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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.43,0:00:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Language is an essential part of our lives\Nthat we often take for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.01,0:00:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With it, we can communicate our thoughts\Nand feelings,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.39,0:00:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lose ourselves in novels,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.37,0:00:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,send text messages,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.94,0:00:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and greet friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.12,0:00:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard to imagine being unable\Nto turn thoughts into words.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.47,0:00:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the delicate web of language\Nnetworks in your brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.30,0:00:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became disrupted by stroke,\Nillness, or trauma,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.56,0:00:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could find yourself truly\Nat a loss for words.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.48,0:00:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This disorder, called aphasia,\Ncan impair all aspects of communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.50,0:00:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who have aphasia remain\Nas intelligent as ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.04,0:00:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know what they want to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.98,0:00:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can't always get their words\Nto come out correctly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.25,0:00:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may unintentionally use\Nsubstitutions called paraphasias,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.56,0:00:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,switching related words,\Nlike saying "dog" for "cat,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.68,0:01:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or words that sound similar,\Nsuch as "house" for "horse."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.06,0:01:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, their words may even be\Nunrecognizable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.25,0:01:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are several types of aphasia\Ngrouped into two categories:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.100,0:01:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fluent, or receptive, aphasia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.32,0:01:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and non-fluent, or expressive, aphasia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.97,0:01:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People with fluent aphasia may have\Nnormal vocal inflection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.78,0:01:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but use words that lack meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.46,0:01:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have difficulty comprehending\Nthe speech of others
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.53,0:01:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are frequently unable to recognize\Ntheir own speech errors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.54,0:01:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People with non-fluent aphasia,\Non the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.30,0:01:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have good comprehension
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.21,0:01:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will experience long hesitations\Nbetween words and make grammatical errors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.37,0:01:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have that tip-of-the-tongue feeling\Nfrom time to time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.61,0:01:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we can't think of a word,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.49,0:01:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but having aphasia can make it hard\Nto name simple, everyday objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.82,0:01:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even reading and writing can be difficult\Nand frustrating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.52,0:01:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does this language loss happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.31,0:02:01.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human brain has two hemispheres.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.81,0:02:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In most people, the left hemisphere\Ngoverns language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.57,0:02:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know this because in 1861,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.98,0:02:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the physician Paul Broca studied a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.68,0:02:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lost the ability to use all \Nbut a single word, "tan."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.51,0:02:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During a postmortem study\Nof that patient's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.100,0:02:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Broca discovered a large lesion\Nin the left hemisphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.34,0:02:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now known as Broca's area.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.73,0:02:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists today believe that Broca's area\Nis responsible in part for naming objects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.16,0:02:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coordinating the muscles\Ninvolved in speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.08,0:02:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behind Broca's area is Wernicke's area\Nnear the auditory cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.88,0:02:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where the brain attaches\Nmeaning to speech sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.01,0:02:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Damage to Wernicke's area impairs the\Nbrain's ability to comprehend language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.34,0:02:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aphasia is caused by injury to one or\Nboth of these specialized language areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.49,0:02:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, there are other areas\Nof the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.83,0:02:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which support these language centers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.78,0:02:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can assist with communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.22,0:02:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even brain areas that control movement\Nare connected to language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.08,0:03:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FMRI studies found that when we hear\Naction words, like "run" or "dance,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.48,0:03:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parts of the brain responsible\Nfor movement light up
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.60,0:03:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if the body was actually running\Nor dancing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.97,0:03:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our other hemisphere contributes\Nto language, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.93,0:03:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enhancing the rhythm and intonation\Nof our speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.37,0:03:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These non-language areas sometimes\Nassist people with aphasia
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.10,0:03:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when communication is difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.47,0:03:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how common is aphasia?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.67,0:03:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Approximately 1 million people\Nin the U.S. alone have it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.91,0:03:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an estimated 80,000 new cases\Nper year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.53,0:03:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About one-third of stroke survivors\Nsuffer from aphasia
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.67,0:03:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it more prevalent \Nthan Parkinson's disease
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.26,0:03:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or multiple sclerosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.18,0:03:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet less widely known.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.47,0:03:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is one rare form of aphasia called\Nprimary progressive aphasia, or PPA,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.88,0:03:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not caused by stroke\Nor brain injury,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.77,0:03:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is actually a form of dementia
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.21,0:03:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which language loss \Nis the first symptom.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.06,0:04:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal in treating PPA is to maintain\Nlanguage function for as long as possible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.23,0:04:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before other symptoms of dementia\Neventually occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.56,0:04:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, when aphasia is acquired\Nfrom a stroke or brain trauma,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.33,0:04:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language improvement may be achieved\Nthrough speech therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.04,0:04:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brain's ability to repair itself,\Nknown as brain plasticity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.91,0:04:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permits areas surrounding\Na brain lesion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.48,0:04:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take over some functions during\Nthe recovery process.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.99,0:04:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have been conducting\Nexperiments using new forms of technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.40,0:04:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they believe may encourage brain\Nplasticity in people with aphasia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.34,0:04:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, many people with aphasia\Nremain isolated,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.25,0:04:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afraid that others won't understand\Nthem or give them extra time to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.94,0:04:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By offering them the time and flexibility\Nto communicate in whatever way they can,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.31,0:04:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can help open the door \Nto language again,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.10,0:04:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moving beyond the limitations of aphasia.