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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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In this session, you will be introduced to
the SPHERE standards.

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A set of guidelines has been developed to
guide decision makers on key issues to consider

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in responding to disaster situations.

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SPHERE is basically three things.

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It is a handbook.

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It is a process of collaboration, and an expression
of commitment to quality and accountability

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and human rights for people involved in disaster
situations.

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The rationale of the SPHERE project is that
it is an international collaboration for consensus

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involving standards for disaster response,
a process to create a common language leading

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to transparency, accountability and increased quality, 
a drive to improve quality and accountability in disaster situations.

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The SPHERE manual is laid out in chapters.

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Each chapter covers a key area for consideration
in disaster management and it includes minimum

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standards, key indicators for those standards,
and guidance notes on what to consider in

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preparing to meet these standards.

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Please acquire a copy of the SPHERE manual.

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The minimum standards section shows the
minimum requirements for the particular area

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of consideration.

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Key indicators act as signals that determine
whether or not a standard has been attained.

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The guidance notes are guidance notes for
implementers that provide additional information

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that is useful for actual implementation of
the standards.

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These are the contents of the SPHERE manual.

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It begins with the humanitarian chapter.

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It shows the common standards, that is, standards
common to all disasters.

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In our set team, we have adjusted it to mean
standards for response management.

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Underneath this, it shows standards for water
supply and sanitation, food security and nutrition

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and food aid, shelter and settlement management
of non-food items, the management of health

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services in disaster situations.

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These standards are mainly applicable for
disasters that result in mass displacement

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of people, with people living in camps and
they need assistance in these various areas.

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But excerpts of these standards can be used,
can be extracted and used for smaller scale

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disaster situations provided they involve
displacement or resettlement of people.

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Standards are given for response mechanisms
common to all disasters, that is, response

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management.

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Water supply, sanitation and hygiene, food
security, nutrition and food-aid, shelter,

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settlement and non-food items, and health
services.

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The standards also include appendices.

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Water Supply and Sanitation Initial Needs
Assessment Checklist is provided there.

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Planning guidelines for minimum water quantities
for institutions and other uses, an appendix

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is provided.

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Water and excreta related diseases and transmission
mechanisms, an appendix is provided.

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And the standards also give references.

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Examples.

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If you have a copy of the manual, check for
the standards.

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What is the minimum recommended standard on the
amount of water required per individual per

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day?

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How much of this is required for drinking?

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What is the standard for quality of drinking
water?

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What is the standard for sanitation facilities?

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What is the standard for water stand-pipes?

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What is the standard for distance to water
source among displaced populations?

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Water and sanitation.

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An average of 15 liters of water for use per day per person,
and includes 2.5-3 liters for drinking and food.

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On water quality, the standards specify that
the water should have no fecal coliforms

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in every 100 mls.

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Other issues: standards have provided for
excreta disposal a maximum of 20 people per

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latrine, involvement of the people in planning
the sanitation resources, 250 people per stand

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of pipe, and the distance from the dwellings
to the water standpipe should be less than

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500 meters.

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Other examples.

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Refer to your SPHERE standards manual.

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With regards to food and nutrition, 2100 kilocalories
per person per day recommended.

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With regard to cereals, they need about 
14 kilograms per person per month.

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Pulses, such as issues like beans, peas, about
2.4 kilograms per person per month.

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Oil 0.8 kilograms per person per month.

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And the corn soya blend (CSB) 1.6 Kg per person
per month.

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Remember the vulnerable people!

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This is an example of a planned shelter as
a standard.

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In summary, Sphere is based on qualitative
and quantitative standards.

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The standards are universal in nature.

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The standards are a summary of five capabilities
that are important in the management of disasters

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that evoke the mass displacement of people.

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These include general response management,
or standards common to all disasters, shelter,

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provisions for water and sanitation, provisions
for health, and provisions for food and nutrition.