0:00:11.167,0:00:13.459
Thank you. Thank you.

0:00:14.458,0:00:16.714
Beyond boundaries.

0:00:16.714,0:00:18.129
What a theme, huh?

0:00:18.129,0:00:20.424
Now, when I think of boundaries,

0:00:20.425,0:00:25.415
I think of rules, regulations,[br]and restrictions.

0:00:25.416,0:00:30.126
And I think of the parents,[br]and the teachers, and the supervisors,

0:00:30.126,0:00:33.697
who hold us accountable[br]with regard to those boundaries.

0:00:34.516,0:00:36.100
That's not a bad thing.

0:00:36.100,0:00:38.560
Yeah, I know, if you're like me,[br]I need supervisors,

0:00:38.560,0:00:42.185
I need someone holding me accountable[br]to do the right thing.

0:00:42.822,0:00:45.591
But beyond boundaries[br]is something different.

0:00:45.592,0:00:50.778
I think of those leaders, those teachers,[br]those supervisors, those parents

0:00:50.779,0:00:55.221
who inspire us[br]to go beyond the call of duty,

0:00:55.221,0:00:57.954
to do more than we have to,

0:00:57.954,0:01:02.501
to do it not because they tell us,[br]but because we want to.

0:01:03.372,0:01:04.817
I would like to share with you

0:01:04.817,0:01:08.067
what the research says[br]about how to make that happen.

0:01:08.068,0:01:12.088
And not just for other people,[br]but for yourself.

0:01:12.089,0:01:18.850
Here is the deal, how could we inspire[br]people and ourselves to be self-motivated?

0:01:20.273,0:01:23.247
There is another word.[br]It's called "empowerment".

0:01:23.247,0:01:24.679
You've heard that word, right?

0:01:24.679,0:01:27.178
Now, the management definition[br]of empowerment is,

0:01:27.178,0:01:29.439
"Get it done. Just get it done.

0:01:29.439,0:01:34.578
With fewer resources and less time,[br]I empower you, make it happen."

0:01:34.578,0:01:37.362
I'm talking about feeling empowered.

0:01:37.363,0:01:38.660
That's different.

0:01:38.661,0:01:41.408
Feeling empowered[br]is when you're self-motivated.

0:01:41.408,0:01:44.376
Now, if you want to know[br]if you feel empowered,

0:01:44.381,0:01:49.162
or if your child, your student,[br]your worker feels empowered,

0:01:49.162,0:01:51.101
ask them three questions.

0:01:51.102,0:01:55.635
If they say yes to these three questions,[br]they will feel empowered.

0:01:55.635,0:01:56.833
And by the way,

0:01:56.833,0:01:59.929
this is not based on common sense, [br]this is based on research.

0:01:59.929,0:02:04.120
But you've all been there,[br]so it'll feel like common sense.

0:02:04.120,0:02:09.901
Question number one: can you do it?[br]Albert Bandura calls it self-efficacy.

0:02:09.902,0:02:12.594
Do you believe you can do it?

0:02:12.595,0:02:16.090
Do you have the time,[br]the knowledge, and the training

0:02:16.091,0:02:18.466
to do what we are asking you to do?

0:02:18.467,0:02:20.410
If you answer yes, good.

0:02:20.410,0:02:23.959
Second question: will it work?

0:02:23.960,0:02:28.687
Do you believe that what we're asking you[br]to do, the process, will work?

0:02:28.687,0:02:32.234
Albert Bandura calls that[br]response-efficacy:

0:02:32.235,0:02:36.143
believing that the behavior[br]would lead to the ultimate outcome.

0:02:36.143,0:02:39.114
By the way, that takes education.

0:02:39.115,0:02:42.614
We have to show them the data,[br]we might show them some theory,

0:02:42.614,0:02:46.801
we show them, teach them[br]why this might work.

0:02:46.801,0:02:50.948
I just used the word 'education'.[br]Earlier, I used the word 'training'.

0:02:52.081,0:02:54.315
Is there a difference?

0:02:54.316,0:02:58.036
In elementary school,[br]we call it education.

0:02:58.037,0:03:01.164
Middle school: education.[br]High school: education.

