[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.76,0:00:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's imagine a sculptor\Nbuilding a statue,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.76,0:00:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just chipping away with his chisel.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.16,0:00:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michelangelo had this elegant way\Nof describing it when he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.24,0:00:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Every block of stone\Nhas a statue inside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.16,0:00:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the task\Nof the sculptor to discover it."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.28,0:00:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if he worked\Nin the opposite direction?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.72,0:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not from a solid block of stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.60,0:00:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from a pile of dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.32,0:00:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow gluing millions of these particles\Ntogether to form a statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.72,0:00:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that's an absurd notion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.24,0:00:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way you get\Na statue from a pile of dust
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.96,0:00:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is if the statue built itself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.32,0:00:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if somehow we could compel millions\Nof these particles to come together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.48,0:00:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form the statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.32,0:00:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as odd as that sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.88,0:00:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is almost exactly the problem\NI work on in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.04,0:00:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't build with stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.48,0:00:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I build with nanomaterials.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.88,0:00:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're these just impossibly small,\Nfascinating little objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.28,0:00:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so small that if this controller\Nwas a nanoparticle,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.60,0:00:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human hair would be the size\Nof this entire room.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.56,0:01:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're at the heart of a field\Nwe call nanotechnology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.40,0:01:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm sure we've all heard about,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.24,0:01:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've all heard\Nhow it is going to change everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.72,0:01:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a graduate student,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.24,0:01:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was one of the most exciting times\Nto be working in nanotechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.60,0:01:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were scientific breakthroughs\Nhappening all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.84,0:01:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The conferences were buzzing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.28,0:01:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was tons of money\Npouring in from funding agencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.76,0:01:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.04,0:01:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when objects get really small,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.88,0:01:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're governed by a different set\Nof physics that govern ordinary objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.52,0:01:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the ones we interact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.04,0:01:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this physics quantum mechanics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it tells you is\Nthat you can precisely tune their behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.20,0:01:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by making seemingly\Nsmall changes to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.52,0:01:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like adding or removing\Na handful of atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.16,0:01:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or twisting the material.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.88,0:01:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like this ultimate toolkit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.68,0:01:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You really felt empowered;\Nyou felt like you could make anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.80,0:01:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were doing it --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.08,0:01:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by we I mean my whole\Ngeneration of graduate students.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.20,0:01:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were trying to make blazing fast\Ncomputers using nanomaterials.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.72,0:01:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were constructing quantum dots
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.36,0:01:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could one day go in your body\Nand find and fight disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.76,0:02:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were even groups\Ntrying to make an elevator to space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.80,0:02:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using carbon nanotubes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.60,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can look that up, that's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.78,0:02:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyways, we thought it was going to affect
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.80,0:02:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all parts of science and technology,\Nfrom computing to medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.92,0:02:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have to admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.20,0:02:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I drank all of the Kool-Aid.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.20,0:02:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, every last drop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.52,0:02:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that was 15 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.16,0:02:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.40,0:02:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantastic science was done,\Nreally important work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.80,0:02:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've learned a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.08,0:02:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were never able to translate\Nthat science into new technologies --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.48,0:02:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into technologies\Nthat could actually impact people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.28,0:02:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is, these nanomaterials --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.52,0:02:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're like a double-edged sword.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.20,0:02:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same thing that makes\Nthem so interesting --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.48,0:02:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their small size --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.80,0:02:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also makes them impossible to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.12,0:02:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's literally like trying to build\Na statue out of a pile of dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.88,0:02:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just don't have the tools\Nthat are small enough to work with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.60,0:02:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if we did,\Nit wouldn't really matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.92,0:02:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we couldn't one by one\Nplace millions of particles together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.84,0:02:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.76,0:02:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So because of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the promise\Nand all of the excitement
