[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.90,0:00:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know more about\Nother planets than our own,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.45,0:00:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today, I want to show you\Na new type of robot
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.69,0:00:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed to help us\Nbetter understand our own planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.41,0:00:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It belongs to a category
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.04,0:00:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known in the oceanographic community\Nas an unmanned surface vehicle, or USV.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.66,0:00:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it uses no fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.05,0:00:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it relies\Non wind power for propulsion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, it can sail around the globe\Nfor months at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.47,0:00:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to share with you\Nwhy we built it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.38,0:00:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what it means for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.81,0:00:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago, I was on a sailboat\Nmaking its way across the Pacific,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.42,0:00:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from San Francisco to Hawaii.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.30,0:00:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had just spent the past 10 years\Nworking nonstop,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.67,0:00:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing video games\Nfor hundreds of millions of users,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.81,0:00:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I wanted to take a step back\Nand look at the big picture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.36,0:00:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get some much-needed thinking time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.92,0:00:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was the navigator on board,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.03,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one evening, after a long session\Nanalyzing weather data
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.72,0:01:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plotting our course,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.38,0:01:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came up on deck and saw\Nthis beautiful sunset.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.81,0:01:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a thought occurred to me:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.75,0:01:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do we really know\Nabout our oceans?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.25,0:01:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Pacific was stretching all around me\Nas far as the eye could see,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.16,0:01:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the waves were\Nrocking our boat forcefully,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.49,0:01:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sort of constant reminder\Nof its untold power.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.29,0:01:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do we really know\Nabout our oceans?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.24,0:01:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to find out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.36,0:01:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I quickly learned\Nis that we don't know very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.50,0:01:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first reason is just\Nhow vast oceans are,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.64,0:01:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covering 70 percent of the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.01,0:01:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we know they drive\Ncomplex planetary systems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.58,0:01:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like global weather,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.78,0:01:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which affect all of us on a daily basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.25,0:01:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes dramatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.56,0:01:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, those activities\Nare mostly invisible to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.94,0:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ocean data is scarce by any standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.27,0:02:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back on land, I had grown used to\Naccessing lots of sensors --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.40,0:02:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billions of them, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.58,0:02:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at sea, in situ data\Nis scarce and expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.54,0:02:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because it relies on\Na small number of ships and buoys.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How small a number\Nwas actually a great surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.33,0:02:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our National Oceanic\Nand Atmospheric Administration,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.47,0:02:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better known as NOAA,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.12,0:02:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only has 16 ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.97,0:02:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are less than\N200 buoys offshore globally.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.77,0:02:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is easy to understand why:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.46,0:02:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the oceans are an unforgiving place,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.63,0:02:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to collect in situ data,\Nyou need a big ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.99,0:02:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capable of carrying a vast amount of fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.34,0:02:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and large crews,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.19,0:02:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costing hundreds\Nof millions of dollars each,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, big buoys tethered to the ocean floor\Nwith a four-mile-long cable
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.51,0:02:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and weighted down\Nby a set of train wheels,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.53,0:03:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is both dangerous to deploy\Nand expensive to maintain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.63,0:03:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about satellites, you might ask?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.03,0:03:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, satellites are fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.96,0:03:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have taught us\Nso much about the big picture
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.48,0:03:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the past few decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.53,0:03:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the problem with satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.93,0:03:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is they can only see through one micron\Nof the surface of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.12,0:03:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have relatively poor\Nspatial and temporal resolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.45,0:03:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their signal needs to be corrected\Nfor cloud cover and land effects
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.75,0:03:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.09,0:03:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is going on in the oceans?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.93,0:03:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are we trying to measure?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.28,0:03:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how could a robot be of any use?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.36,0:03:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's zoom in on\Na small cube in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.28,0:03:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the key things we want\Nto understand is the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.62,0:03:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the surface,\Nif you think about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.68,0:03:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the nexus of all air-sea interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the interface through which\Nall energy and gases must flow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.55,0:03:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our sun radiates energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.68,0:04:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is absorbed by oceans as heat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.60,0:04:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then partially released\Ninto the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.48,0:04:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gases in our atmosphere like CO2\Nget dissolved into our oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, about 30 percent\Nof all global CO2 gets absorbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.60,0:04:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plankton and microorganisms\Nrelease oxygen into the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.24,0:04:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much so that every other breath\Nyou take comes from the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.43,0:04:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of that heat generates evaporation,\Nwhich creates clouds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.49,0:04:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then eventually\Nleads to precipitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.80,0:04:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And pressure gradients\Ncreate surface wind,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.08,0:04:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which moves the moisture\Nthrough the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.73,0:04:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the heat radiates down\Ninto the deep ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.59,0:04:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gets stored in different layers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.74,0:04:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ocean acting as some kind\Nof planetary-scale boiler