0:03:02.121,0:03:05.498
College: higher education. (Laughter)

0:03:05.499,0:03:07.645
Then you go to industry,[br]what do you call it?

0:03:07.645,0:03:08.883
Training.

0:03:08.883,0:03:12.446
You have your training department.[br]There must be a difference.

0:03:13.459,0:03:15.929
Well, you know the difference.

0:03:15.929,0:03:19.179
Do you want your kids to have[br]sex education or sex training?

0:03:19.179,0:03:21.677
(Laughter)

0:03:21.677,0:03:24.973
And your kids might answer[br]the question differently.

0:03:24.973,0:03:26.493
(Laughter)

0:03:26.493,0:03:31.760
Because you know that training means[br]you do the behavior and you get feedback.

0:03:31.760,0:03:34.105
That's powerful. Powerful.

0:03:34.106,0:03:37.328
Have you ever heard this word[br]'online training'?

0:03:38.606,0:03:40.569
It's an oxymoron, isn't it?

0:03:40.570,0:03:43.112
I mean training is to watch the behavior,

0:03:43.113,0:03:46.253
but online training is[br]like plastic silverware,

0:03:46.253,0:03:51.501
jumbo shrimp, legal brief, country music.

0:03:51.501,0:03:54.256
(Laughter)

0:03:54.256,0:03:55.595
I mean, it doesn't work.

0:03:55.595,0:03:59.706
OK, so if you answer yes,[br]till it will work,

0:03:59.706,0:04:02.519
third question: is it worth it?

0:04:03.620,0:04:07.349
So we've had a training question,[br]we've had an educational question;

0:04:07.350,0:04:10.106
this is the motivational question.

0:04:10.107,0:04:13.522
Do you believe the consequences--[br]This is about the consequences.

0:04:13.522,0:04:17.238
B.F. Skinner taught us this:[br]"selection by consequences".

0:04:17.238,0:04:20.180
Dale Carnegie quoted[br]B.F. Skinner and said

0:04:20.180,0:04:21.762
that from the day you were born,

0:04:21.762,0:04:25.882
everything you did was because you[br]wanted something for doing it.

0:04:25.882,0:04:29.419
Consequences. Is it worth it?

0:04:29.420,0:04:31.881
So you have to convince people[br]that it's worth it.

0:04:31.881,0:04:36.689
Now, by the way, if you answer[br]yes to those three questions,

0:04:36.689,0:04:39.367
you feel competent, am I right?

0:04:39.367,0:04:42.438
You feel competent[br]at doing worthwhile work.

0:04:42.439,0:04:43.786
You've all been there.

0:04:43.786,0:04:47.132
When you feel competent[br]at doing worthwhile work,

0:04:48.022,0:04:50.627
you're more likely to be self-motivated.

0:04:50.628,0:04:53.814
You've been there.[br]No one has to look over you.

0:04:53.814,0:04:56.537
Here is the challenge leaders, teachers.

0:04:56.538,0:04:59.481
How do you inspire people[br]to feel competent?

0:04:59.481,0:05:03.284
Well, you give them feedback.[br]You give them recognition.

0:05:03.284,0:05:06.393
You show them they are competent.

0:05:07.252,0:05:12.271
OK. I got one more another C word: choice.

0:05:13.037,0:05:14.948
Your common sense will tell you.

0:05:14.948,0:05:17.908
When you believe[br]you have a sense of autonomy,

0:05:17.909,0:05:21.723
a sense of choice in what you're doing,[br]you feel more self-motivated.

0:05:21.724,0:05:25.451
B.F. Skinner taught us that, too,[br]in his book "Beyond Freedom and Dignity",

0:05:25.451,0:05:27.386
way back in 1971.

0:05:27.386,0:05:29.040
Reading that book changed my life,

0:05:29.040,0:05:33.166
because I realized[br]that I am controlled by consequences.

0:05:33.167,0:05:35.920
But sometimes I don't feel controlled.

0:05:35.920,0:05:38.315
When I'm working[br]for a pleasant consequence,

0:05:38.315,0:05:41.119
it feels good, it feels[br]like I'm working to get something.

0:05:41.119,0:05:44.555
When I'm working to avoid[br]an aversive consequence,

0:05:44.555,0:05:46.095
I feel controlled.

