[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.13,0:00:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Piano)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.17,0:00:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The piece of music we are listening to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.46,0:00:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Chopin’s Nocturne, Opus 55, No. 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.75,0:00:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say that for those\Nwho did not recognize it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.18,0:00:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but don't worry, I didn't know either.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.57,0:00:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in a magnificent auditorium,\NMassy's Opera theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.23,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is quite natural to listen\Nto such piece of music in such a place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.79,0:01:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is still a question \Nyou're asking yourself ... I can feel it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.79,0:01:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this question is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.39,0:01:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"what is the relationship\Nbetween this Chopin's Nocturne
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.72,0:01:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the image that is currently\Nprojected on the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.78,0:01:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the broadcast\Nof this melody?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.66,0:01:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mage represents - of course,\Nthis time, you did recognize it -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.82,0:01:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a magnificent sculpture of the famous\Ndouble helix of the DNA molecule,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.63,0:01:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA being the physical\Nand molecular support
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.53,0:01:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our genetic\Nand hereditary heritage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.28,0:01:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to answer this question and satisfy\Nsomewhat your legitimate curiosity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.18,0:01:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will start by telling you\Na little story
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.86,0:01:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a real story.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.28,0:01:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once upon a time,\Nthere was a great scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.16,0:01:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an American, who was also\NJapanese, called Susumo Ohno.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.57,0:01:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a great specialist in the study\Nof the evolution of living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.92,0:02:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the genetic and molecular levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.52,0:02:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He hypothesized in his work\Nthat repetitions -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.62,0:02:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I insist on the word "repetition"\Nbecause words are important -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.89,0:02:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the repetitions of genetic\Ninformation in DNA sequences
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.70,0:02:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could play a very important role\Nin the evolution of living organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.08,0:02:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in his reflections, he drew\Na parallel between the repetitions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.30,0:02:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recurrences of genetic\Ninformation in the DNA sequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.72,0:02:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the repetitions of musical themes\Nthat we find in musical scores.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.36,0:02:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a lot of cogitations\Nand reflections,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.98,0:02:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he developed a method\Nthat allowed him to discover,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.11,0:02:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hidden behind the sequence\Nof a real gene
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.68,0:02:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that codes for a real protein\Nexisting in mice but also in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.01,0:02:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chopin nocturne, Op.55, No. 1\Nthat we just listened to.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.97,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is extraordinary
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.05,0:02:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discover such a musical resonance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.25,0:03:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hidden behind genetic\Nand biological information!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.29,0:03:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, to achieve this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.78,0:03:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this researcher constantly navigated\Nbetween two universes:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.01,0:03:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of Science that he knew well,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.50,0:03:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that of Art that he invited\Nin his own field
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.24,0:03:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to explain and understand\Nthe functioning of the living.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.20,0:03:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today ladies and gentlemen,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.80,0:03:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to take you on a journey\Nthat allows you precisely
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.93,0:03:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go back and forth\Nbetween varied artistic universes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.08,0:03:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world of biology - \Nit makes sense since I'm a biologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.41,0:03:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here is for example\Nhow scientists observe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.47,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the very high magnifications\Nof an electron microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.39,0:03:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a simple bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.22,0:03:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen, let me introduce\NHer Majesty Escherichia coli,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.57,0:03:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the queen of the commensal\Nbacteria of our intestines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.05,0:03:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By itself, this E. Coli bacteria,\Nas its close friends say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.24,0:03:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents more than 80%\Nof the 100,000 billion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.20,0:04:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not of a thousand portholes\Nas Captain Haddock would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.43,0:04:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but of the 100,000 billion microorganisms\Nthat colonize our intestines:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.86,0:04:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the famous microbiota.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.50,0:04:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this image is indeed\Nvery interesting for scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.32,0:04:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the general public,\Nit does not mean much.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.32,0:04:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can use paint to represent it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.97,0:04:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was done by a great American\Nscientist, David Goodsell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.96,0:04:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can also use sculpture.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.69,0:04:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what was done\Nby a great British artist, Luke Jerram,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.33,0:04:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who uses transparent\Nblown glass sculpture.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.29,0:04:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are two representations\Non the same theme
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.55,0:04:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show in a more general\Nway the organization of this bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.45,0:04:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we now descend to even smaller\Nmicroorganisms such as viruses,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.86,0:04:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here is the influenza virus
