[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.77,0:00:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.10,0:00:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,700,000 people are killed by superbugs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.80,0:00:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put that in perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.98,0:00:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's more than the combined populations\Nof the cities of Bristol and Bath.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.12,0:00:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more is that in about thirty years
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.81,0:00:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that number is expected to rise\Nto 10 million people a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.25,0:00:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would mean that superbugs\Nwould have killed more people than cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.70,0:00:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many of us may have heard \Nthe term 'superbug'
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.14,0:00:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thrown around at some point in our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.89,0:00:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But lets take some time to think about\Nwhat it is we're really referring to,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.75,0:00:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we got here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.34,0:01:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.95,0:01:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we get ourselves\Nout of this crisis?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.88,0:01:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is a superbug?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.54,0:01:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Superbug' is a name given\Nto a particular group of bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.45,0:01:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise known as a strain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.61,0:01:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cannot be treated\Nwith most of the antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.43,0:01:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available or in use today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.11,0:01:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're a formidable enemy\Nwhen you consider the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.20,0:01:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many people would not have lived\Nto see their sixtieth birthday
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.80,0:01:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prior to the discovery of penicillin\Nand other classes of antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.68,0:01:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raise your hand if you've ever had\Nan antibiotic prescribed to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.42,0:01:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.51,0:01:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you'll be familiar with the process\NI'm about to describe next.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.64,0:01:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It probably all started\Nwhen you weren't feeling very well:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.28,0:01:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a persistent cough, a fever,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.98,0:01:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps that burning sensation\Nwhen you'd go for a wee.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.93,0:02:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.56,0:02:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having put up with it all weekend,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.80,0:02:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you finally mustered up that courage\Nto go out and speak to your doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.23,0:02:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After reviewing your symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.38,0:02:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're given a prescription\Nfor antibiotics and told:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.63,0:02:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Come back after the third dose\Nif your symptoms persist'.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.76,0:02:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm an engineer,\Nso I love my flowcharts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.66,0:02:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they really help me\Nget my head around what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.53,0:02:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I took the liberty of putting \Nthis little schematic together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.61,0:02:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So step one: bacterial infection starts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.36,0:02:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step two: signs and symptoms develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.95,0:02:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step three: person goes out \Nto get medical attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.79,0:02:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step four: antibiotic\Nprescription is given.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.49,0:02:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And step five: after three doses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.80,0:03:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,check whether symptoms are getting better.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.42,0:03:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If yes, carry on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.34,0:03:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If no, order a diagnostic test \Nto determine what is making you sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.97,0:03:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then return to step three.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.94,0:03:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've got the utmost respect\Nfor our friends in the medical profession,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.15,0:03:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this system is fundamentally flawed,\Nfor a couple of reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.49,0:03:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, it encourages your doctor\Nto start treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.100,0:03:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before having all the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.90,0:03:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.43,0:03:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each time we go around that loop,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.89,0:03:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we're actually doing\Nis killing off all the bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.22,0:03:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cannot defend themselves\Nagainst a given antibiotic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.26,0:03:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving behind a monolithic group\Nof bacteria that can.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.38,0:03:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In effect, we're helping the enemy\Nsift out unfit soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.66,0:04:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we're in this predicament\Nbecause, still today,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.45,0:04:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most commonly used methods\Nfor identifying bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.09,0:04:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves taking a sample of urine,\Nof mucus, of blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.77,0:04:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and growing it under varying conditions\Nto help us piece together the identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.32,0:04:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of it like a process of elimination\Ncarried out in the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.17,0:04:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the bacteria is identified,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.12,0:04:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we then use another process
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.97,0:04:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine which antibiotic\Nmost likely will work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.57,0:04:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that that takes time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.04,0:04:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two days or more,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.37,0:04:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some extreme cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.74,0:04:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have actually died\Nbefore their doctors got the answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.83,0:04:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, this is our system;\Ntreatment first, diagnostic second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.71,0:05:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we get ourselves out of this?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.91,0:05:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it would be a lot better
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.26,0:05:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we could first work out\Nwhat's making you sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.55,0:05:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then selecting\Nthe most appropriate antibiotic.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.35,0:05:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only would you get better days sooner,\Nbut we'd also curb the rise of superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.51,0:05:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to do that, \Nwe'd need a test that's fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.12,0:05:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, like, really, really fast;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.56,0:05:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fast enough to meet the 20 minutes or less
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.58,0:05:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you have with your doctor\Nor your pharmacist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.81,0:05:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, it'd also need to be affordable;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.92,0:05:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affordable enough\Nthat developing countries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.23,0:05:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could make that transition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.04,0:05:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, it would need to be\Neasy enough to use
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.65,0:05:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's as effortless\Nas checking your temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.19,0:05:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is exactly what my team and I\Nhave been working towards
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.27,0:05:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last two years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.42,0:06:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been developing a technique\Nbased on receptor-mediated sensing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.97,0:06:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've quoted it GMS for short,\Nand it's a lot simpler than it sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.37,0:06:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For many bacteria,\Nthe first step of infecting you
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.82,0:06:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves sticking themselves\Nto the cells in your body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.22,0:06:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a hook and loop system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.59,0:06:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's quite similar\Nto what we've come to love in Velcro.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.90,0:06:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.67,0:06:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hooks in this case\Nwould be specific proteins, or receptors,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.50,0:06:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the surface of the bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.91,0:06:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the loops would be specific molecules\Non the surface of the cells in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.97,0:06:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've done is created a low-cost,\Nlight-emitting material