0:05:46.095,0:05:48.506
That is called negative reinforcement.

0:05:48.506,0:05:50.202
So here is a challenge, leaders:

0:05:50.202,0:05:52.965
how do we get people[br]to become success seekers,

0:05:52.965,0:05:56.213
rather than failure avoiders?

0:05:56.213,0:05:58.212
First day of Introductory Psychology class

0:05:58.212,0:06:00.352
- I teach two classes of 600 students,

0:06:00.352,0:06:02.883
maybe some of you've been[br]in that class and remember -

0:06:02.883,0:06:08.233
the first day I say,[br]"How many are here to avoid failure?"

0:06:08.233,0:06:10.806
And 80% raise your hand.

0:06:10.807,0:06:15.040
I say, "Well, thanks for coming,[br]I know you're motivated,

0:06:15.040,0:06:17.436
but you are not happy campers.

0:06:17.436,0:06:18.913
You probably told your friends,

0:06:18.913,0:06:22.964
'I've got to go to class.[br]It's a requirement.'

0:06:22.965,0:06:27.060
Not 'I get to go to class.[br]It's an opportunity.'

0:06:27.060,0:06:31.328
You probably woke up to an alarm clock[br]not an opportunity clock."

0:06:31.329,0:06:32.696
(Laughter)

0:06:32.697,0:06:36.083
It's all in how you see it.[br]Really, it's all in how you see it.

0:06:36.083,0:06:37.330
It's your paradigm.

0:06:37.330,0:06:42.666
It's how you communicate to others[br]and how you communicate to yourself.

0:06:42.667,0:06:47.042
So, Ellen Langer said[br]in her book "Mindfulness",

0:06:47.059,0:06:48.922
- and psychologists know -

0:06:48.923,0:06:53.766
"When you perceive choice,[br]you perceive motivation."

0:06:53.767,0:06:55.548
You're more motivated.

0:06:55.549,0:06:58.527
So the deal is, for yourself[br]sit back and reflect,

0:06:58.528,0:07:01.458
be mindful of the choices you have.

0:07:01.459,0:07:05.251
And talk about being a success seeker,[br]rather than a failure "avoider".

0:07:05.260,0:07:09.700
It's all how you talk, how you communicate[br]to yourself and to others.

0:07:09.701,0:07:13.698
I got a fourth C word: community.

0:07:13.698,0:07:14.739
Powerful word.

0:07:14.739,0:07:19.176
Psychologists know[br]that social support is critical.

0:07:19.176,0:07:21.841
People who perceive[br]a sense of relatedness,

0:07:21.842,0:07:27.770
a sense of connection with other people,[br]feel motivated, and they are happier.

0:07:28.551,0:07:31.495
I want to recite a poem.

0:07:31.496,0:07:34.602
It's called "The cookie thief"[br]by Valerie Cox.

0:07:34.603,0:07:36.597
And as I recite this poem,

0:07:36.597,0:07:39.187
- there is only two characters,[br]a men and a lady -

0:07:39.187,0:07:41.542
put yourself in the situation.

0:07:41.543,0:07:46.562
Be mindful, think about the situation[br]and what you would do.

0:07:46.563,0:07:48.456
OK? Here we go.

0:07:48.457,0:07:50.505
A woman was waiting[br]at an airport one night

0:07:50.505,0:07:52.959
With several [long] hours[br]before her flight.

0:07:52.959,0:07:55.889
She hunted for a book in the airport shop

0:07:55.889,0:07:59.342
Bought a bag of cookies[br]and found a place to drop.

0:07:59.343,0:08:01.629
She was engrossed in her book[br]but happened to see

0:08:01.629,0:08:04.537
That the man beside her[br]as bold as could be

0:08:04.537,0:08:07.544
[Grabbed] a cookie or two[br]from the bag between

0:08:07.544,0:08:11.428
Which she tried to ignore to avoid a scene

0:08:11.429,0:08:14.805
She read, munched cookies,[br]and watched the clock

0:08:14.806,0:08:18.330
As this gutsy cookie thief[br]diminished her stock

0:08:18.331,0:08:21.353
She was getting more irritated[br]as the minutes ticked by

0:08:21.354,0:08:25.753
Thinking, "If I wasn't so nice,[br]I'd blacken his eye."