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.12,0:03:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has remained just that:\Npromise and excitement.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.92,0:03:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have any\Ndisease-fighting nanobots,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.32,0:03:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no elevators to space,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.40,0:03:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the thing that I'm most interested in,\Nno new types of computing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.12,0:03:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that last one,\Nthat's a really important one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just have come to expect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.04,0:03:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pace of computing advancements\Nto go on indefinitely.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.84,0:03:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've built entire economies on this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.44,0:03:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this pace exists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.20,0:03:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of our ability\Nto pack more and more devices
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.68,0:03:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto a computer chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.40,0:03:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as those devices get smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.24,0:03:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get faster, they consume less power
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.52,0:03:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they get cheaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.96,0:03:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's this convergence\Nthat gives us this incredible pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.56,0:03:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an example:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.80,0:03:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I took the room-sized computer\Nthat sent three men to the moon and back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.24,0:03:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow compressed it --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.40,0:03:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compressed the world's\Ngreatest computer of its day,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.68,0:03:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it was the same size\Nas your smartphone --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.28,0:03:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your actual smartphone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.56,0:03:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thing you spent 300 bucks on\Nand just toss out every two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.96,0:04:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would blow this thing away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.44,0:04:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would not be impressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.80,0:04:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It couldn't do anything\Nthat your smartphone does.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.32,0:04:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be slow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.84,0:04:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you couldn't put any of your stuff on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.04,0:04:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could possibly\Nget through the first two minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.52,0:04:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a "Walking Dead" episode\Nif you're lucky --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.72,0:04:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.76,0:04:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point is the progress --\Nit's not gradual.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.96,0:04:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The progress is relentless.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.68,0:04:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exponential.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.96,0:04:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It compounds on itself year after year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.32,0:04:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point where\Nif you compare a technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.52,0:04:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one generation to the next,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.24,0:04:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're almost unrecognizable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.24,0:04:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we owe it to ourselves\Nto keep this progress going.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.88,0:04:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to say the same thing\N10, 20, 30 years from now:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.52,0:04:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look what we've done\Nover the last 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.20,0:04:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet we know this progress\Nmay not last forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.96,0:04:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the party's kind of winding down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.04,0:04:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like "last call for alcohol," right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.40,0:04:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look under the covers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.08,0:04:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by many metrics\Nlike speed and performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.68,0:04:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the progress has already slowed to a halt.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.76,0:04:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we want to keep this party going,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.92,0:04:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to do what we've\Nalways been able to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.20,0:04:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is to innovate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.68,0:05:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our group's role\Nand our group's mission
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.28,0:05:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to innovate\Nby employing carbon nanotubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.72,0:05:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we think that they can\Nprovide a path to continue this pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.80,0:05:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are just like they sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.28,0:05:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're tiny, hollow tubes\Nof carbon atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.76,0:05:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their nanoscale size,\Nthat small size,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.72,0:05:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives rise to these\Njust outstanding electronic properties.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.40,0:05:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the science tells us\Nif we could employ them in computing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.08,0:05:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could see up to a ten times\Nimprovement in performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.84,0:05:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like skipping through several\Ntechnology generations in just one step.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.84,0:05:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there we have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.12,0:05:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have this really important problem
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.16,0:05:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have what is basically\Nthe ideal solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.56,0:05:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science is screaming at us,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.24,0:05:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is what you should be doing\Nto solve your problem."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.48,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, all right, let's get started,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.12,0:05:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.40,0:05:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you just run right back\Ninto that double-edged sword.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.12,0:05:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This "ideal solution" contains a material\Nthat's impossible to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.72,0:05:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd have to arrange billions of them\Njust to make one single computer chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.04,0:05:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's that same conundrum,\Nit's like this undying problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.36,0:06:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, we said, "Let's just stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.36,0:06:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's not go down that same road.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.32,0:06:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's just figure out what's missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.88,0:06:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not dealing with?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.32,0:06:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not doing\Nthat needs to be done?