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.07,0:04:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to store all that energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.71,0:04:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which later might be released\Nin short-term events like hurricanes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.48,0:04:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or long-term phenomena like El Niño.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.33,0:04:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These layers can get mixed up\Nby vertical upwelling currents
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.67,0:04:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or horizontal currents,\Nwhich are key in transporting heat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.14,0:05:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the tropics to the poles.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.62,0:05:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, there is marine life,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.45,0:05:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occupying the largest ecosystem\Nin volume on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.49,0:05:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from microorganisms to fish\Nto marine mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.21,0:05:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like seals, dolphins and whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.24,0:05:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all of these\Nare mostly invisible to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.82,0:05:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenge in studying\Nthose ocean variables at scale
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.22,0:05:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.42,0:05:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the energy that it takes to deploy\Ncensors into the deep ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.60,0:05:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, many solutions\Nhave been tried --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.91,0:05:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from wave-actuated devices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.55,0:05:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to surface drifters
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.11,0:05:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sun-powered electrical drives --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.86,0:05:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each with their own compromises.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.74,0:05:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our team breakthrough came\Nfrom an unlikely source,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.94,0:05:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pursuit of the world speed record\Nin a wind-powered land yacht.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.74,0:05:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took 10 years of research\Nand development
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.07,0:05:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come up with a novel wing concept
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.62,0:06:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only uses three watts\Nof power to control
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.45,0:06:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet can propel a vehicle\Nall around the globe
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.56,0:06:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with seemingly unlimited autonomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.26,0:06:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By adapting this wing concept\Ninto a marine vehicle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.36,0:06:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had the genesis of an ocean drone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.28,0:06:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are larger than they appear.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.64,0:06:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are about 15 feet high,\N23 feet long, seven feet deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.24,0:06:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of them as surface satellites.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.32,0:06:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're laden with an array\Nof science-grade sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.48,0:06:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that measure all key variables,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.31,0:06:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both oceanographic and atmospheric,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.33,0:06:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a live satellite link transmits\Nthis high-resolution data
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.71,0:06:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to shore in real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our team has been hard at work\Nover the past few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.42,0:06:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conducting missions in some of\Nthe toughest ocean conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.95,0:06:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.20,0:06:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Arctic to the tropical Pacific.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.69,0:06:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have sailed all the way\Nto the polar ice shelf.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.43,0:06:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have sailed into Atlantic hurricanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.16,0:06:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have rounded Cape Horn,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.14,0:07:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have slalomed between\Nthe oil rigs of the Gulf of Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.40,0:07:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one tough robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.63,0:07:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me share with you\Nrecent work that we did
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.63,0:07:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the Pribilof Islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.53,0:07:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a small group of islands\Ndeep in the cold Bering Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.48,0:07:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the US and Russia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.66,0:07:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Bering Sea is the home\Nof the walleye pollock,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.14,0:07:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a whitefish\Nyou might not recognize,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.73,0:07:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you might likely have tasted\Nif you enjoy fish sticks or surimi.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.44,0:07:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, surimi looks like crabmeat,\Nbut it's actually pollock.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.91,0:07:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the pollock fishery\Nis the largest fishery in the nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.94,0:07:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in terms of value and volume --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.51,0:07:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 3.1 billion pounds\Nof fish caught every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.70,0:07:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So over the past few years,\Na fleet of ocean drones
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.42,0:07:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been hard at work in the Bering Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.67,0:07:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the goal to help assess\Nthe size of the pollock fish stock.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.15,0:07:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This helps improve the quota system\Nthat's used to manage the fishery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.94,0:07:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help prevent a collapse\Nof the fish stock
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.13,0:07:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and protects this fragile ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.54,0:08:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the drones survey\Nthe fishing ground using acoustics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.37,0:08:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i.e., a sonar.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.92,0:08:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sends a sound wave downwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.16,0:08:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the reflection,\Nthe echo from the sound wave