0:08:25.753,0:08:29.393
With each cookie she took, he took one too

0:08:29.394,0:08:31.642
When only one was left[br]she wondered what he'd do

0:08:31.642,0:08:34.449
With a smile on his face[br]and a nervous laugh

0:08:34.449,0:08:37.741
He took the last cookie[br]and he broke it in half

0:08:37.741,0:08:38.931
(Laughter)

0:08:38.932,0:08:42.289
He offered her a half as he ate the other

0:08:42.291,0:08:44.898
She snatched it from him[br]and thought, "Oh, brother.

0:08:44.899,0:08:48.512
This guy has some nerve,[br]and he’s also rude.

0:08:48.512,0:08:51.441
[Why] he didn't even show any gratitude."

0:08:51.442,0:08:53.678
She had never known[br]when she had been so galled

0:08:53.678,0:08:55.970
And sighed with relief[br]when her flight was called

0:08:55.970,0:08:58.372
She gathered her belongings[br]and headed for the gate

0:08:58.372,0:09:02.252
Refusing to look back[br]at the thieving ingrate

0:09:02.252,0:09:04.828
She boarded the plane and sank in her seat

0:09:04.829,0:09:08.557
Then she sought her book[br]which was almost complete

0:09:08.558,0:09:12.432
As she reached in her baggage,[br]she gasped with surprise

0:09:12.433,0:09:15.687
There was her bag of cookies[br]in front of her eyes

0:09:15.687,0:09:17.137
(Laughter)

0:09:17.137,0:09:21.006
"If mine are here,"[br]she moaned with despair

0:09:21.007,0:09:25.420
"Then the others were his,[br]and he tried to share."

0:09:25.421,0:09:28.745
"Too late to apologize,"[br]she realized with grief

0:09:28.746,0:09:33.812
That she was the rude one,[br]the ingrate, the thief.

0:09:34.542,0:09:36.522
So, where were you, when I was--

0:09:36.523,0:09:38.977
Where were you? Who's side were you on?

0:09:38.978,0:09:43.215
Were you thinking independent?[br]Or interdependent?

0:09:43.216,0:09:45.881
I don't blame you[br]if you think independent.

0:09:45.881,0:09:47.076
That's how we are raised.

0:09:47.076,0:09:50.745
Nice guys finish last.[br]Squeaky wheel gets the grease.

0:09:50.746,0:09:54.049
Gotta blow your own horn.

0:09:54.049,0:09:55.069
Independent.

0:09:55.069,0:09:58.390
We come in this life of ours[br]dependent of others,

0:09:58.391,0:10:01.370
and then we can't wait[br]to become teenagers.

0:10:01.370,0:10:05.083
We are too old to do what kids do.[br]Too young to do what adults do.

0:10:05.083,0:10:09.370
So that we will do that nobody else[br]would do to assert our independence.

0:10:09.370,0:10:12.904
And some of us gets stuck there.[br]We are stuck.

0:10:12.904,0:10:16.230
I'll do it myself. I don't need you.

0:10:16.231,0:10:17.834
Not good.

0:10:17.835,0:10:22.154
We need each other.[br]We have to have each other's back.

0:10:22.154,0:10:25.098
We need a sense of community.

0:10:25.099,0:10:30.267
This independence culture that we got,[br]we have to move to interdependent.

0:10:31.015,0:10:35.654
OK, four "C" words[br]that can fuel self-motivation,

0:10:35.655,0:10:39.326
and I think can fuel[br]actively caring for people.

0:10:39.326,0:10:42.319
Let me tell you a story[br]to put it all together.

0:10:42.320,0:10:46.891
It happened over 60 years ago.[br]I remember it like yesterday.

0:10:46.891,0:10:49.452
My parents asked me, "Hey, Scott.

0:10:49.453,0:10:53.644
How would you like to get drum lessons?[br]How would you like to play the drums?"

0:10:53.644,0:10:55.534
Oh man! Would I ever?

0:10:55.534,0:10:58.513
I'm thinking of Buddy Rich[br]and Gene Krupa.

0:10:58.514,0:11:01.704
Most of you guys don't know those names,[br]but they were the drummers.

