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Hi. Echo questions, or echoes.

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Let's start this by looking at exactly

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what an echo is.

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Imagine: I'm in Spain, and I'm standing

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in front of a poster that says "Welcome to

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sunny Spain" and it's pouring with rain.

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I'd look at the poster, I'd look at my

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friend and say, "Welcome to sunny Spain."

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Okay, I'm being ironic about what the

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poster says and the weather.

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That is an echo.

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Okay? I could make it more ironic

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by making it a question.

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"Welcome to sunny Spain?"

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Okay, there is more irony.

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Okay, this is another; this is now

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an echo question. Now, we can form this in

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various other ways by changing parts

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of the sentence for question words.

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"So I could say, "What to sunny Spain?"

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"Welcome to sunny where?"

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"Welcome to what Spain?"

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Okay, in each of these I'm emphasizing

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the irony of what it's saying

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and the fact that it's raining, okay?

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Umm this is an example of echoes,

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yes it suggests surprise. It's questioning

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the use of those words

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or that specific word.

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Okay? So, irony, surprise.

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Is that really true?

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Can that be real?

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Okay, can they really be using that?

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Now we often use echo questions, as well

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to ask people to repeat

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something they've said.

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I don't know, for example:

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"My friend comes from Jakarta."

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"He comes from where?"

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Okay, please repeat where he came from;

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he comes from where?

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"He comes from where?"

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"I didn't hear what you said;

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please repeat it."

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I can do the same, as well

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to express surprise.

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"My friend comes from Jakarta."

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"He comes from where?!"

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Okay, but that's stronger

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than the please repeat.

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Please repeat: "He comes from where?"

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Okay, in this example it's easy because

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the echo has a distinct structure.

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It's an affirmative structure.

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Now the problem really starts

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with echo questions when we have

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an echo question that has the same form

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as a real question. So, again,

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"My friend comes from Jakarta."

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I'm in a group of people and I'm asking,

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"Where does he come from?"

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"Where does he come from?"

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That's a real question, okay?

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"Where does he come from?"

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My voice is rising.

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Now, if my friend says,

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"My friend comes from Jakarta."

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I could be- I could say,

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"Where does he come from?"

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"Where does he come from?

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I didn't hear you;

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where does he come from?

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Could you repeat where?

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Could you repeat the where?"

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Okay, umm, I could also

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express surprise or questioning:

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"Where does he come from?

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Where does he come from?"

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Okay, notice the questioning

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of where, yeah?

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So that's surprise or

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asking someone to repeat.

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Now that's with object questions.

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We can also have the same problem

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with subject questions.

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Okay, for example:

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"Seaholm comes from Ireland,"

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okay, Seaholm is an Irish name, okay?

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So imagine I'm asking a crowd of people.

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Okay, the question is:

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"Who comes from Ireland?" Okay,

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"Who comes from Ireland?"

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So the group of people, uh,

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"Who comes from Ireland?

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Who comes from Ireland?" Okay,

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"Is there anyone here

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who comes from Ireland?"

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Okay, "Seaholm comes from Ireland."

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"I didn't hear you;

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who comes from Ireland?

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Who comes from Ireland?"

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I'm questioning: "I didn't hear you;

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could you say that again?"

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"Yeah, Seaholm comes from Ireland."

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"Who comes from Ireland?"

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And then I could express surprise that

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it was Seaholm because I know her,

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but it was unusual.

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"Who comes from Ireland?"

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Okay, here again, the "Who is from there?"

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So, there you go.

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There's no easy solution to this.

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Umm, but remember,

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an echo can echo anything.

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It can echo what somebody

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might be thinking.

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Somebody's standing there

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looking really cool.

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"I'm cool?" you might say,

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and there you are adding irony to it.

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So, thanks for watching.

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