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.48,0:06:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like in "The Godfather," right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.28,0:06:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Fredo betrays his brother Michael,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.60,0:06:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all know what needs to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.28,0:06:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fredo's got to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.64,0:06:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.68,0:06:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Michael -- he puts it off.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.64,0:06:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fine, I get it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.88,0:06:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their mother's still alive,\Nit would make her upset.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.36,0:06:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just said,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.80,0:06:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What's the Fredo in our problem?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.12,0:06:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not dealing with?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.56,0:06:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we not doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.12,0:06:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but needs to be done\Nto make this a success?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.20,0:06:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is\Nthat the statue has to build itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.28,0:06:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to find a way, somehow,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.24,0:06:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to compel, to convince\Nbillions of these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.36,0:06:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assemble themselves\Ninto the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.36,0:06:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't do it for them.\NThey have to do it for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.56,0:06:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's the hard way,\Nand this is not trivial,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.72,0:06:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in this case, it's the only way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.60,0:06:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as it turns out,\Nthis is not that alien of a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.52,0:07:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just don't build anything this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.40,0:07:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People don't build anything this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.44,0:07:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look around --\Nand there's examples everywhere --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.64,0:07:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother Nature builds everything this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.56,0:07:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is built from the bottom up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.24,0:07:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can go to the beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.52,0:07:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find these simple organisms\Nthat use proteins --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.72,0:07:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically molecules --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.00,0:07:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to template what is essentially sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.08,0:07:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just plucking it from the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.52,0:07:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building these extraordinary\Narchitectures with extreme diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.92,0:07:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nature's not crude like us,\Njust hacking away.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.56,0:07:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's elegant and smart,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.28,0:07:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building with what's available,\Nmolecule by molecule,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.04,0:07:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making structures with a complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.20,0:07:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a diversity\Nthat we can't even approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.32,0:07:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's already at the nano.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.04,0:07:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's been there\Nfor hundreds of millions of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.56,0:07:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're the ones that are late to the party.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.12,0:07:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we decided that we're going\Nto use the same tool that nature uses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.32,0:07:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemistry is the missing tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.48,0:07:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And chemistry works in this case
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.56,0:07:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these nanoscale objects\Nare about the same size as molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.40,0:08:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can use them\Nto steer these objects around,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.04,0:08:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much like a tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.76,0:08:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's exactly what we've done in our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.84,0:08:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've developed chemistry\Nthat goes into the pile of dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.04,0:08:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the pile of nanoparticles,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.56,0:08:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pulls out exactly the ones we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.96,0:08:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we can use chemistry to arrange\Nliterally billions of these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.60,0:08:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the pattern\Nwe need to build circuits.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.48,0:08:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because we can do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.84,0:08:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can build circuits\Nthat are many times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.24,0:08:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what anyone's been able\Nto make using nanomaterials before.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.48,0:08:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemistry's the missing tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.92,0:08:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every day our tool gets sharper\Nand gets more precise.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.56,0:08:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.80,0:08:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hope this is\Nwithin a handful of years --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.44,0:08:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can deliver on one\Nof those original promises.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.84,0:08:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, computing is just one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.92,0:08:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the one that I'm interested in,\Nthat my group is really invested in,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.48,0:08:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are others\Nin renewable energy, in medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.32,0:08:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in structural materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.08,0:08:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the science is going to tell you\Nto move towards the nano.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.16,0:08:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where the biggest benefit is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.92,0:08:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we're going to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.40,0:08:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientists of today and tomorrow\Nare going to need new tools --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.60,0:09:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tools just like the ones I described.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.76,0:09:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they will need chemistry.\NThat's the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.64,0:09:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The beauty of science is that\Nonce you develop these new tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.32,0:09:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.60,0:09:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're out there forever,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.88,0:09:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and anyone anywhere\Ncan pick them up and use them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.76,0:09:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help to deliver\Non the promise of nanotechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.32,0:09:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for your time.\NI appreciate it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.04,0:09:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)