0:11:01.704,0:11:03.995
In those days, the drum[br]was in front of the band.

0:11:03.995,0:11:07.945
They had White Pearl drum sets,[br]and I saw it myself. That was my vision.

0:11:07.945,0:11:10.680
I had a vision: consequences.[br]That was my vision.

0:11:10.681,0:11:13.421
And I said, "Yeah, I want[br]to take drum lessons."

0:11:13.421,0:11:16.065
So the teacher would bring[br]his drum set next to mine.

0:11:16.065,0:11:17.794
I didn't have a nice drum like this.

0:11:17.794,0:11:20.864
My parents bought me[br]a beatable drama at an auction.

0:11:20.865,0:11:26.230
And they said to me, "If you get better,[br]if your teacher tells us you get--

0:11:26.230,0:11:27.935
- they are holding me accountable -

0:11:27.935,0:11:31.370
teacher says you are getting better,[br]we will get you a better snare drum,

0:11:31.370,0:11:33.478
and then a bass drum,[br]and then some symbols."

0:11:33.478,0:11:35.665
And that was my vision,[br]and that kept me going:

0:11:35.665,0:11:37.366
consequences.

0:11:37.366,0:11:40.043
So the teacher would come in,[br]and he would show me stuff:

0:11:40.043,0:11:41.456
this is how--, left hand;

0:11:41.456,0:11:44.970
this is how Buddy Rich plays[br]with his left hand and his right hand.

0:11:44.970,0:11:46.846
and then he'd do things like a flam.

0:11:46.846,0:11:48.415
(Drum)

0:11:48.416,0:11:52.332
Can you hear that at the back? You OK?[br]And this is a rim shot.

0:11:52.332,0:11:53.507
(Drum)

0:11:53.508,0:11:56.467
He would show me stuff.[br]I was just 10 years old, remember?

0:11:56.467,0:11:58.709
And when he showed me stuff,[br]I felt, "Wow!"

0:11:58.709,0:12:02.111
He showed me this little simple drumbeat,[br]"Watch me, Scott, watch this."

0:12:02.111,0:12:05.194
(Drum)

0:12:05.194,0:12:09.169
And I practiced it. And I did it.[br]I am feeling competent.

0:12:09.169,0:12:13.711
He showed me a paradiddle, "Listen.[br](Playing drums) Paradiddle, paradiddle."

0:12:13.711,0:12:17.003
"You go home and practice; next week,[br]I want to see your paradiddling.

0:12:17.003,0:12:18.103
I said, "Watch this."

0:12:18.103,0:12:20.964
(Drumming)

0:12:20.964,0:12:22.177
And I said, "Watch this."

0:12:22.177,0:12:24.044
(Drumming)

0:12:24.044,0:12:27.703
He said, "That's a double paradiddle.[br]We didn't get there yet."

0:12:27.703,0:12:32.398
I am really ahead. (Laughter)[br]Because I'm self-motivated.

0:12:32.398,0:12:33.651
I feel competent.

0:12:33.651,0:12:36.700
I'm walking through Newberg High School,[br]Allentown, Pennsylvania.

0:12:36.700,0:12:38.520
I see the music teacher, and he says,

0:12:38.520,0:12:40.715
"I've heard you're learning[br]to play the drums."

0:12:40.716,0:12:42.290
I said, "Yeah! I'm getting good."

0:12:42.290,0:12:45.450
He said, "You can march in the band.[br]You can be the snare drummer."

0:12:45.450,0:12:48.432
Wow! That felt good. Another vision.

0:12:49.658,0:12:51.766
Then the teacher comes into my--

0:12:51.766,0:12:56.815
- these are private lessons, by the way,[br]two dollars, that was a long time ago -

0:12:56.815,0:13:00.383
He said, "Scott! Ready to do a drum roll."

0:13:00.384,0:13:02.682
I said, "Of course,[br]I'm ready for a drum roll."

0:13:02.682,0:13:05.407
And he says, "Watch this, Scott![br]Here you go. Watch this."

0:13:05.407,0:13:06.777
(Drumming)

0:13:08.747,0:13:12.191
"Hmm... could you do that again?"

0:13:12.191,0:13:16.061
"Scott. This is easy. Watch me."

