[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi. Echo questions, or echoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.63,0:00:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start this by looking at exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.79,0:00:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what an echo is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.83,0:00:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine: I'm in Spain, and I'm standing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.47,0:00:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of a poster that says:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.06,0:00:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome to sunny Spain"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.46,0:00:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's pouring with rain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.50,0:00:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd look at the poster, I'd look at my
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.54,0:00:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,friend and say, "Welcome to sunny Spain."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.30,0:00:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, I'm being ironic about what the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.75,0:00:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poster says and the weather.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.42,0:00:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is an echo.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.59,0:00:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? I could make it more ironic
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.70,0:00:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by making it a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.87,0:00:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome to sunny Spain?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.09,0:00:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, there is more irony.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.41,0:00:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, this is another; this is now
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.33,0:00:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an echo question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.32,0:00:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we can form this in
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.96,0:01:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various other ways by changing parts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.68,0:01:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sentence for question words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.11,0:01:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"So I could say, "What to sunny Spain?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.53,0:01:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome to sunny where?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.40,0:01:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome to what Spain?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.77,0:01:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, in each of these I'm emphasizing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.64,0:01:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the irony of what it's saying
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.02,0:01:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that it's raining, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.24,0:01:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Umm this is an example of echoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.53,0:01:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes it suggests surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.24,0:01:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's questioning the use of those words
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.65,0:01:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that specific word.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.69,0:01:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? So, irony, surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.34,0:01:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that really true?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.59,0:01:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can that be real?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.79,0:01:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, can they really be using that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.87,0:01:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we often use echo questions, as well
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.32,0:01:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask people to repeat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.01,0:01:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something they've said.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.82,0:02:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know, for example:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.90,0:02:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My friend comes from Jakarta."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.95,0:02:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He comes from where?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.63,0:02:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. "Please repeat where he came from;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.06,0:02:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he comes from where?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.38,0:02:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He comes from where?" Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.18,0:02:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I didn't hear what you said;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.95,0:02:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please repeat it."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.38,0:02:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can do the same, as well
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.50,0:02:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to express surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.04,0:02:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My friend comes from Jakarta."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.58,0:02:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He comes from where?!"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.16,0:02:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, but that's stronger
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.09,0:02:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the please repeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.19,0:02:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please repeat: "He comes from where?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.97,0:02:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, in this example it's easy because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.01,0:02:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the echo has a distinct structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.29,0:02:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an affirmative structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.23,0:02:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the problem really starts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.94,0:02:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with echo questions when we have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.54,0:02:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an echo question that has the same form
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.80,0:02:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a real question. So, again,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.93,0:02:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My friend comes from Jakarta."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.98,0:03:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm in a group of people and I'm asking,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.77,0:03:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.73,0:03:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.54,0:03:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a real question, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.46,0:03:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.20,0:03:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My voice is rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.02,0:03:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if my friend says,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.46,0:03:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My friend comes from Jakarta."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.49,0:03:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could be- I could say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.74,0:03:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.40,0:03:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.65,0:03:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I didn't hear you;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.15,0:03:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.44,0:03:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Could you repeat where?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.68,0:03:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Could you repeat the where?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.19,0:03:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, umm, I could also
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.90,0:03:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,express surprise or questioning:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.91,0:03:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.23,0:03:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where does he come from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.53,0:03:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, notice the questioning
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.20,0:03:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of where, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.66,0:03:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's surprise or
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.75,0:03:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asking someone to repeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.28,0:03:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's with object questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.44,0:03:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also have the same problem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.56,0:04:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with subject questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.19,0:04:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, for example:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.30,0:04:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Seaholm comes from Ireland."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.69,0:04:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, Seaholm is an Irish name, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.46,0:04:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine I'm asking a crowd of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.31,0:04:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, the question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.56,0:04:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?" Okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.75,0:04:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.26,0:04:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the group of people, uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.01,0:04:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.95,0:04:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?" Okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.03,0:04:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is there anyone here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.03,0:04:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.72,0:04:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, "Seaholm comes from Ireland."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.38,0:04:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I didn't hear you;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.76,0:04:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.68,0:04:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.49,0:04:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm questioning: "I didn't hear you;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.36,0:04:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could you say that again?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.42,0:04:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yeah, Seaholm comes from Ireland."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.09,0:04:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.69,0:04:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I could express surprise that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.13,0:04:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was Seaholm because I know her,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.100,0:04:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.70,0:04:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who comes from Ireland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.49,0:04:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, here again, the "Who is from there?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.29,0:04:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there you go.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.82,0:04:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no easy solution to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.03,0:04:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Umm, but remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.11,0:05:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an echo can echo anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.58,0:05:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can echo what somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.62,0:05:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.52,0:05:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody's standing there
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.71,0:05:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking really cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.73,0:05:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm cool?" you might say,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.47,0:05:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there you are adding irony to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.87,0:05:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, thanks for watching.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.06,0:05:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you enjoyed the video,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.31,0:05:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give it a rating.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.14,0:05:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please subscribe to my channel
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.84,0:05:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.90,0:05:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel free to comment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.97,0:05:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Feel free to what?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.51,0:05:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Comment." Thanks a lot, bye.