(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)
In this session, you will be introduced to the SPHERE standards.
A set of guidelines has been developed to guide decision makers on key issues to consider
in responding to disaster situations.
SPHERE is basically three things.
It is a handbook.
It is a process of collaboration, and an expression of commitment to quality and accountability
and human rights for people involved in disaster situations.
The rationale of the SPHERE project is that it is an international collaboration for consensus
involving standards for disaster response, a process to create a common language leading
to transparency, accountability and increased quality, a drive to improve quality and accountability in disaster situations.
The SPHERE manual is laid out in chapters.
Each chapter covers a key area for consideration in disaster management and it includes minimum
standards, key indicators for those standards, and guidance notes on what to consider in
preparing to meet these standards.
Please acquire a copy of the SPHERE manual.
The minimum standards section shows the minimum requirements for the particular area
of consideration.
Key indicators act as signals that determine whether or not a standard has been attained.
The guidance notes are guidance notes for implementers that provide additional information
that is useful for actual implementation of the standards.
These are the contents of the SPHERE manual.
It begins with the humanitarian chapter.
It shows the common standards, that is, standards common to all disasters.
In our set team, we have adjusted it to mean standards for response management.
Underneath this, it shows standards for water supply and sanitation, food security and nutrition
and food aid, shelter and settlement management of non-food items, the management of health
services in disaster situations.
These standards are mainly applicable for disasters that result in mass displacement
of people, with people living in camps and they need assistance in these various areas.
But excerpts of these standards can be used, can be extracted and used for smaller scale
disaster situations provided they involve displacement or resettlement of people.
Standards are given for response mechanisms common to all disasters, that is, response
management.
Water supply, sanitation and hygiene, food security, nutrition and food-aid, shelter,
settlement and non-food items, and health services.
The standards also include appendices.
Water Supply and Sanitation Initial Needs Assessment Checklist is provided there.
Planning guidelines for minimum water quantities for institutions and other uses, an appendix
is provided.
Water and excreta related diseases and transmission mechanisms, an appendix is provided.
And the standards also give references.
Examples.
If you have a copy of the manual, check for the standards.
What is the minimum recommended standard on the amount of water required per individual per
day?
How much of this is required for drinking?
What is the standard for quality of drinking water?
What is the standard for sanitation facilities?
What is the standard for water stand-pipes?
What is the standard for distance to water source among displaced populations?
Water and sanitation.
An average of 15 liters of water for use per day per person, and includes 2.5-3 liters for drinking and food.
On water quality, the standards specify that the water should have no fecal coliforms
in every 100 mls.
Other issues: standards have provided for excreta disposal a maximum of 20 people per
latrine, involvement of the people in planning the sanitation resources, 250 people per stand
of pipe, and the distance from the dwellings to the water standpipe should be less than
500 meters.
Other examples.
Refer to your SPHERE standards manual.
With regards to food and nutrition, 2100 kilocalories per person per day recommended.
With regard to cereals, they need about 14 kilograms per person per month.
Pulses, such as issues like beans, peas, about 2.4 kilograms per person per month.
Oil 0.8 kilograms per person per month.
And the corn soya blend (CSB) 1.6 Kg per person per month.
Remember the vulnerable people!
This is an example of a planned shelter as a standard.
In summary, Sphere is based on qualitative and quantitative standards.
The standards are universal in nature.
The standards are a summary of five capabilities that are important in the management of disasters
that evoke the mass displacement of people.
These include general response management, or standards common to all disasters, shelter,
provisions for water and sanitation, provisions for health, and provisions for food and nutrition.