0:00:04.009,0:00:05.190 We are strong. 0:00:07.301,0:00:07.941 We build. 0:00:11.101,0:00:11.809 Innovate. 0:00:13.821,0:00:15.764 And opened new frontiers. 0:00:19.945,0:00:21.921 But the mankind is under threat 0:00:27.881,0:00:31.221 the forces of chaos unleashed. 0:00:36.309,0:00:40.881 They'll bring us to the brink of extinction. 0:00:47.961,0:00:50.621 A midst the chaos on unforgiving planet 0:00:51.440,0:00:52.950 most species will fail. 0:00:53.732,0:00:57.013 But for one all the pieces[br]will fall into the place 0:00:59.281,0:01:04.380 and the set of keys will unlock a[br]path for mankind to triumph. 0:01:07.297,0:01:11.776 This is our story,[br]the story of all of us. 0:01:18.790,0:01:21.141 Northern China, 1215 A.D. 0:01:26.917,0:01:28.300 The Mongols are coming. 0:01:31.733,0:01:33.561 50 000 warriors, 0:01:35.545,0:01:37.573 the world's greatest[br]cavalry army. 0:01:40.978,0:01:43.789 Their leader Genghis Khan. 0:01:48.045,0:01:50.529 One of the bloodiest[br]warlords in human history. 0:01:53.133,0:01:54.573 His target, Zhongdu, 0:01:57.709,0:02:00.997 today's Beijing,[br]China's capital city. 0:02:03.177,0:02:06.293 Cities are key to the[br]story of mankind. 0:02:07.265,0:02:10.409 Center of power,[br]learning and wealth. 0:02:11.181,0:02:13.625 They need protecting. 0:02:14.209,0:02:18.953 Zhongdu has 18 miles of[br]battlement, 40 feet high 0:02:21.769,0:02:24.421 and still vulnerable to attack. 0:02:33.913,0:02:36.653 Half a million[br]people live in Zhongdu. 0:02:40.053,0:02:43.369 Now, a battle for[br]the future of mankind 0:02:44.734,0:02:49.069 between city dualer[br]and the nomad. 0:02:53.577,0:02:56.985 Genghis Khan, son[br]of the tribal chief. 0:02:58.069,0:03:02.773 His father was murdered,[br]he was sent to exile. 0:03:03.865,0:03:07.197 If you survived a childhood[br]like Genghis Khan, 0:03:07.928,0:03:10.289 you're gonna have a[br]chip on your shoulder. 0:03:10.289,0:03:12.489 You're want prove to[br]everybody they were wrong. 0:03:13.909,0:03:17.070 You're gonna wanna prove,[br]that you know what are you doing. 0:03:17.070,0:03:20.409 You're want to prove, that you're[br]the baddest guy in the block. 0:03:22.045,0:03:24.733 He escapes his captives, 0:03:24.733,0:03:28.913 fights his way to the top,[br]unites the Mongols 0:03:32.389,0:03:36.669 and begins a campaign of conquest[br]that would change the world. 0:03:39.229,0:03:40.570 The key to his success: 0:03:42.657,0:03:43.917 a horse, 0:03:46.057,0:03:49.473 domesticated 5000 years[br]earlier in Central Asia. 0:03:50.493,0:03:53.441 Horses are extended[br]mankind's frontiers. 0:03:56.017,0:03:59.205 The Mongols can cover[br]up to 300 miles in a day. 0:04:04.268,0:04:09.408 Using the horse for warfare[br]unlocks a new key for mankind. 0:04:10.649,0:04:13.729 If we go back to the Mongols[br]who fighting with the Chinese 0:04:14.669,0:04:17.029 we sees the first trip[br]point in the history that 0:04:17.029,0:04:19.529 will eventually bring[br]us to the tank 0:04:19.529,0:04:21.405 and that trip point is horses. 0:04:23.272,0:04:26.381 Mongols start on[br]horseback at age three. 0:04:30.025,0:04:32.337 They learned to ride[br]without using reins. 0:04:34.025,0:04:37.145 When they encounter[br]humans on foot to the Mongols 0:04:37.145,0:04:39.401 those humans were a lot like[br]sheep. You could scare them, 0:04:39.401,0:04:41.349 you could bolid[br]them they run. 0:04:43.041,0:04:45.309 They can shoot at full gallop. 0:04:49.121,0:04:51.909 It's the first version[br]of the Blitzkrieg. 0:04:52.789,0:04:57.865 It is be able to riding to a place,[br]do damage and then disappear 0:04:57.865,0:05:00.061 before anybody even[br]knows what hit them. 0:05:02.376,0:05:04.676 Mongol warriors have[br]four horses each. 0:05:06.952,0:05:09.712 They can eat and sleep[br]on the horseback. 0:05:11.804,0:05:18.004 No army would travel so far[br]and so fast until World War II. 0:05:20.984,0:05:24.476 They would travel faster than[br]the news of their arrival. 0:05:28.840,0:05:32.808 Climate change is one of the[br]keys to the human story 0:05:34.475,0:05:37.207 and drives the Mongols[br]to change the world. 0:05:44.616,0:05:47.368 93 million miles from Earth 0:05:48.687,0:05:50.460 a surge in solar activity. 0:05:57.355,0:06:00.185 Blasts of radiation[br]scorch the planet. 0:06:00.637,0:06:03.905 It's the beginning of three[br]centuries of global warming. 0:06:07.600,0:06:12.247 Climatic changes in the ancient[br]world in the premodern world 0:06:12.247,0:06:15.599 directly affected[br]historical events. 0:06:19.079,0:06:22.786 In Mongolia drought turns[br]pastures into desert. 0:06:27.143,0:06:32.815 To survive the Mongols[br]sweeps South towards China, 0:06:32.815,0:06:35.387 the great power in Asia, 0:06:35.387,0:06:37.927 home to the biggest[br]cities in the world. 0:06:40.711,0:06:44.284 China is the great price.[br]If you can conquer China 0:06:44.284,0:06:48.959 you conquer the land[br]of infinite supplies. 0:06:50.976,0:06:59.532 Grain, silk, tea. China is the richest[br]prize the Mongols can possibly take. 0:07:02.328,0:07:07.852 Approaching Zhongdu, Genghis[br]Khan issues an ultimatum, 0:07:12.884,0:07:16.052 surrender or die. 0:07:19.876,0:07:22.832 Mongol cruelty is legend. 0:07:25.192,0:07:26.580 Prisoners decapitated. 0:07:30.176,0:07:32.945 Towers of human skulls. 0:07:35.415,0:07:37.127 Children slaughtered. 0:07:40.879,0:07:43.627 I imagine for someone[br]seeing in the city, 0:07:43.627,0:07:48.439 looking at over the wall and seeing[br]the massive Mongol horde 0:07:48.439,0:07:50.567 is coming in your direction. 0:07:52.716,0:07:55.293 You have to immediately[br]question yourself as 0:07:55.293,0:07:57.618 to why I'm still in this city. 0:08:02.184,0:08:04.944 I need to leave or[br]I'm dead. 0:08:08.584,0:08:11.647 Genghis Khan rape[br]so many women 0:08:11.647,0:08:16.327 that is many is one in two hundred[br]people alive today carry his genes. 0:08:18.080,0:08:21.335 "The greatest happiness is to[br]gathering into the bosom your 0:08:21.335,0:08:23.856 enemy's wives and daughters." 0:08:26.419,0:08:32.648 60 000 women it is[br]said prefer suicide 0:08:33.664,0:08:35.900 to be raped by the Mongols. 0:08:55.515,0:08:58.319 Their horses get the[br]Mongols to the city gates, 0:08:59.964,0:09:01.104 but no further. 0:09:05.935,0:09:08.736 To take the city they[br]used China's engineers 0:09:12.376,0:09:15.024 and force them to[br]build battering rams. 0:09:19.172,0:09:23.504 Prisoners of war[br]attacking their own city. 0:09:25.515,0:09:30.820 To defend themselves, Zhongdu[br]soldiers must kill their own people. 0:09:41.656,0:09:44.656 If the gate breaks the city falls. 0:10:16.731,0:10:18.659 The Mongols overran Zhongdu, 0:10:20.515,0:10:25.859 massacre over 100 000 people,[br]than torched the city. 0:10:28.135,0:10:32.516 The Mongols were unbelievably[br]effective military force. 0:10:32.516,0:10:34.855 If they had a target[br]they want it to take. 0:10:34.855,0:10:36.527 No one stood in their way. 0:10:39.043,0:10:40.859 An eye-witness reports: 0:10:40.859,0:10:46.051 "The earth was greasy of human fat." 0:10:48.187,0:10:52.859 In his life time, Genghis Khan is set[br]to be responsible for the death 0:10:52.859,0:10:54.842 about to 40 million people. 0:10:56.115,0:10:57.743 As many as Adolf Hitler. 0:11:02.127,0:11:06.835 He conquers more land in 25[br]years than Rome did in 400. 0:11:08.963,0:11:15.683 4 and half million square miles, the[br]largest empire so far in human history. 0:11:18.511,0:11:22.595 And the key to his success,[br]communication. 0:11:28.863,0:11:35.215 600 years before the Pony Express[br]Mongols can send messages by horseback 0:11:37.575,0:11:40.807 across an area twice the[br]size of the United States. 0:11:55.655,0:11:59.287 Every 30 miles was relay[br]post with 400 horses. 0:12:03.647,0:12:06.388 Government messengers[br]carrying an official medallion 0:12:06.988,0:12:11.627 can claim food and fresh mount,[br]the world's first passport. 0:12:14.187,0:12:17.715 As the result of Genghis[br]Khan conquest 0:12:17.715,0:12:22.359 for the first time in history one[br]can safely travel from one end 0:12:22.359,0:12:24.427 of the world to[br]the other end. 0:12:31.167,0:12:34.656 Paper, printing and gunpowder 0:12:36.323,0:12:38.723 will head from East to West. 0:12:40.751,0:12:42.908 All keys to the[br]future of mankind. 0:12:46.716,0:12:49.707 But at the same time[br]the killer is on the loose 0:12:52.794,0:12:55.557 that wiped out up to half[br]of Europe's population. 0:13:03.023,0:13:08.123 Mankind battles with[br]enduring enemy, disease. 0:13:11.303,0:13:15.831 Issyk Kul, a trading post,[br]midway between Europe and Asia. 0:13:16.811,0:13:20.014 Genghis Khan has been dead[br]for more than a century, 0:13:20.014,0:13:21.582 but his empire continues. 0:13:23.140,0:13:26.360 Along his trade routes[br]a deadly traveler, 0:13:31.283,0:13:32.504 bacteria. 0:13:35.584,0:13:37.784 For three and a half billion years 0:13:38.312,0:13:40.692 virtually every corner of[br]the Earth has been covered 0:13:40.692,0:13:42.864 by these microorganisms. 0:13:45.905,0:13:50.304 Our own bodies contain more[br]bacterial cells than human cells. 0:13:53.164,0:13:56.464 Most are harmless,[br]many are essential, 0:13:57.748,0:13:59.865 but these have the[br]power to kill. 0:14:04.009,0:14:07.244 At Issyk Kul pandemic begins. 0:14:16.093,0:14:19.604 One of the first recording[br]victims, Kutluk. 0:14:23.288,0:14:26.861 Married, Christian, dubbed. 