0:00:00.984,0:00:04.769
Shall I ask for a show[br]of hands or a clapping

0:00:06.144,0:00:08.244
of people in different generations?

0:00:08.268,0:00:11.976
I'm interested in how many[br]are three to 12 years old.

0:00:12.000,0:00:17.250
(Laughter)

0:00:17.274,0:00:18.560
None, huh?

0:00:18.584,0:00:19.959
(Laughter)

0:00:19.983,0:00:21.190
All right.

0:00:21.809,0:00:23.567
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs.

0:00:23.591,0:00:25.976
Do you remember dinosaurs[br]when you were that age?

0:00:26.000,0:00:31.467
(Applause)

0:00:33.595,0:00:35.976
Dinosaurs are kind of funny, you know.

0:00:36.000,0:00:38.497
(Laughter)

0:00:38.521,0:00:41.430
We're going to kind of go[br]in a different direction right now.

0:00:41.454,0:00:42.976
I hope you all realize that.

0:00:43.554,0:00:45.785
So I'll just give you my message up front:

0:00:46.355,0:00:47.970
Try not to go extinct.

0:00:47.994,0:00:49.332
(Laughter)

0:00:49.356,0:00:50.542
That's it.

0:00:50.566,0:00:54.976
(Laughter)

0:00:55.919,0:00:57.117
People ask me a lot --

0:00:58.014,0:01:00.666
in fact, one of the most asked[br]questions I get

0:01:00.690,0:01:03.976
is, why do children[br]like dinosaurs so much?

0:01:04.000,0:01:05.976
What's the fascination?

0:01:06.481,0:01:08.976
And I usually just say,

0:01:09.000,0:01:10.976
"Well, dinosaurs were big,

0:01:11.831,0:01:13.976
different and gone."

0:01:15.196,0:01:16.494
They're all gone.

0:01:16.518,0:01:17.976
Well that's not true,

0:01:18.588,0:01:20.723
but we'll get to the goose in a minute.

0:01:20.747,0:01:23.244
So that's sort of the theme:

0:01:23.268,0:01:25.898
big, different and gone.

0:01:27.144,0:01:28.809
The title of my talk:

0:01:28.833,0:01:30.875
Shape-shifting Dinosaurs:

0:01:30.899,0:01:32.976
The cause of a premature extinction.

0:01:34.005,0:01:36.794
Now I assume that we remember dinosaurs.

0:01:36.818,0:01:39.721
And there's lots of different shapes.

0:01:39.745,0:01:42.198
Lots of different kinds.

0:01:42.222,0:01:43.976
A long time ago,

0:01:44.690,0:01:49.838
back in the early 1900s,[br]museums were out looking for dinosaurs.

0:01:49.862,0:01:51.975
They went out and gathered them up.

0:01:52.601,0:01:54.368
And this is an interesting story.

0:01:55.203,0:01:59.234
Every museum wanted a little bigger[br]or better one than anybody else had.

0:01:59.258,0:02:06.046
So if the museum in Toronto went out[br]and collected a Tyrannosaur, a big one,

0:02:06.070,0:02:10.014
then the museum in Ottawa[br]wanted a bigger one, and a better one.

0:02:10.792,0:02:12.620
And that happened for all museums.

0:02:12.644,0:02:16.705
So everyone was out looking[br]for all these bigger and better dinosaurs.

0:02:17.901,0:02:20.118
And this was in the early 1900s.

0:02:21.146,0:02:23.976
By about 1970,

0:02:24.861,0:02:29.161
some scientists were sitting around[br]and they thought, "What in the world --

0:02:29.715,0:02:32.114
Look at these dinosaurs, they're all big.

0:02:33.752,0:02:35.594
Where are all the little ones?"

0:02:35.746,0:02:37.428
(Laughter)

0:02:38.574,0:02:42.090
And they thought about it[br]and they even wrote papers about it:

0:02:42.114,0:02:43.976
"Where are the little dinosaurs?"

0:02:44.000,0:02:50.455
(Laughter)

0:02:52.899,0:02:55.976
Well, go to a museum, you'll see,

0:02:56.540,0:02:58.976
see how many baby dinosaurs there are.

0:02:59.662,0:03:02.449
People assumed --[br]and this was actually a problem --

0:03:02.473,0:03:06.777
people assumed[br]that if they had little dinosaurs,

0:03:06.801,0:03:10.503
if they had juvenile dinosaurs,[br]they'd be easy to identify.

