WEBVTT 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Hi. Echo questions, or echoes. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Let's start this by looking at exactly 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what an echo is. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Imagine: I'm in Spain, and I'm standing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in front of a poster that says "Welcome to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sunny Spain" and it's pouring with rain. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'd look at the poster, I'd look at my 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 friend and say, "Welcome to sunny Spain." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, I'm being ironic about what the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 poster says and the weather. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That is an echo. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay? I could make it more ironic 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 by making it a question. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Welcome to sunny Spain?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, there is more irony. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, this is another; this is now 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 an echo question. Now, we can form this in 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 various other ways by changing parts 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the sentence for question words. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "So I could say, "What to sunny Spain?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Welcome to sunny where?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Welcome to what Spain?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, in each of these I'm emphasizing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the irony of what it's saying 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and the fact that it's raining, okay? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Umm this is an example of echoes, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 yes it suggests surprise. It's questioning 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the use of those words 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or that specific word. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay? So, irony, surprise. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Is that really true? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Can that be real? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, can they really be using that? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Now we often use echo questions, as well 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to ask people to repeat 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 something they've said. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I don't know, for example: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "My friend comes from Jakarta." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "He comes from where?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, please repeat where he came from; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he comes from where? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "He comes from where?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "I didn't hear what you said; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 please repeat it." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I can do the same, as well 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to express surprise. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "My friend comes from Jakarta." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "He comes from where?!" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, but that's stronger 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 than the please repeat. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Please repeat: "He comes from where?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, in this example it's easy because 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the echo has a distinct structure. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It's an affirmative structure. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Now the problem really starts 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with echo questions when we have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 an echo question that has the same form 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as a real question. So, again, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "My friend comes from Jakarta." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'm in a group of people and I'm asking, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Where does he come from?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Where does he come from?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That's a real question, okay? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Where does he come from?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 My voice is rising. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Now, if my friend says, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "My friend comes from Jakarta." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I could be- I could say, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Where does he come from?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Where does he come from? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I didn't hear you; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 where does he come from? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Could you repeat where? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Could you repeat the where?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, umm, I could also 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 express surprise or questioning: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Where does he come from? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Where does he come from?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, notice the questioning 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of where, yeah? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So that's surprise or 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 asking someone to repeat. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Now that's with object questions. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We can also have the same problem 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with subject questions. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, for example: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Seaholm comes from Ireland," 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 okay, Seaholm is an Irish name, okay? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So imagine I'm asking a crowd of people. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, the question is: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Who comes from Ireland?" Okay, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Who comes from Ireland?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So the group of people, uh, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Who comes from Ireland? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Who comes from Ireland?" Okay, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Is there anyone here 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who comes from Ireland?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, "Seaholm comes from Ireland." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "I didn't hear you; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who comes from Ireland? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Who comes from Ireland?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'm questioning: "I didn't hear you; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 could you say that again?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Yeah, Seaholm comes from Ireland." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Who comes from Ireland?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And then I could express surprise that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it was Seaholm because I know her, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but it was unusual. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Who comes from Ireland?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Okay, here again, the "Who is from there?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So, there you go. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There's no easy solution to this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Umm, but remember, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 an echo can echo anything. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It can echo what somebody 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 might be thinking. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Somebody's standing there 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 looking really cool. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "I'm cool?" you might say, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and there you are adding irony to it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So, thanks for watching. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 If you enjoyed the video, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 give it a rating. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Please subscribe to my channel 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and any questions, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 feel free to comment. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Feel free to what?" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "Comment." Thanks a lot, bye.