0:14:30.972,0:14:33.608 His wife's poke remedies[br]have no effect. 0:14:34.695,0:14:38.148 Imagine your husband comes[br]back from trading and he has 0:14:38.148,0:14:40.292 it a big blue blisters[br]and feels ill. 0:14:40.292,0:14:42.292 Is it from the air? From[br]the water he drag? 0:14:42.292,0:14:45.924 Is it some foreign animal[br]inside? What's going on? 0:14:46.416,0:14:48.375 You are completely confused. 0:14:53.863,0:14:56.796 Bacteria rushed through[br]Kutluk's bloodstream. 0:14:59.296,0:15:02.324 They are win his immune[br]system and spread vilacesly. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The storing and swelling his glands. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His skin erupts in giant paswiled source, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 buboes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Bubonic plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pass it on by an[br]almost invisible carrier, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the flea. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It staple diet is blood. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When it bites, it famets plague[br]bacteria into the bloodstream. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Kutlok's wife doesn't know it, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but she too has been bitten. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Within days both[br]of them will be dead. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In 1337 four people die in Issyk Kul. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Two years later there[br]are 100 deaths, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but this is just a beginning. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When takes spread,[br]this infection don't stop. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Improve transportation makes[br]diseases almost impossible to control. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The fleas they carried[br]the plague hitch a lift, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from one our closest companions, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Black rat. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Native to Asia, they spread[br]to Europe with the Romans. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 From a pair of rats 2000[br]new offspring a year 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and every rat can carry eight[br]plaque infected fleas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Black rats infest the cargo the travels[br]along the Mongols trade routes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Spreading out from Issyk Kul,[br]the plague sweeps East to China 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and West towards Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Kaffa on the Black sea, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the thriving port at the[br]crossroads East and West. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Controlled by Italian merchants. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One man is credited with[br]spreading the plague into Europe, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the descendant of Genghis Khan, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jani Beg. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He murdered his own[br]brother to seize power. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now he wants to expand[br]the Mongol empire westwards. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Kaffa stands on his way. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But he has a terrible[br]new weapon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The plague kills his soldiers faster[br]than they can be replaced. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But that gives Jani Beg an idea. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His dead men become ammunition. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Biological warfare[br]wasn't entirely new. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the 6.century B.C. by the Assyrians[br]and the Greeks used to poison wells, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but in the Kaffa Mongols[br]took it another stage. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They launched it physically[br]like a chemical bomb. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Biological weapons are so deadly,[br]that been outlawed in 165 countries, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 including Russia and United States. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But it is thought more[br]than enough remain, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to wipe out mankind[br]in the stroke. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No one has ever used biological[br]weapons like Jani Beg. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One chronicler writes: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "What seems like mountains of[br]dead would throw into the city. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The rotting corpses[br]is tainted the air. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Stench was overwhelmed." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There can be no weapon 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that is as terrifying as what is[br]unleashed with biological warfare. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You cannot see germs,[br]you cannot see disease 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and nothing you can do[br]can make you immune to it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The inhabitants of Kaffa[br]try to outrun the plaque 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and flee to Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They have no idea they[br]bringing the disease with them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The plague run out to the world's[br]most densely populated continent. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Sienna, Italy.[br]1348. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A family locks itself in, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 hoping to lock the disease out. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The father writes in account 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 one of the only surviving records 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as the invasion of Europe begins. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "It was cruel and horrible thing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I don't know where to begin, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to tell it's brutal[br]and pitiless ways." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The battles for the survival[br]of mankind has begun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Mankind faces a battle[br]against the extinction. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Sienna, Italy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 six months after the[br]plague invades Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Thousands are dead. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Agnolo De Tura, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 local businessman,[br]the town chronicler. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He barricades his[br]family inside their home. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The killer outside[br]must not come in. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Agnolo uses fire and[br]smoke to war after plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No one suspects[br]it's carried by rats. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You don't know what it cause it.[br]Could be the air, could be the water 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and so you have the sensation[br]around you of something building up 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but you don't know what it is. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The plague takes ten[br]years to cross Asia, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 moving slowly from[br]village to village. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But Europe is the perfect[br]breeding ground. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Hundreds of cities, 80 million[br]people living in close course. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These cities have all the[br]conditions to sustain plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Filth, the squalor. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Rodents that was just considered[br]part of natural life of that point 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and nobody considered that[br]these rodents and their fleas 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 could potentially be a problem. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And then you had these massive[br]number of people of pact together 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in these small dwellings and this is[br]exact sort of situation you would want 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if you trying to cause[br]a plague epidemic. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The plague has entered[br]in Agnelo's home, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 infecting his wife Nicoluccia. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If you ever seen bubonic[br]plague it's very gross. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A huge purple growth takes place[br]which creates psychological trauma, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 havoc and incredible fear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Agnolo tries anything.[br]Everything. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Vomit regularly, especially at[br]the first sign of any illness." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Drink glass of your own[br]urine twice a day." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Apply an ointment to the bulbo[br]made from honey, egg yolks 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and scorpion oil to[br]dry out the poison." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Avoid sex and baths." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Finally the plague doctor. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His hood filled with[br]herbs for the protection. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His treatment, drain the[br]disease out from the victim. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Physicians would try any desperate[br]measure they could work. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Blood leading was tried, leeches[br]were used but none seem to work. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The smartest thing that doctor could[br]do is stay away from the patient, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because he's unwittingly we[br]were taken the bacteria 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from one patient to the next. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Hold the wife, the plague[br]bacteria mutating, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 finding new ways to[br]reproduce and spread. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They no longer need[br]to be carried by fleas, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they are airborne. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The airborne plague is[br]fundamentally different because 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it now can be transmitted[br]from human being to human being. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The kill rate was 75 percent, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 now nearly 100. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In six months 31 000 people,[br]60 percent of Sienna wiped out. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 More than two every three person[br]you knew in Sienna were gone. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Families decimated,[br]clans decimated. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Everybody decimated. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "I, Agnolo di Tura, buried my[br]children with my own hands. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There was no one who[br]grieve for any death 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for all awaited death. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So many died that all believed[br]it was the end of the world." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Fear and panic set same.[br]You asking yourself 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what's causing[br]this, you know? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Did I do something wrong?[br]Did I forget to go to the Church? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And each symptoms seems[br]like the Devil is doing it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The overwhelming theory[br]was an avenging God. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Somehow this was the anger[br]of God causing this disease. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, disaster tasks[br]mankind faiths. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Avignon, France. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Home to Pope Clement the sixth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One of the most powerful[br]man in the world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 controlling wast armies[br]and enormous wealth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When plague hits Avignon the[br]people expected the Pope to come 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to their salvation, to go and[br]innersee to God to stop the plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But Clement the sixth[br]can't stop the plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It devastates Avignon, killing[br]1300 people in the single day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pope Clement buys a field[br]and buries 11 000 people, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it is not enough. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He tries a radical solution. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He consecrates the river Rhone 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as a floating cemetery. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As bodies floating down the[br]Rhone river people realized 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Pope can do nothing for[br]them either God wasn't listening 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or worse. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Fear and lost turn to rage. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The mob wants[br]someone to blame. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All over Europe the hunt is on. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 1349, the plague[br]rages across Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Mankind is at its weakest[br]and most irrational, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 searching for someone to blame. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Strasburg, Germany. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The plague hasn't hit here yet, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but rumors spread faster[br]than the disease itself 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 about the diabolic plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They said it Jews are[br]poisoned the drinking water. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This was the Middle ages, this[br]was before the scientific revolution 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and scientific method. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You had a world that was right hood,[br]superstition, anger, confusion 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and unfortunately[br]that often to prejudice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ever since the 6. century B.C.[br]their homeland was conquered. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jewish people have created thriving[br]communities around the planet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Today, 26. countries have [br]Jewish populations over 10 000. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When fear grips mankind[br]minority is an easy target. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The authorities in Strasburg[br]try to protect them, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 posting guards in the streets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But isolation breeds contempt. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The mob takes the[br]law into its own hands. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 February, 14th. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Saint Valentine's [br]day massacre. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jews of Strasbourg[br]were given a choice, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 convert or die. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One thousand Jews[br]are burned alive. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the massacre does[br]nothing to save the city. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Five months later[br]the plague arrives 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 claiming another 16 000 victims. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All over Europe great[br]cities like deserted. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 An eye-witness reports: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Shops are shed,[br]people rare. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A deep silence on[br]almost every place. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Consider what we were[br]and what we become. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There was a crowd of us,[br]now we are alone." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Mankind rendered powerless 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by tiny bacteria. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Across Asia and Europe the plague[br]kills over 15 million people in 15 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But isolation can protect us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Atlantic ocean has stopped[br]the plague reaching the Americas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The key to mankind's future[br]in a hands of visionary leaders. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Two hundred years[br]after Genghis Khan 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 young Inca warrior[br]prepares himself for battle. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Courageous, dynamic, inspired. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A vision of the Sun God[br]drives him into a mighty battle, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it will create the[br]Empire of the Incas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti had enormous[br]sense of himself. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The name means World shaker.[br]He gave himself the name, you know, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I am the conqueror of the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Americas are[br]home to 90 million people, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 living in total isolation[br]from the rest of mankind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In this new world,[br]there are no horses. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They've been hunted to extinction. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No iron tools. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No wheel vehicles. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the key to life in the Andes[br]high altitude agriculture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is a mountainous people,[br]a mountainous society 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and so if you wanna have available[br]farmland you have to build terraces 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 along the mountain slopes. And when[br]you go through the Andes today, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you see the remains of[br]terraces everywhere. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Thousands of feet above sea level 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they cultivated crops totally[br]unknown to the rest of the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Potatoes, tomatoes, corn. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Sixty years later the Spanish will[br]bring this super food back to Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A key moment in shaping[br]the diet of mankind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the riches of their land[br]make the Incas a target. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To keep their territory[br]they need to defend it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti will have to fight[br]against the fearsome enemy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 lead by a dead king. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The story of mankind in[br]shaped by men of destiny. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti, leader of the Incas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His enemy, the Chancas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Bloodthirsty warriors. They use the[br]bones of their enemies as trophies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Their goal, crush Pachacuti 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and captured the[br]Inca capital, Cuzco. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Leading the Chancas[br]into battle, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uscovilca. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Powerful, ruthless and dead. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The life initiated the[br]Chanca reign of terror. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In death he speaks[br]to his priests. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the Andes the ancestors are[br]very much present in people's lives 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and so important[br]people are mummified. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Long before the Egyptians the people of[br]south America preserved their dead. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Children, adults,[br]whole families. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The oldest mummies have[br]survived for 7000 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 By Uscovilca leading them[br]Chanca warriors feel invincible. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They outnumbered the Incas[br]and take no prisoners 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but Pachacuti has a plan. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The goal was to try the captured[br]the mummified body of your enemy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If you could tapel Uscovilca[br]then victory was yours. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He believes in something[br]more powerful than Uscovilca. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Inti, the Sun God, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the most important God[br]in Inca mythology. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The night before the battle Inti[br]comes to him in the dream 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and promises him[br]glorious victory. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti seizes the idea of[br]portraying himself as the living 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 son Inti himself in body[br]by the power of the Sun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti's father has fled,[br]his brother has fled. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But he chooses to stay and[br]lead the Incas to the battle. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You go up proving yourself to[br]your man by setting example 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and say: "You know what?"[br]"I'm might die today, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but that's okay, because[br]I was born to do this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I guarantee an every true[br]leader that's ever win the combat 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has felt that way." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti tongs the Chancas 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 stoking their anger. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He holds his men back, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 maintain the discipline, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 until they unlish [br]of valey of stones. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Every time I winning the combat have[br]everything to do with the will to win. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's would wins battles. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti makes his move. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Inca legend recall his bravery. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The young Prince prove[br]himself at the enemy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He was so agile, fast, he terrified[br]Uscavilca's bodyguards. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Chancas vanquished. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Incas victory over[br]the Chancas was legendary. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They never stop talking about it,[br]they never stop celebrating it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti will kick-start the biggest[br]empire ever seen in the Americas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Most of modern-day Chile, Bolivia[br]and Peru, united under Inca rule, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 until link their territory a network[br]of trails stretching 25 000 miles, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 over some of the steepest[br]terrain on Earth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 At the end of the trail,[br]Machu Picchu, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pachacuti's palace in the clouds, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 unknown to the rest of mankind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the isolations of the[br]Americas is coming to an end. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In Europe survivals of[br]the plaque will rebuild, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 launching a new era of[br]conquest and exploration, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that will lead to discover[br]of the New world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 1352, the Sahara. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The largest desert on the planet, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a siry wilderness, the size[br]of the United States, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the toughest challenge in[br]the explorer can face. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ibn Battuta. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He left Morocco at age 21 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and vowing never to[br]travel the same road twice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He's explored over 40 countries,[br]but this is his first time in the Sahara. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "We set off into a desert,[br]took lead avoid the settlements. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There's no rad,[br]no track, only sand." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But at this time, the Sahara[br]holds the key to mankind survival. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The plague rages through Asia,[br]Europe and the Middle East. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's killed up to a fifth[br]world's population. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In Damascus, Syria, Ibn Battuta[br]records 2400 deaths in a single day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the Sahara is the[br]barrier against the pandemic. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With temperatures[br]up to a 145 degrees 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the plague can't survive[br]the heat of the desert. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Few living things can. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Sahara is vast, it's a[br]definition of a horrible place to be. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There is no water, it's incredibly hot,[br]your eyes are playing tricks on you, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 your mind start[br]playing tricks on you. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's incredible ordeal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The body's cooling system[br]shuts down. Heat stroke. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you stop sweating because[br]you have no built to get rid of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 fluid to light to cool down.[br]You stop thinking normally 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and you start erratic bizarre[br]behavior that ultimately leads to death. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ibn Battuta's life in the hands[br]of his traveling companions, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Touareg. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Nomads from North Africa,[br]they lived in the Sahara 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for over a thousand years,[br]trading something we take 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for granted today, but was[br]once one of the most valuable, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 commodities on the planet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 salt. -Salt was everything,[br]salt was literally the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 difference between life and death. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Before of refrigeration salt was[br]the key to preserving food. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It absorbs water and[br]stops bacteria from growing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Salted food can last for[br]a year without spoil. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Access to salt determine you[br]would be powerful enough. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I can't send an army across the water[br]or great distances without provisions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and their provisions are going[br]bad if they are not salted. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Touareg have discovered[br]a rich supply under their feet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Millions of years ago[br]the Sahara was a sea. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As the water evaporated and[br]left behind huge salt deposits. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The salt trade is the Touareg life live. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They mined in Taghaza in[br]the middle of the Sahara. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Than tracks hundreds[br]of miles South, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the markets in the great[br]cities of the Mali empire, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Djenne, Gao and Timbuktu. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But it is a dangerous[br]journey in a deadly landscape. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The greatest fear of [br]every traveler, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the sandstorm. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With dub in seconds by[br]70 miles per hour winds. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When the sandstorm hits it fills the[br]air with sand, fills your lungs, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 fills your eyes and your[br]nose, you can't see. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This wind and the sand can[br]strip the paint off a car. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You have to get[br]shelter or you die. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "One of our party was[br]lost in the desert. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 After that I never went ahead[br]or never lack behind again." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 After two months in the Sahara[br]Ibn Battuta's camel train 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 reaches the destination. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The cities of Mali. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Travelers have nothing to fear.[br]They gave me gifts of food 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and treated me with[br]the athmos generosity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Make God reward that[br]for their kindness." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Touareg merchants can now[br]trade their precious cargo. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In Mali salt is so in demand[br]its trade it for gold. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Today most gold in the world has[br]to be mined deep underground. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In Mali it flows at the[br]bedrock of the river Niger. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 At this time, as much as[br]two-thirds of the world's known 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 gold reserves are in West Africa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The key returns Mali's rulers into some[br]of the richest men on the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And their cities into[br]center of learning. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Timbuktu University one of[br]the oldest in the world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the first in sub Saharan Africa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Up to 25 000 people the quarter[br]of the population students. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Over 300 000 scrolls. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One of the greatest[br]libraries in the Islamic world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Scholars from lots a lots of places[br]went there to study the schools. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was the world wide web. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There's the place where[br]information was held. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is Africa's golden age. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the South great Zimbabwe, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 climing city of stone, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 legendary site of King[br]Solomon's mines. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the highlands of Ethiopia an[br]ancient Christian empire 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 claiming to descend for[br]the Queen of Shiva. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In on the East coast, Kilwa, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 one of Africa's busiest ports. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ibn Battuta will return to Morocco[br]and write the oldest surviving 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 account of Timbuktu[br]and the wealth of Africa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Touareg will carry their[br]gold back across the Sahara. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Its destination across the[br]Mediterranean to Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 African gold will be key to the[br]greatest explosion of ideas, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the western world[br]has ever known. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It will make some men rich[br]and others reckless. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Venice, 117 mud[br]islands join together, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 become a thriving[br]center of congress. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Silk from the Middle East, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 spices from India 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the key to its wealth, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 gold from Africa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A young Venetian,[br]Pietro Venier, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 hoping to get rich, as a partner[br]in a bank the Priuli Brothers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 70 years earlier the plague wiped[br]out half the population of Venice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But in the story of mankind[br]disaster creates opportunity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Venice is the nursery of[br]modern banking and finance. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is the cradle of Capitalism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the 15th and 16th[br]centuries it is not place to be. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's absolutely not place to be. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In Venice African gold[br]dismantled into Ducats, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 an international currency. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Merchants banked their Ducats[br]with men like Pietro Venier. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Modern banking begins in Italy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the benches "the banchi",[br]where money change his hands. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They would go to banks to[br]borrow for personal loans 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they would go to banks for[br]borrow for commercial loans. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Many the same reasons[br]we go to banks today. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But Venice is a magnet for[br]disadvantaged, lured by its wealth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Enrico. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 An unemployed migrant,[br]hungry and tempted. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 340 ducats, over two[br]pounds of gold. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Pietro Venier has no choice,[br]he must catch him. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When the trust in[br]your banker disappears, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the banker's future[br]has disappeared. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His work doesn't[br]count for anything, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 his promises don't count[br]and if your promises don't count 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you are out of business. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The authorities hang Enrico. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There's no mercy for[br]thieves in Venice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's men like Pietro Venier[br]who will finance the Renaissance. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The greatest flourishing of learning in[br]culture mankind has ever known. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 After the devastation of the[br]plague our rebirth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We have works of art, works[br]of architecture, palaces, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 schools, academies. All of the human[br]arts flourish where banking flourishes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They were buying[br]collections for themselves, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but they were meant[br]for eternity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 5000 miles away China is on[br]the brink of its own rebirth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The key a deadly[br]new invention. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 For a century and a half the [br]Mongols have ruled China, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but the plague has killed millions,[br]loosening their grip on power. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 1356, outside Nanjing, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a gang of three[br]plots of revolution. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Their leader,[br]Zhu Yuanzhang. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Born dirt poor,[br]orphaned by the plague. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Zhu Yuanzhang was a peasant. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He was an ordinary man but[br]he had extraordinary drive. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His men call themselves[br]The Red Turbans. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Peasants turned rebels. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 People have nothing to eat 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and when a rebel leader[br]comes along and says, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 drive out the Mongols that is[br]an universal enthusiasm. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 By his side his young wife Ma. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Daughter of the warlord,[br]partner in the revolution. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ma and Zhu were a[br]match made in heaven 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and together they were perfect[br]partners in this rebellion. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Third member of[br]the gang, Jiao Yu, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 master craftsman,[br]weapons expert. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jiao Yu was not just a soldier[br]but also one of the great 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 brains behind this operation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Mongols soldiers were trained[br]to use a bow and arrow 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with deadly accuracy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jiao response, a gunpowder. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Invented 300 years earlier by Chinese[br]monks looking for the elixir of life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's a novelty, used mostly in[br]fireworks until its power 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has realized an as explosive. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jiao designs a weapon he[br]calls a Human Thunder. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A small stone propelled by explosive[br]charge, a lethal combination. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The future of warfare rewritten. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Once the gun shows up on the[br]battlefield everything changes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Anyone who picks up[br]a gun is instantly lethal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jiao is quick to see the potential. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "With these fire weapons I'll[br]conquered the empire as easily 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as turning the palms of my[br]hands upside down." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Zhu's confidence will[br]soon be put to the test 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 against the deadliest fighting[br]force on the planet, the Mongols. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A 150 years after Genghis[br]Khan invades their homeland 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Zhu Yuanzhang leads The Red[br]Turbans at the city of Nanjing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A peasant army to drive[br]the Mongols out of China. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The key to their strategy a[br]weapon that will change mankind, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the gun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But their guns are crude design[br]and can't be aimed properly. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The problem of early firearms[br]is having the pelacly of the gun 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and going to direction[br]don't want to. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's aimed that matters. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Gun maker Jiao's solution[br]quantity over quality, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a hell storm of bullets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To annihilate the enemy you must[br]waiting until just the right moment. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The fire must be intense. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One firearm makes no difference but a[br]hundred firearms makes a big difference 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and a thousand makes even more. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It must have been incredibly confusing[br]and incredibly frightening. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It is a game changer. Old school[br]defenses, old school technology 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is no longer effective[br]against the gun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jiao's gun levels the battlefield 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and allows a band of rebels take[br]on the deadliest army in the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We no longer use horses on a[br]battlefield. We still use gunpowder. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That is a lasting change the[br]battlefield that cannot be ignored. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Over the next 12 years the[br]Chinese drive out the Mongols. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Nanjing becomes[br]capital of a free China. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Jiao, a peasant, orphaned by the[br]plague, becomes the emperor 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of a new Chinese dynasty 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and his wife Ma the empress, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the most powerful[br]women on the planet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When Zhu Yuanzhang founded[br]his dynasty he calls it 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 name which means bright. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Mongols are darkness[br]and he is the light. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Ming dynasty lasts[br]for 300 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Its rulers live in forbidden city, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a vast palatial compound. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No one can enter or leave[br]without the emperor's permission. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It takes up to a million[br]workers, 14 years to build. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 On a borders of China and even[br]greater engineering project, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the largest defensive[br]structure in the world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 began by China's first emperor,[br]completed by the Ming. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Over five and a half[br]thousand miles long, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 20 000 towers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Great Wall of China. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now a technology first[br]developed in China 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will be perfecting in Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It will change the world is[br]dramatically as gunpowder. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 1450, Mainz. Germany. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Johaness Gutenberg, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 goldsmith, entrepreneur,[br]inventor of the printing press. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's still one of the greatest story[br]in the history of invention. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You think about the impact that had,[br]it's really hard to underestimated. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In 15. century Europe books are only[br]in reach of the clergy and the rich. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Handwritten and labour intensive[br]it takes it long as three years 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to produce one copy of the Bible. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was like having this[br]powerful force of knowledge 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 its lock in these[br]objects calls books 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and almost nobody[br]has these things. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Chinese invented woodblock[br]printing 700 years earlier, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it was slow complex work. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 People knew how to press blocks[br]of wood, but his innovation 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was the turned into[br]an industrial process. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Manufacture books. No[br]one ever done that before. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A goldsmith by trade he[br]carves letters in metal 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that can be moved[br]around and rearranged 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and infinite variety of[br]words and sentences. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To print the text a[br]modified winepress. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He has been working on his[br]invention for over a decade, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but now he is[br]run out of money. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He persuades a wealthy businessmen[br]to see the press in action 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and invest in it,[br]if it really worthless. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Once you laid up that[br]type on the page 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 one person could print off a[br]dozen pages or thousand pages, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it didn't matter. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The information age begins here. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Every page printed in a last 500 years[br]owes a debt to Gutenberg's invention. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With the investment[br]of 800 guilders, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the equivalent of[br]over a million dollars 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is printing press[br]goes into production. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He prints 180 copies of the Bible, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 another 6 billion have[br]been printed since. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Books can now be produced [br]2000 times faster than before. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 20 million are[br]printed in 50 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As knowledge[br]begins to spread 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it becomes more with an[br]reach of ordinary people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in ways we had never seen[br]before in human history. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All these parallels[br]here to the internet 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's a very good analogy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now a book will inspire one man[br]to strike out across the oceans 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and change the[br]future of mankind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 1476, off the coast of Portugal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 An Italian sailor shipwrecked[br]and left for dead by pirates. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His name, Christopher Columbus. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a dreamer who will unite[br]a divided world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He believes he has been saved[br]by God for a special purpose. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In certain cases an individual[br]makes a huge impact 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and Columbus is kind of[br]pure example of that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He's settles in Lisbon, Portugal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With the help of his brother Bartolomeo[br]he begins to pursue his dream. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He was a guy who has a[br]tremendous personal ambition. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He was really really wanted to[br]pull the family up from the mud 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and become an aristocrat,[br]become a gentleman. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 His dream is [br]inspired by a book, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 written 200 years earlier,[br]but thanks to the printing press 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has become a bestseller, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 after the Bible the most[br]widely read book in Europe, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Wonders of the World,[br]by Marco Polo. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The epic story of the Venetian's[br]merchant and his travel East, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 through the Holy Lands,[br]central Asia 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and on to the exotic[br]timing cities of China. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It is scarcely possible[br]to sit down and writing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 these magnificent of this province.[br]Here they weave gold tissues, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as well as other kind of silk and cloth.[br]The city contains merchants 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of great wealth and[br]incalcul belemberd people. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Columbus was a classic example of[br]someone who really was inspired 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by literature and dreamed big. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He's possessed with this some[br]kind desire win a lottery of life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He wanted to be the[br]next Marco Polo. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Columbus's brother[br]is a map maker. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Together they plot a[br]revolutionary idea 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to head East by traveling West. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Not over land like[br]Marco Polo, but by sea. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What a great opportunity, what[br]a wonderful thing to be part of. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When I think on of myself, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you know, a little frison. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Map makers at that time no[br]nothing about the Americas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To them this double[br]continent doesn't exsist. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They believe there's a vast uncrossiable[br]ocean between Europe and Asia. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Columbus thinks they are wrong, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that the world is[br]smaller than realized 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and it's quite easy to[br]sail from Europe to China. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When Columbus said:[br]"Let's sail a west", 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you know, they head a picture[br]of the Earth in your mind and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they said are[br]you crazy. -No. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 For almost a decade Columbus[br]tries to find finances crazy skin. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He's turned down by the rulers[br]of Portugal, Venice and Genoa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the balance of power[br]in Europe is changing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with the help of the gun. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It hasn't stay[br]the Chinese secret. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Almost as soon as the Chinese had[br]invented the first proper gun 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 within 40 years that its[br]spread all the way to Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No invention that ever move this fast[br]in the entire history of the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 1486, southern Spain. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 130 years after[br]The Red Turbans 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 another rebel army[br]fights for independence 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 using the latest[br]in gun technology, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Arcabus. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Technology is always improving[br]but there is nothing like a war 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to give an outsize advantage to where[br]ever has that slight technological edge. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The gun improves when arrives[br]in Europe by traying error. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They want to increase their range.[br]So what they gonna do? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They gonna increased the link of[br]the barrel because they know, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 bigger powder charge will how that[br]ball to travel further in distance. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They are going to tighten the talor[br]sistum increase the accuracy that ball. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They are gonna find the way[br]so that it becomes a one man 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 weapon vs. two man weapon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The real breakthrough came[br]with the trigger mechanism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The lever that operate it an armed[br]that brought this burning match code 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 down into the prime. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Individual soldiers will now armed[br]with something quite deadly, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 quite accurate and[br]extremely portable. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What happens here in Spain 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will help propel Columbus[br]to the New world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The Loja,[br]southern Spain, 1486. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A Spanish army below the[br]walls of an Islamic fortress. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The front line in a religious war that[br]will shape the future of mankind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 For more than 700 years Spain[br]has been run by the Moors, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Muslims from North Africa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They create their own cities[br]with their own architecture, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 centers of learning, preserving the[br]knowledge of the ancient world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But Spanish army try to reclaim[br]the country for Christianity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They forced the Moors to[br]retreat back to North Africa. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All that remains is the kingdom of[br]Granada on the southern tip of Spain. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Key to the conquest of Granada[br]is the fortress of Illora. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If the Spanish are to reclaim their[br]country they need the captured 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 this Moorish stronghold. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A Spanish Captain, Gonzalo[br]Fernandez de Cordoba. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Young, ambitious, known in court[br]as the Prince of Cavaliers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Cordoba will become one[br]of Spain's greatest generals, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a tactical genius and the[br]champion of the Arcabus. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The gun is deadly,[br]but only at the close range. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He needs his men to[br]be near at the enemy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 For four days stay on mat. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, he leads a fresh assault. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The noise of the Arcabus is the[br]equivalent to the jet engine it take off. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Soldiers deafen. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But the Spanish[br]regroup and fight on. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The closer they get the[br]more effective their guns. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The victory at the Illora, a turning[br]point in the reconquest of Spain. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Over the next six years city after[br]city falls to the Spanish. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 January 2th., 1492, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a day that changes the[br]destiny of mankind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and[br]Isabella ride victorious into Granada. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Gonzalez de Cordoba helps negotiate[br]the surrender of the Moors. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A Spanish chronicler calls it: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "The most blessed day[br]that is ever been." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the crowd one man[br]sences an opportunity, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Christopher Columbus. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Everybody is walking around[br]the chest of doubt 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 looking a new things to do. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now do we have our country back we[br]can start trading with luxury goods 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with the Chinese and[br]than Colombo shows up. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Spain is the[br]new power in Europe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ferdinand and Isabella will[br]fund Columbus's dream. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They'll sail under[br]the Spanish flag. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Contact between East and West[br]once brought death and disease, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but mankind has unlock[br]the keys to a new future, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 harvesting the power of gold, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 gunpowder 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the printed word. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 History is made by people with ideas[br]and the spirit of adventure. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 People who see opportunity[br]where others see danger. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A new age is dawning, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that will unite a divided world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the age of exploration.[br]BY AUDIO NOTE: RE外