0:03:10.527,0:03:14.400
You'd have a big dinosaur[br]and a littler dinosaur.

0:03:14.424,0:03:15.725
(Laughter)

0:03:15.866,0:03:17.976
But all they had were big dinosaurs.

0:03:18.983,0:03:20.976
And it comes down to a couple of things.

0:03:21.000,0:03:25.143
First off, scientists have egos,

0:03:25.778,0:03:28.976
and scientists like to name dinosaurs.

0:03:29.655,0:03:30.976
They like to name anything.

0:03:31.000,0:03:34.957
Everybody likes to have[br]their own animal that they named.

0:03:34.981,0:03:37.958
(Laughter)

0:03:37.982,0:03:41.289
And so every time they found something[br]that looked a little different,

0:03:41.313,0:03:43.166
they named it something different.

0:03:43.668,0:03:45.070
And what happened, of course,

0:03:45.094,0:03:48.761
is we ended up with a whole[br]bunch of different dinosaurs.

0:03:50.642,0:03:52.976
In 1975,

0:03:54.296,0:03:56.504
a light went on in somebody's head.

0:03:56.829,0:04:01.054
Dr. Peter Dodson[br]at the University of Pennsylvania

0:04:01.078,0:04:07.835
actually realized that dinosaurs[br]grew kind of like birds do,

0:04:08.668,0:04:12.222
which is different[br]than the way reptiles grow.

0:04:12.246,0:04:13.826
And in fact,

0:04:13.850,0:04:17.366
he used the cassowary as an example.

0:04:17.390,0:04:20.441
And it's kind of cool --[br]if you look at the cassowary,

0:04:20.465,0:04:23.692
or any of the birds[br]that have crests on their heads,

0:04:23.716,0:04:30.351
they grow to about 80 percent adult size[br]before the crest starts to grow.

0:04:31.434,0:04:32.976
Now think about that.

0:04:33.000,0:04:35.976
They're basically retaining[br]their juvenile characteristics

0:04:36.000,0:04:39.520
very late in what we call ontogeny.

0:04:39.544,0:04:45.474
So allometric cranial ontogeny[br]is relative skull growth.

0:04:46.000,0:04:52.432
So you can see that if you actually found[br]one that was 80 percent grown

0:04:53.461,0:04:56.886
and you didn't know that it was going[br]to grow up to a cassowary,

0:04:56.910,0:04:59.428
you would think[br]they were two different animals.

0:05:00.170,0:05:02.976
So this was a problem,

0:05:03.000,0:05:08.556
and Peter Dodson pointed this out[br]using some duck-billed dinosaurs

0:05:09.062,0:05:10.563
then called Hypacrosaurus.

0:05:10.587,0:05:15.453
And he showed that if you were to take[br]a baby and an adult

0:05:15.477,0:05:18.778
and make an average[br]of what it should look like,

0:05:18.802,0:05:21.538
if it grew in sort of a linear fashion,

0:05:22.053,0:05:25.994
it would have a crest[br]about half the size of the adult.

0:05:26.236,0:05:32.057
But the actual subadult at 65 percent[br]had no crest at all.

0:05:32.321,0:05:33.976
So this was interesting.

0:05:34.000,0:05:39.452
So this is where people went astray again.

0:05:40.111,0:05:42.718
I mean, if they'd have just taken that,

0:05:42.742,0:05:45.760
taken Peter Dodson's work,[br]and gone on with that,

0:05:45.784,0:05:48.975
then we would have a lot less[br]dinosaurs than we have.

0:05:49.658,0:05:53.432
But scientists have egos;[br]they like to name things.

0:05:54.120,0:05:59.143
And so they went on naming dinosaurs[br]because they were different.

0:06:00.145,0:06:02.798
Now we have a way of actually testing

0:06:02.822,0:06:07.741
to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal,[br]is a young one or an older one.

0:06:08.141,0:06:11.392
And that's by actually[br]cutting into their bones.

0:06:11.889,0:06:18.663
But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur[br]is hard to do, as you can imagine,

0:06:18.687,0:06:23.731
because in museums, bones are precious.

0:06:25.842,0:06:28.700
You go into a museum,[br]and they take really good care of them.

0:06:28.724,0:06:31.792
They put them in foam, little containers.

0:06:32.340,0:06:34.084
They're very well taken care of.

0:06:36.172,0:06:40.086
They don't like it if you come in[br]and want to saw them open and look inside.

0:06:40.110,0:06:41.111
(Laughter)

0:06:41.135,0:06:44.544
So they don't normally let you do that.