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.93,0:04:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the AIDS virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.49,0:04:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two viruses you have\Nto protect yourself from,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.08,0:04:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you have to do it\Nin very different ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.94,0:05:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you see what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.66,0:05:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) I will not draw the picture!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.20,0:05:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, these images are full\Nof information for scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.32,0:05:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the general public\Nit remains abstract.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.94,0:05:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on our trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.31,0:05:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to make a stopover\Nin California at David Goodsel's,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.04,0:05:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're going to ask him
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.79,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he would like\Nto paint these viruses for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.04,0:05:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's very nice and he did it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.32,0:05:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the return trip,\Nwe made a stopover in Bristol
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.83,0:05:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Luke Jerram's place
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.32,0:05:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask him to represent\Nthese same microorganisms
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.76,0:05:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his blown glass sculpture technique.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.07,0:05:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was also very nice and did it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.44,0:05:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is the result: these are\Ntwo variations on the same theme
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.35,0:05:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to represent the global organization\Nof these viruses, how they are made,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.37,0:05:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the arrangement of their\Ncomponents in an artistic way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.12,0:05:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can point out \Npotential therapeutic targets
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.89,0:05:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight against these pathogens\Nwhich continue to afflict the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.68,0:06:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now If we go down again\Nin the scale of living things,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.63,0:06:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to meet\Ntheir organic components,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.60,0:06:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of their organic\Ncomponent that are proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.98,0:06:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The two other organic components\Nof living things are of course
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.16,0:06:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sugars and fat, but tonight,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.61,0:06:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the eve of the culinary\NChristmas festivities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.42,0:06:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not going to talk\Nabout upsetting issues!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.69,0:06:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.66,0:06:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how scientists\Nsee a protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.88,0:06:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This represents the tertiary structure\Nor conformation of a protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.55,0:06:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to put it simply,\Nthe spatial form of a protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.97,0:06:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Green\NFluorescent Protein (GFP)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.55,0:06:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives in an oceanic jellyfish
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.36,0:06:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and emits a magnificent\Ngreen light … organic,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.96,0:06:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has nothing to do with what\NSébastien was talking about earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.92,0:06:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this protein is widely\Nused as a tool in scientific research.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.42,0:06:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s used as a lamp or lantern\Nfor some studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.90,0:06:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is nothing like a sculpture\Nto depict an object in space, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.35,0:07:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since we're still in England,\Nlet's make a stopover in Sheffield
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.98,0:07:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the house of a Japanese\Nartist who uses origami.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.02,0:07:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was also very nice,\Nshe made a giant origami
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.40,0:07:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this fluorescent GFP protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.76,0:07:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It explains the overall\Norganization of this protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.72,0:07:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the different parts organized\Nin helices or in sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.72,0:07:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.45,0:07:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we see this wonder,\Nwe can only ask the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.46,0:07:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can a cell make a protein?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.87,0:07:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, how are proteins\Nmade up at the molecular level?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.12,0:07:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To answer this question,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.82,0:07:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to tell you\Na story like before,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.61,0:07:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather, I invite you to do\Nan exercise together
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.15,0:07:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will use music.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.43,0:07:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you all know, to make music,\Nyou need 12 musical notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.87,0:07:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With these 12 notes,\Na genius composer may offer
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.58,0:08:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a composition like this -\Na very interesting work -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.08,0:08:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with the same 12 musical\Nnotes, another composer
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.79,0:08:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may offer something\Ncompletely different.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.31,0:08:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different elements characterize\Nor define a musical score.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.55,0:08:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we're going to deal\Nwith two of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.54,0:08:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first element that\Ncharacterizes a musical score
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.19,0:08:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the order in which\Nthe musical notes appear.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.99,0:08:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second element\Nis the length of the score,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.16,0:08:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in other words the total\Nnumber of musical notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.85,0:08:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top one lasts 4:05\Nwith a few hundred notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.64,0:08:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bottom one lasts more\Nthan an hour with thousands of notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.74,0:08:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with always the same\N12 elementary notes as fondation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.99,0:08:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now to create proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.80,0:08:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells are using exactly\Nthe same building principle
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.11,0:08:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the one we just saw for music.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.43,0:08:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To fabricate proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.24,0:08:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cell uses 20 elementary units\Ncalled "amino acids".
