[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.70,0:00:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes a book a book?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.79,0:00:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it just anything that stores\Nand communicates information?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.83,0:00:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or does it have to do with paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.51,0:00:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,binding,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.24,0:00:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,font,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.98,0:00:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ink,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.74,0:00:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its weight in your hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.97,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smell of the pages?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.80,0:00:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this a book?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.11,0:00:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.49,0:00:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.48,0:00:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To answer these questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.76,0:00:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to go back to the start\Nof the book as we know it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.52,0:00:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understand how these elements\Ncame together to make something
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.70,0:00:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than the sum of their parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.24,0:00:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The earliest object that we think of\Nas a book is the codex,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.86,0:00:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stack of pages bound along one edge.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.95,0:00:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real turning point in book history
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.40,0:00:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Johannes Gutenberg's\Nprinting press in the mid-15th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.58,0:00:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concept of moveable type had been\Ninvented much earlier in Eastern culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.64,0:00:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the introduction of Gutenberg's\Npress had a profound effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.83,0:00:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly, an elite class of monks\Nand the ruling class
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.95,0:01:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no longer controlled \Nthe production of texts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.53,0:01:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Messages could spread more easily,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.33,0:01:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and copies could constantly be produced,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.33,0:01:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so printing houses popped up\Nall over Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.43,0:01:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The product of this bibliographic boom\Nis familiar to us in some respects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.27,0:01:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but markedly different in others.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.95,0:01:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The skeleton of the book is paper,\Ntype, and cover.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.80,0:01:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 2000 years ago,\NChina invented paper as a writing surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.04,0:01:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was itself predated \Nby Egyptian papyrus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.52,0:01:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, until the 16th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.71,0:01:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europeans mainly wrote \Non thin sheets of wood
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.24,0:01:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and durable parchment\Nmade of stretched animal skins.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.18,0:01:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, the popularity of paper\Nspread throughout Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.02,0:01:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replacing parchment for most printings\Nbecause it was less expensive in bulk.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.67,0:01:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inks had been made by combining\Norganic plant and animal dyes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.58,0:01:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with water or wine,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.05,0:01:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but since water doesn't stick\Nto metal type,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.52,0:02:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use of the printing press required\Na change to oil-based ink.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.14,0:02:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Printers used black ink made of\Na mixture of lamp soot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.51,0:02:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turpentine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.40,0:02:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and walnut oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.14,0:02:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what about font size and type?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.24,0:02:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The earliest movable type pieces\Nconsisted of reversed letters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.58,0:02:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cast in relief on the ends of\Nlead alloy stocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.67,0:02:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were handmade and expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.15,0:02:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the designs were as different\Nas the people who carved their molds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.86,0:02:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Standardization was not really possible\Nuntil mass manufacturing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.15,0:02:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the creation of an accessible\Nword processing system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.83,0:02:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for style, we can thank Nicolas Jenson\Nfor developing two types of Roman font
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.23,0:02:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that led to thousands of others,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.61,0:02:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the familiar Times Roman.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.25,0:02:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something had to hold all this together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.01,0:02:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and until the late 15th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.40,0:02:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covers consisted of either wood,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.73,0:02:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or sheets of paper pasted together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.04,0:02:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These would eventually be replaced\Nby rope fiber millboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.70,0:02:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,originally intended for high quality\Nbindings in the late 17th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.48,0:03:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but later as a less expensive option.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.95,0:03:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while today's mass produced\Ncover illustrations are marketing tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.55,0:03:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cover designs of early books \Nwere made to order.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.30,0:03:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even spines have a history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.84,0:03:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Initially, they were not considered\Naesthetically important,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.41,0:03:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the earliest ones were flat,\Nrather than rounded.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.74,0:03:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The flat form made the books\Neasier to read
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.52,0:03:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by allowing the book to rest easily\Non a table.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.52,0:03:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But those spines were damaged\Neasily from the stresses of normal use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.45,0:03:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A rounded form solved that issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.58,0:03:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although new problems arose,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.56,0:03:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like having the book close in\Non itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.39,0:03:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But flexibility was more important,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.26,0:03:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for the on-the-go reader.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.61,0:03:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the book evolves\Nand we replace bound texts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.27,0:03:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with flat screens and electronic ink,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.86,0:03:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are these objects and files really books?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.95,0:03:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does the feel of the cover
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.44,0:03:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the smell of the paper add something\Ncrucial to the experience?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.74,0:03:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or does the magic live only within\Nthe words,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.84,0:04:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter what their presentation?