0:06:44.568,0:06:45.569
(Laughter)

0:06:45.593,0:06:49.039
But I have a museum[br]and I collect dinosaurs

0:06:50.127,0:06:51.991
and I can saw mine open.

0:06:52.015,0:06:53.992
So that's what I do.

0:06:54.016,0:06:58.691
(Applause)

0:07:00.705,0:07:03.362
So if you cut open a little dinosaur,

0:07:03.386,0:07:06.076
it's very spongy inside, like A.

0:07:06.100,0:07:08.976
And if you cut into an older dinosaur,[br]it's very massive.

0:07:09.000,0:07:12.077
You can tell it's mature bone.

0:07:12.101,0:07:14.137
So it's real easy to tell them apart.

0:07:14.604,0:07:18.309
So what I want to do is show you these.

0:07:18.333,0:07:22.234
In North America in the northern plains[br]of the United States

0:07:22.258,0:07:25.976
and the southern plains[br]of Alberta and Saskatchewan,

0:07:26.000,0:07:29.726
there's this unit of rock[br]called the Hell Creek Formation

0:07:29.750,0:07:33.201
that produces the last[br]dinosaurs that lived on Earth.

0:07:33.225,0:07:36.149
And there are 12 of them[br]that everyone recognizes --

0:07:36.173,0:07:39.975
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs[br]that went extinct.

0:07:40.613,0:07:43.322
And so we will evaluate them.

0:07:44.139,0:07:46.095
And that's sort of what I've been doing.

0:07:46.119,0:07:51.250
So my students, my staff,[br]we've been cutting them open.

0:07:51.814,0:07:55.657
Now as you can imagine,[br]cutting open a leg bone is one thing,

0:07:55.681,0:07:58.740
but when you go to a museum

0:07:58.764,0:08:02.975
and say, "You don't mind if I cut open[br]your dinosaur's skull, do you?"

0:08:03.454,0:08:05.976
they say, "Go away."

0:08:06.000,0:08:10.976
(Laughter)

0:08:13.548,0:08:14.976
So here are 12 dinosaurs.

0:08:15.000,0:08:18.223
And we want to look at these three first.

0:08:18.745,0:08:22.119
So these are dinosaurs[br]that are called Pachycephalosaurus.

0:08:22.143,0:08:25.773
And everybody knows[br]that these three animals are related.

0:08:25.797,0:08:32.098
And the assumption is that they're related[br]like cousins or whatever.

0:08:32.122,0:08:37.958
But no one ever considered[br]that they might be more closely related.

0:08:37.982,0:08:39.206
In other words,

0:08:39.230,0:08:41.976
people looked at them[br]and they saw the differences.

0:08:42.585,0:08:45.976
And you all know[br]that if you are going to determine

0:08:46.000,0:08:48.906
whether you're related[br]to your brother or your sister,

0:08:48.930,0:08:51.976
you can't do it by looking at differences.

0:08:52.690,0:08:56.191
You can only determine relatedness[br]by looking for similarities.

0:08:56.215,0:08:58.214
So people were looking at these

0:08:58.238,0:09:00.671
and they were talking[br]about how different they are.

0:09:00.695,0:09:04.119
Pachycephalosaurus has a big,[br]thick dome on its head,

0:09:04.143,0:09:06.840
and it's got some little bumps[br]on the back of its head,

0:09:06.864,0:09:09.976
and it's got a bunch of gnarly things[br]on the end of its nose.

0:09:10.790,0:09:16.546
And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur[br]from the same age, lived at the same time,

0:09:16.570,0:09:18.736
has spikes sticking out[br]the back of its head.

0:09:18.760,0:09:20.732
It's got a little, tiny dome,

0:09:20.756,0:09:23.581
and it's got a bunch[br]of gnarly stuff on its nose.

0:09:24.289,0:09:27.976
And then there's this thing[br]called Dracorex hogwartsia.

0:09:29.227,0:09:30.657
Guess where that came from?

0:09:30.681,0:09:31.845
Dragon.

0:09:31.869,0:09:35.621
So here's a dinosaur that has spikes[br]sticking out of its head,

0:09:35.645,0:09:38.975
no dome and gnarly stuff on its nose.

0:09:39.484,0:09:42.230
Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff[br]sort of looked alike.

0:09:43.102,0:09:44.701
But they did look at these three

0:09:44.725,0:09:47.180
and they said, "These[br]are three different dinosaurs,

0:09:47.204,0:09:50.118
and Dracorex is probably[br]the most primitive of them.

