this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.68,0:07:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look around --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.93,0:07:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's examples everywhere --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.85,0:07:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother nature builds everything this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.82,0:07:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is built from the bottom up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.50,0:07:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can go to the beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.65,0:07:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find these simple organisms\Nthat use proteins --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.92,0:07:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically molecules --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.30,0:07:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to template what is essentially sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.38,0:07:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just plucking it from the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.83,0:07:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building these extraordinary\Narchitectures with extreme diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.17,0:07:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nature's not crude like us,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.72,0:07:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just hacking away.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.79,0:07:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's elegant and smart,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.48,0:07:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building with what's available,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.96,0:07:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecule by molecule,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.33,0:07:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making structures with a complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.52,0:07:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a diversity that we\Ncan't even approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.59,0:07:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's already at the nano.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.28,0:07:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's been there for hundreds\Nof millions of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.78,0:07:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're the ones that are late to the party.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.24,0:07:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we decided that we're going\Nto use the same tool that nature uses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.63,0:07:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.22,0:07:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemistry is the missing tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.78,0:07:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And chemistry works in this case
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.84,0:07:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these nanoscale objects\Nare about the same size as molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.75,0:08:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can use them to steer\Nthese objects around,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.39,0:08:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much like a tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.94,0:08:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's exactly what we've done in our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.95,0:08:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've developed chemistry\Nthat goes into the pile of dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.26,0:08:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the pile of nanoparticles,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.78,0:08:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pulls out exactly the ones we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.15,0:08:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, we can use chemistry to arrange\Nliterally billions of these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.76,0:08:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the pattern we need\Nto build circuits.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.69,0:08:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because we can do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.01,0:08:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can build circuits\Nthat are many times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.44,0:08:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what anyone's been able\Nto make using nanomaterials before.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.69,0:08:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemistry's the missing tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.10,0:08:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every day our tool gets sharper\Nand gets more precise.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.71,0:08:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.71,0:08:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hope this is within\Na handful of years --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.65,0:08:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can deliver on one\Nof those original promises.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.19,0:08:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, computing is just one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.16,0:08:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the one that I'm interested in,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.94,0:08:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my group is really invested in,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.86,0:08:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are others in renewable energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.88,0:08:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.55,0:08:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in structural materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.25,0:08:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the science is going to tell you\Nto move towards the nano.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.25,0:08:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where the biggest benefit is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.97,0:08:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we're going to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.43,0:08:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientists of today and tomorrow\Nare going to need new tools --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.65,0:09:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tools just like the ones I described.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.78,0:09:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they will need chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.89,0:09:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The beauty of science is that once\Nyou develop these new tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.62,0:09:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.62,0:09:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're out there forever,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.91,0:09:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and anyone anywhere can pick\Nthem up and use them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.13,0:09:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help to deliver on the promise\Nof nanotechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.62,0:09:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for your time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.19,0:09:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I appreciate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.19,0:09:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)