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.13,0:06:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coated it in loops;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.10,0:06:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's call them probes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.85,0:06:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we mix our probes with a sample -\Nfor example, urine -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.25,0:06:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they stick to bacteria like Velcro.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.31,0:06:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by measuring the light \Ncoming off of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.51,0:07:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can then calculate the number\Nof bacteria present in that sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.39,0:07:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The final process itself\Nwill be quite simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.55,0:07:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a bit of urine, \Nadd it to a special cartridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.23,0:07:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then place that cartridge\Nin our very own bug detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.14,0:07:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cartridge would mix\Nthe urine with our probes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.39,0:07:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before separating out the bacteria\Nand measuring the light coming off.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.04,0:07:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That final step will allow us to determine\Nwhether bacteria is present,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.44,0:07:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which one, and how many,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.34,0:07:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all within 15 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.18,0:07:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From two days, to 15 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.44,0:07:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as with most scientific developments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.43,0:07:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the journey is fraught with challenges\Nand sometimes disappointments, frankly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.20,0:07:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll share a couple of them with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.09,0:07:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of our first challenges was: \Nhow do you develop a probe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.65,0:07:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that effectively mimics\Nthe cells in your body?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.76,0:08:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took a team of researchers at the \NUniversity of Bristol
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.84,0:08:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,months of experimenting
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.85,0:08:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the recipe just right
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.19,0:08:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have the right type and balance\Nof loops to mimic the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.02,0:08:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this is not like bashing out \Nbad pancakes on a Sunday morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.62,0:08:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the kind of effort\Nyou put into winning Masterchef.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.93,0:08:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Chuckling)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.07,0:08:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second challenge for us was actually\Nfinding a detection method
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.86,0:08:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was low-cost, yet powerful enough\Nto detect the probes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.87,0:08:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once attached to the bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.87,0:08:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For that, we turned to a well-established\Ntechnique based on fluorescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.90,0:08:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fluorescence is a phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.63,0:08:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a material stimulated with light\Nabsorbs some of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.43,0:08:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and re-emits a different colour.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.93,0:08:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a detection technique,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.90,0:08:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd effectively take\Na specific colour of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.19,0:08:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shine it at that material, \Nand observe the colour coming back,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.90,0:08:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that helps us tell what's present.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.69,0:09:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've got probes, \Nthey stick to the right bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.21,0:09:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can detect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.57,0:09:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Job done, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.54,0:09:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, not quite.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.68,0:09:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the foods that we eat \Nactually get broken down
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.37,0:09:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into light-emitting materials\Nthat end up in your wee.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.93,0:09:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, these are things like \Nenergy drinks, vitamin supplements,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.84,0:09:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pregnancy supplements,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.39,0:09:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of these together\Ncould lead to false positives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.11,0:09:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, they make it really hard\Nfor us to determine the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.39,0:09:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between friend or foe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.47,0:09:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, differentiating our probes from\Nthe remnants of your last energy drink
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.57,0:09:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is absolutely important
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.77,0:09:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for ensuring that we do not report\Nthat bacteria is present
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.85,0:09:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when there aren't any.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.11,0:09:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where the research\Ntook a really interesting turn,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.39,0:09:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because getting around this\Nmeant getting familiar with our probes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.56,0:10:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also getting\Nreally familiar with urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.55,0:10:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We carried out several experiments \Nobserving how our probes behaved
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.85,0:10:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when stimulated with\Ndifferent colours of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.50,0:10:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particularly, we're interested\Nin how much green light is emitted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.28,0:10:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every colour of light\Nthat we stimulated them with.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.44,0:10:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the profile of our probes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.65,0:10:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it does not change.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.25,0:10:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any deviation from that\Nwould then tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.68,0:10:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's other stuff\Nmixed in with the sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.66,0:10:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would look a little bit like\Nwhen it's mixed with urine, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.89,0:10:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By measuring that change, \Nwe can actively correct for interference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.25,0:10:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from anything else\Nthat's present in the urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.36,0:10:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So pulling it all together, \Nthe probes help us find the bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.13,0:10:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fluorescence helps us find the probes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.61,0:10:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're still at the\Nearly stages of our journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.54,0:11:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we were able to take\Nour first prototype into a hospital lab
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.18,0:11:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we tested for E. coli \Nin human urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.94,0:11:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GMS was able to detect the presence \Nof urine without any false positives,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.23,0:11:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it correctly reported the absence \Nof E. coli in the urine in 63% of cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.49,0:11:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.11,0:11:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by placing three measurements in parallel,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.35,0:11:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to achieve an average time\Nper test of just four minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.04,0:11:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is certainly not\Nthe end of the story for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.49,0:11:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're now developing other forms of loops\Nto address other harmful bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.21,0:11:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we aim to test and improve\Nthe system a few more times
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.21,0:11:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it gets to your GP.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.30,0:11:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once we do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.64,0:11:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combining our faster, accurate diagnostics
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.87,0:11:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with better antibiotic usage\Nand continued public engagement,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.67,0:12:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could finally tip this war\Nback in our favour
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.18,0:12:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and overcome superbugs once and for all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.88,0:12:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.02,0:12:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)