0:09:50.142,0:09:54.052
And the other one[br]is more primitive than the other."

0:09:54.156,0:09:58.257
It's unclear to me how they actually[br]sorted these three of them out.

0:09:58.281,0:10:00.174
But if you line them up,

0:10:00.198,0:10:03.253
if you just take those three skulls[br]and just line them up,

0:10:03.277,0:10:05.264
they line up like this.

0:10:05.288,0:10:07.344
Dracorex is the littlest one,

0:10:07.368,0:10:09.977
Stygimoloch is the middle-size one,

0:10:10.001,0:10:11.976
Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one.

0:10:12.000,0:10:15.976
And one would think,[br]that should give me a clue.

0:10:16.000,0:10:18.329
(Laughter)

0:10:18.353,0:10:19.883
But it didn't give them a clue.

0:10:19.907,0:10:21.081
(Laughter)

0:10:21.105,0:10:24.180
Because, well we know why.

0:10:24.204,0:10:27.343
Scientists like to name things.

0:10:28.668,0:10:31.404
So if we cut open Dracorex --

0:10:31.428,0:10:33.353
I cut open our Dracorex --

0:10:33.377,0:10:37.601
and look, it was spongy inside,[br]really spongy inside.

0:10:37.625,0:10:41.324
I mean, it is a juvenile[br]and it's growing really fast.

0:10:41.904,0:10:43.891
So it is going to get bigger.

0:10:43.915,0:10:47.553
If you cut open Stygimoloch,[br]it is doing the same thing.

0:10:47.577,0:10:51.207
The dome, that little dome,[br]is growing really fast.

0:10:51.231,0:10:52.923
It's inflating very fast.

0:10:53.564,0:10:56.940
What's interesting is the spike[br]on the back of the Dracorex

0:10:56.964,0:10:59.043
was growing very fast as well.

0:10:59.067,0:11:02.316
The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch[br]are actually resorbing,

0:11:02.340,0:11:06.474
which means they're getting smaller[br]as that dome is getting bigger.

0:11:06.498,0:11:08.976
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus,

0:11:09.000,0:11:12.251
Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome

0:11:12.275,0:11:17.243
and its little bumps on the back[br]of its head were also resorbing.

0:11:17.267,0:11:20.976
So just with these three dinosaurs,

0:11:21.000,0:11:23.696
as a scientist, we can easily hypothesize

0:11:23.720,0:11:27.975
that it is just a growth series[br]of the same animal.

0:11:29.199,0:11:31.690
Which of course means

0:11:32.962,0:11:37.681
that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.

0:11:37.705,0:11:42.669
(Laughter)

0:11:42.693,0:11:44.030
OK.

0:11:44.054,0:11:45.204
(Laughter)

0:11:46.947,0:11:52.379
Which of course means[br]we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with.

0:11:53.234,0:11:58.171
So a colleague of mine at Berkeley --[br]he and I were looking at Triceratops.

0:11:58.195,0:12:00.510
And before the year 2000 --

0:12:00.534,0:12:04.206
now remember, Triceratops was first[br]found in the 1800s --

0:12:04.230,0:12:09.395
before 2000, no one had ever seen[br]a juvenile Triceratops.

0:12:10.362,0:12:13.906
There's a Triceratops[br]in every museum in the world,

0:12:13.930,0:12:16.976
but no one had ever collected a juvenile.

0:12:18.418,0:12:19.820
And we know why, right?

0:12:19.844,0:12:21.976
Because everybody wants to have a big one.

0:12:22.844,0:12:24.878
So everyone had a big one.

0:12:24.902,0:12:27.310
So we went out and collected[br]a whole bunch of stuff

0:12:27.334,0:12:29.341
and we found a whole bunch of little ones.

0:12:29.365,0:12:31.976
They're everywhere,[br]they're all over the place.

0:12:32.584,0:12:34.849
So we have a whole bunch[br]of them at our museum.

0:12:34.873,0:12:39.323
(Laughter)

0:12:39.347,0:12:42.011
And everybody says[br]it's because I have a little museum.

0:12:42.035,0:12:44.755
When you have a little museum,[br]you have little dinosaurs.

0:12:44.779,0:12:47.781
(Laughter)

0:12:47.889,0:12:49.631
If you look at the Triceratops,

0:12:49.655,0:12:51.887
you can see it's changing,[br]it's shape-shifting.

0:12:52.324,0:12:55.854
As the juveniles are growing up,[br]their horns actually curve backwards.