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.70,0:08:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the seabed or schools of fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.48,0:08:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives us an idea of what's happening\Nbelow the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.85,0:08:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our ocean drones are actually\Npretty good at this repetitive task,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.88,0:08:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they have been gridding\Nthe Bering Sea day in, day out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.81,0:08:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Pribilof Islands are also\Nthe home of a large colony of fur seals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.18,0:08:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1950s, there were about\Ntwo million individuals in that colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.37,0:08:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly, these days,\Nthe population has rapidly declined.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.16,0:08:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's less than 50 percent\Nof that number left,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.52,0:08:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the population\Ncontinues to fall rapidly.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.90,0:08:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to understand why,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.03,0:08:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our science partner at\Nthe National Marine Mammal Laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.54,0:08:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has fitted a GPS tag\Non some of the mother seals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.90,0:08:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glued to their furs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.41,0:08:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this tag measures location and depth
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.43,0:09:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also has a really cool little camera
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.79,0:09:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's triggered by sudden acceleration.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.21,0:09:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a movie taken\Nby an artistically inclined seal,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.14,0:09:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving us unprecedented insight\Ninto an underwater hunt
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.91,0:09:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deep in the Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.75,0:09:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the shot of this pollock prey
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.14,0:09:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just seconds before it gets devoured.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.93,0:09:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, doing work in the Arctic\Nis very tough, even for a robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.74,0:09:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had to survive a snowstorm in August
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.36,0:09:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interferences from bystanders --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.87,0:09:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that little spotted seal enjoying a ride.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.16,0:09:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.38,0:09:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the seal tags have recorded\Nover 200,000 dives over the season,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.40,0:09:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and upon a closer look,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.38,0:09:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get to see the individual seal tracks\Nand the repetitive dives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.41,0:09:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are on our way to decode\Nwhat is really happening
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.29,0:09:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over that foraging ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.100,0:09:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's quite beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.36,0:09:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you superimpose the acoustic data\Ncollected by the drones,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.79,0:10:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a picture starts to emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.94,0:10:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the seals leave the islands\Nand swim from left to right,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.33,0:10:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are observed to dive at a relatively\Nshallow depth of about 20 meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.77,0:10:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the drone identifies\Nis populated by small young pollock
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.88,0:10:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with low calorific content.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.99,0:10:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The seals then swim much greater distance\Nand start to dive deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.14,0:10:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a place where the drone identifies\Nlarger, more adult pollock,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.83,0:10:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are more nutritious as fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.12,0:10:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, the calories expended\Nby the mother seals
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.26,0:10:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to swim this extra distance
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.41,0:10:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't leave them with enough energy\Nto lactate their pups back on the island,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.35,0:10:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to the population decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.41,0:10:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Further, the drones identify that\Nthe water temperature around the island
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.78,0:10:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has significantly warmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.49,0:10:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might be one of the driving forces\Nthat's pushing the pollock north,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.81,0:10:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to spread in search of colder regions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.76,0:10:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the data analysis is ongoing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.57,0:11:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but already we can see\Nthat some of the pieces of the puzzle
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.98,0:11:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the fur seal mystery
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.37,0:11:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are coming into focus.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.69,0:11:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look back at the big picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.80,0:11:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are mammals, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.03,0:11:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually, the oceans provide\Nup to 20 kilos of fish per human per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.88,0:11:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we deplete our fish stocks,\Nwhat can we humans learn
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.03,0:11:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the fur seal story?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.72,0:11:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And beyond fish, the oceans\Naffect all of us daily
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.62,0:11:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they drive global weather systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.51,0:11:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which affect things like\Nglobal agricultural output
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.30,0:11:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or can lead to devastating destruction\Nof lives and property
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.95,0:11:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through hurricanes,\Nextreme heat and floods.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.76,0:11:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our oceans are pretty much\Nunexplored and undersampled,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.56,0:11:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today, we still know more\Nabout other planets than our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.02,0:11:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you divide this vast ocean\Nin 6x6-degree squares,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.83,0:11:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each about 400 miles long,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.54,0:11:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd get about 1,000 such squares.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.72,0:11:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So little by little,\Nworking with our partners,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.04,0:12:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are deploying one ocean drone\Nin each of those boxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.16,0:12:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hope being that\Nachieving planetary coverage
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.60,0:12:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will give us better insights\Ninto those planetary systems
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.81,0:12:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affect humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.60,0:12:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have been using robots to study\Ndistant worlds in our solar system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.24,0:12:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a while now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.94,0:12:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it is time to quantify our own planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.44,0:12:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we cannot fix\Nwhat we cannot measure,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.30,0:12:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we cannot prepare\Nfor what we don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.76,0:12:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.94,0:12:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)