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.57,0:09:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are small chemical molecules\Nwhose formula are known.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.79,0:09:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a name,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.40,0:09:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientists assign them\Na letter of the alphabet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.42,0:09:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the sake of simplicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.39,0:09:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now just like a musical score,\Na protein is composed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.87,0:09:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sequence of these amino acids\Nin a very precise order,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.12,0:09:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it contains a total\Nnumber of amino acids
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.80,0:09:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is also very precise\Nand specific to the 25,000 proteins
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.03,0:09:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you are all synthesizing\Nin your human cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.35,0:09:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the protein is created,\Nit organizes itself in space
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.95,0:09:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to adopt a shape, a functional structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.10,0:09:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is thanks to this architecture\Nthat the protein can function.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.48,0:09:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what we call \Nthe "structure-function relationship".
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.67,0:09:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you have it!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.60,0:09:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, I think some people on the right\Nwant to tell me something!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.60,0:09:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go ahead, I'm listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.06,0:09:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Tell me, Mister Mohammed ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.80,0:09:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Please call me 'Momo,'\Neveryone does it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.46,0:09:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't mind at all, okay?"\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.43,0:09:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... "if you assign a musical\Nnote to an amino acid,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.82,0:10:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes possible to translate\Nits sequence into a musical score."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.59,0:10:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, that’s exactly\Nwhat we’re going to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.04,0:10:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, some people on the left disagree!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.85,0:10:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Tell me, Mister Momo" -\Nyou see, it works every time! -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.17,0:10:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your story, it's all well and good,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.27,0:10:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you told us that 12 musical \Nnotes are needed to make music
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.87,0:10:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas you need 20 amino\Nacids to make proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.32,0:10:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you get \Nthe perfect match
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.34,0:10:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to apply what people\Non the right just proposed?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.66,0:10:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s a little flat note\Nin this story, don't you think?”
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.48,0:10:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the people on the left\Nhave paid more attention
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.76,0:10:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what I just said\Nthan the people on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.48,0:10:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And please don’t see\Nany political connotation here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.17,0:10:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.26,0:10:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we as scientists have\Nadmittedly our heads in the clouds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.32,0:10:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Professor Tournesol,\Nwe're a bit disorganized,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.76,0:11:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when it comes to science,\Nwe like to classify things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.99,0:11:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do it very rigorously.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.93,0:11:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we classified amino acids\Ninto subgroups
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.12,0:11:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because some have very similar\Nphysico-chemical properties.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.45,0:11:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, some\Nare like fish: they love water;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.76,0:11:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they are called "hydrophilic".