0:13:16.061,0:13:19.089
(Drumming)

0:13:20.219,0:13:25.469
"Now, you practice that, and next week,[br]I want to see your drum roll."

0:13:25.469,0:13:28.153
He comes back the next week[br]and says, "How is your drum?"

0:13:28.153,0:13:30.824
"Hmm... I can do a paradiddle."[br](Drumming)

0:13:30.825,0:13:34.667
"That's regression. Ha-ha.[br]I want to see a drum roll."

0:13:35.699,0:13:40.323
Week after week,[br]now we're talking about distress.

0:13:40.333,0:13:42.691
Now we're talking about apathy.

0:13:42.692,0:13:45.170
Now we are talking[br]about learned helplessness.

0:13:45.171,0:13:47.581
That's what psychologists call it.

0:13:47.581,0:13:49.882
I remember walking[br]through that elementary school

0:13:49.882,0:13:52.142
and seeing the music teacher who said,

0:13:52.142,0:13:54.690
"So, Scott, how are you doing?[br]How are the drums?"

0:13:54.690,0:13:59.565
"Huh, not so good.[br]I can't do a drum roll."

0:13:59.565,0:14:02.177
You know, like adults[br]always say, " Never say can't.

0:14:02.178,0:14:05.025
You can be anything[br]you want to be, Scott."

0:14:05.025,0:14:06.827
"No. I can't do a drum roll.

0:14:06.827,0:14:09.433
I've tried and I tried,[br]and I've kind of given up."

0:14:09.433,0:14:13.370
And he says, "Scott, when you ever[br]get overwhelmed, break it down."

0:14:13.371,0:14:15.791
Break it down. Can you do a paradiddle?"

0:14:15.791,0:14:16.835
"Yeah!"

0:14:16.835,0:14:18.712
(Drumming)

0:14:18.712,0:14:20.670
"OK, what's the second beat?"[br]"Two beats."

0:14:20.670,0:14:21.962
(Drumming)

0:14:21.962,0:14:25.802
"Yeah. Well, that's a drum roll, Geller.[br]It's two beats."

0:14:25.803,0:14:26.960
(Drumming)

0:14:26.961,0:14:29.501
You go home and practice,[br]and you say, "Dad and mama,"

0:14:29.501,0:14:30.746
- remember I was just 10 -

0:14:30.746,0:14:33.285
"You go 'dad and mama, dad and mama'."

0:14:33.285,0:14:36.367
(Drum)

0:14:36.367,0:14:37.821
It's a drum roll.

0:14:37.821,0:14:39.725
That teacher came back the next week,

0:14:39.726,0:14:43.357
"OK, Scott. I guess[br]you can't do a drum roll."

0:14:43.358,0:14:44.901
I said, "Watch this."

0:14:44.901,0:14:47.128
(Drumming)

0:14:47.128,0:14:51.066
He said, "Wow![br]How did you learn to do that?"

0:14:51.066,0:14:52.531
And I showed my teacher.

0:14:52.531,0:14:54.167
(Drumming)

0:14:56.077,0:14:58.703
I taught my teacher. 10 years old.

0:14:58.703,0:15:03.446
He said, "I've forgotten.[br]I got into the habit of just doing this

0:15:03.446,0:15:04.718
(Drumming)

0:15:04.718,0:15:07.406
and I forgot that it is two beats.

0:15:07.406,0:15:11.814
You taught me how to teach[br]the drum roll, Scott.

0:15:12.525,0:15:17.180
There is a lesson there:[br]we can always learn from each other.

0:15:17.180,0:15:20.908
We need to have the humility[br]to accept feedback,

0:15:20.908,0:15:23.323
and the courage to speak up.

0:15:23.323,0:15:27.076
And we need to help each other[br]feel self-motivated.

0:15:27.077,0:15:28.360
How?

0:15:28.360,0:15:34.439
Give them the perception of competence.[br]Teach them about 'consequences drive us'.

0:15:35.150,0:15:40.516
Let them perceive choice,[br]and let them know it's community.

0:15:40.516,0:15:43.860
We're all in this together.[br]And we need each other.

0:15:44.748,0:15:46.152
Thank you.

0:15:46.153,0:15:47.613
(Applause)