[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.100,0:00:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is consciousness?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.03,0:00:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can an artificial machine really think?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.83,0:00:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does the mind just consist of neurons\Nin the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.11,0:00:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is there some intangible spark\Nat its core?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.76,0:00:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For many, these have been\Nvital considerations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.32,0:00:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the future of artificial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.35,0:00:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But British computer scientist Alan Turing\Ndecided to disregard all these questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.54,0:00:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in favor of a much simpler one:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.85,0:00:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can a computer talk like a human?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.27,0:00:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This question led to an idea for measuring\Naritificial intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.26,0:00:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would famously come to be known\Nas the Turing Test.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.32,0:00:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery\Nand Intelligence,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.34,0:00:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turing proposed the following game.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.81,0:00:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A human judge has a text conversation\Nwith unseen players
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.91,0:00:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and evaluates their responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.38,0:01:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To pass the test, a computer must\Nbe able to replace one of the players
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.41,0:01:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without substantially \Nchanging the results.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.86,0:01:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, a computer would be\Nconsidered intelligent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.82,0:01:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if its conversation couldn't be easily\Ndistinguished from a human's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.51,0:01:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turing predicted that by the year 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.67,0:01:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machines with 100 megabytes of memory\Nwould be able to easily pass his test.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.62,0:01:22.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he may have jumped the gun.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.79,0:01:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though today's computers\Nhave far more memory than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.84,0:01:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few have succeeded,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.64,0:01:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those that have done well
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.44,0:01:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focused more on finding clever ways\Nto fool judges
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.21,0:01:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than using overwhelming computing power.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.17,0:01:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though it was never subjected\Nto a real test,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.10,0:01:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first program with \Nsome claim to success was called Eliza.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.86,0:01:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With only a fairly short \Nand simple script,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.41,0:01:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it managed to mislead many people\Nby mimicking a psychologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.43,0:01:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encouraging them to talk more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.40,0:01:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reflecting their own questions\Nback at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.90,0:01:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another early script, Parry,\Ntook the opposite approach
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.41,0:02:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by imitating a paranoid schizophrenic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.21,0:02:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who kept steering the conversation\Nback to his own preprogrammed obsessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.94,0:02:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There success in fooling people\Nhighlighted one weakness of the test.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.80,0:02:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans regularly attribute intelligence\Nto a whole range of things
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.43,0:02:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are not actually intelligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.08,0:02:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nonetheless, annual competitions\Nlike the Loebner Prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.29,0:02:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have made the test more formal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.01,0:02:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with judges knowig ahead of time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.16,0:02:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some of their conversation partners \Nare machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.02,0:02:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while the quality has improved,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.92,0:02:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many chatbot programmers have used\Nsimilar strategies to Eliza and Parry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.10,0:02:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1997's winner, Catherine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.13,0:02:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could carry on amazingly focused \Nand intelligent conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.21,0:02:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mostly if the judge wanted\Nto talk about Bill Clinton.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.18,0:02:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more recent winner,\NEugene Goostman,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.81,0:02:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was given the persona of a\N13-year-old Ukranian boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.55,0:02:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so judges interpreted its nonsequiturs\Nand awkward grammar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.57,0:03:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as language and culture barriers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.92,0:03:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, other programs like Cleverbot\Nhave taken a different approach
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.14,0:03:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by statistically analyzing huge databases\Nof real conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.74,0:03:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine the best responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.28,0:03:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some also store memories \Nof previous conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.53,0:03:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to improve over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.92,0:03:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while Cleverbot's individual responses\Ncan sound incredibly human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.07,0:03:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its lack of a consistent personality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.09,0:03:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inability to deal \Nwith brand new topics
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.24,0:03:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a dead giveaway.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.86,0:03:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who in Turing's day could have predicted\Nthat today's computers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.11,0:03:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be able to pilot spacecraft,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.20,0:03:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perform delicate surgeries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.52,0:03:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and solve massive equations,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.81,0:03:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still struggle with \Nthe most basic small talk?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.31,0:03:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human language turns out to be\Nan amazingly complex phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.82,0:03:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can't be captured by even\Nthe largest dictionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.52,0:03:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chatbots can be baffled by simple pauses,\Nlike "umm..."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.99,0:04:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or questions with no correct answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.42,0:04:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a simple conversational sentence,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.32,0:04:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "I took the juice out of the fridge\Nand gave it to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.60,0:04:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but forgot to check the date,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.41,0:04:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires a wealth of underlying knowledge\Nand intuition to parse.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.87,0:04:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that simulating \Na human conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.50,0:04:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes more than just increasing\Nmemory and processing power,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.11,0:04:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we get closer to Turing's goal,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.62,0:04:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may have to deal with all those big\Nquestions about consciousness after all.