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.87,0:11:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, others are like kitties:\Nthey have a water phobia.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.87,0:11:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I like to call them\N“pussycat acid”,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.88,0:11:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"hydrophobic" of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.97,0:11:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others are a little excited, electric.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.84,0:11:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a negative\Nor a positive charge, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.07,0:11:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By working to sort them out\Nand classify them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.59,0:11:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we easily obtain 12 amino acid groups
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.69,0:11:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which we assign a musical note,\Nand that does the trick.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.100,0:11:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is interesting in this story\Nis that each of you here
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.81,0:11:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who are watching us\Nin Senegal or Romania,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.92,0:11:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are free - and we are in the land\Nof Liberty par excellence -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.45,0:12:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assign the music note you want\Nto this or that group of amino acids.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.60,0:12:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So each of you is able to create
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.48,0:12:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his or her own musical score\Nof such and such protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.15,0:12:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one day, or maybe it was one night,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.28,0:12:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.74,0:12:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two Americans invited each other:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.62,0:12:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marie-Anne Clarke, biologist,\Nand John Dunn, computer scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.88,0:12:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know what they did\Nthat night or that day,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.94,0:12:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what I do know\Nis that from this meeting
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.46,0:12:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is born not a baby\Nbut an algorithm
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.23,0:12:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is inspired by what we just saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.30,0:12:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This algorithm enables us to translate\Nthe amino acid sequence of any protein
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.25,0:12:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into its equivalent in the musical score.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.83,0:12:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can discover ...\Nthe hemoglobin's symphony,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.90,0:12:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.02,0:12:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Insulin's blues,\Nthe Keratin's rock,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.99,0:12:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Collagen's swing, who knows?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.39,0:13:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, if my story can be\Nput in parentheses,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.60,0:13:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the opening one\Nbeing the Chopin's Nocturn,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.59,0:13:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the closing one is also going to be\Na musical piece, that of a protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.81,0:13:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its name is Spidroine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.02,0:13:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spidroine is the protein that makes up\Nthe threads of a spider's web.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.85,0:13:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really like spiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.56,0:13:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And rest assured,\NI am not like Cédric Villani.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.84,0:13:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.50,0:13:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? You noticed I have no spider\Non the collar of my jacket,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.58,0:13:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor bats in the belfry I hope!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.35,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.30,0:13:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be aware that this protein which\Nthe silk of the spider's web is made of,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.60,0:13:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents the most resistant,\Nthe most solid, the most elastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.10,0:13:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lightest material in existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.12,0:13:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a spider making\Na single thread of its web
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.12,0:13:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would circle the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.94,0:13:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well this simple wire would be\N40,075 km long and weigh only 420 gr.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.97,0:14:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its resistance and solidity\Nis due to the repetitions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.96,0:14:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of specific amino acid sequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.10,0:14:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we will also find\Nin its musical equivalent.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.19,0:14:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I invite you to close your eyes\Nif you are afraid of spiders,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open your ears wide,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.87,0:14:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imagine yourself\Non a beautiful clear night
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.47,0:14:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to the musical resonance
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.67,0:14:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the protein of a web\Nthat a spider is weaving
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.22,0:14:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the moon light.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.86,0:14:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.30,0:14:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.71,0:15:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(The music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.52,0:15:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope after this you'll no longer\Nsee spiders the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.57,0:15:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.71,0:15:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.52,0:15:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In conclusion, I hope \Nwhat we saw together today
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.88,0:15:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a good illustration of the possible\Ntransversality between disciplines.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.89,0:15:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The meeting of one with the other\Nenables knowledge to be shared
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.68,0:15:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way, I hope, \Nboth educational and fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.03,0:15:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also enables passions to be shared
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.99,0:15:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as another way of looking\Nat our own work and discipline.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.74,0:15:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this ties in
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.17,0:15:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what the great French philosopher, \Npoet and writer, Paul Valery, has said,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.27,0:15:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whom I leave\Nthe last word with his quote:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.30,0:15:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There was once someone\Nwho could look at the same object
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.37,0:15:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the eyes of a painter,\Nor a naturalist,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.32,0:15:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the eyes of a physicist at times\Nand at other times of a poet,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.94,0:16:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and none of these looks\Nwas superficial."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.53,0:16:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of these looks was superficial.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.47,0:16:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.01,0:16:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)