0:12:56.236,0:12:59.901
And then as they get older,[br]the horns grow forward.

0:12:59.925,0:13:01.304
And that's pretty cool.

0:13:01.328,0:13:03.643
If you look along the edge of the frill,

0:13:03.667,0:13:08.833
they have these little triangular bones[br]that actually grow big as triangles

0:13:08.857,0:13:11.561
and then they flatten against the frill

0:13:11.585,0:13:15.159
pretty much like the spikes do[br]on the Pachycephalosaurs.

0:13:15.818,0:13:20.299
And then, because the juveniles[br]are in my collection,

0:13:20.323,0:13:21.803
I cut them open ...

0:13:21.827,0:13:22.978
(Laughter)

0:13:23.002,0:13:24.176
and look inside.

0:13:24.200,0:13:27.345
And the little one is really spongy.

0:13:27.369,0:13:29.743
And the middle-size one is really spongy.

0:13:29.767,0:13:34.642
But what was interesting[br]was the adult Triceratops was also spongy.

0:13:34.666,0:13:37.684
And this is a skull[br]that is two meters long.

0:13:38.113,0:13:39.976
It's a big skull.

0:13:40.828,0:13:45.475
But there's another dinosaur[br]that is found in this formation

0:13:45.619,0:13:49.102
that looks like a Triceratops,[br]except it's bigger,

0:13:49.126,0:13:51.094
and it's called Torosaurus.

0:13:51.955,0:13:55.975
And Torosaurus, when we cut[br]into it, has mature bone.

0:13:56.437,0:13:58.479
But it's got these big[br]holes in its shield.

0:13:58.503,0:13:59.656
And everybody says,

0:13:59.680,0:14:03.340
"A Triceratops and a Torosaurus[br]can't possibly be the same animal

0:14:03.364,0:14:05.856
because one of them's bigger[br]than the other one."

0:14:05.880,0:14:10.515
(Laughter)

0:14:10.539,0:14:13.012
"And it has holes in its frill."

0:14:13.036,0:14:15.995
And I said, "Well do we have[br]any juvenile Torosauruses?"

0:14:16.019,0:14:20.606
And they said, "Well, no,[br]but it has holes in its frill."

0:14:21.463,0:14:24.915
So one of my graduate[br]students, John Scannella,

0:14:24.939,0:14:26.658
looked through our whole collection

0:14:26.682,0:14:32.798
and he actually discovered that the hole[br]starting to form in Triceratops

0:14:32.822,0:14:35.957
and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus --

0:14:35.981,0:14:41.119
so he found the transitional ones[br]between Triceratops and Torosaurus,

0:14:41.143,0:14:42.375
which was pretty cool.

0:14:42.399,0:14:48.530
So now we know that Torosaurus[br]is actually a grown-up Triceratops.

0:14:49.964,0:14:51.744
Now when we name dinosaurs,

0:14:51.768,0:14:55.304
when we name anything,[br]the original name gets to stick

0:14:55.328,0:14:59.173
and the second name is thrown out.

0:14:59.936,0:15:02.128
So Torosaurus is extinct.

0:15:03.441,0:15:07.259
Triceratops, if you've heard the news,[br]a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong.

0:15:07.283,0:15:10.833
They thought Torosaurus should be kept[br]and Triceratops thrown out,

0:15:10.857,0:15:12.641
but that's not going to happen.

0:15:12.665,0:15:18.155
(Laughter)

0:15:18.179,0:15:21.462
All right, so we can do this[br]with a bunch of dinosaurs.

0:15:21.486,0:15:23.532
I mean, here's Edmontosaurus

0:15:23.556,0:15:24.976
and Anatotitan.

0:15:25.423,0:15:27.975
Anatotitan: giant duck.

0:15:28.632,0:15:30.783
It's a giant duck-bill dinosaur.

0:15:30.807,0:15:32.535
Here's another one.

0:15:32.559,0:15:35.032
So we look at the bone histology.

0:15:35.056,0:15:39.939
The bone histology tells us[br]that Edmontosaurus is a juvenile,

0:15:39.963,0:15:41.591
or at least a subadult,

0:15:41.615,0:15:47.368
and the other one is an adult,[br]and we have an ontogeny.

0:15:48.273,0:15:50.226
And we get rid of Anatotitan.

0:15:51.400,0:15:53.221
So we can just keep doing this.

0:15:53.245,0:15:56.581
And the last one is T. Rex.

0:15:57.332,0:16:01.976
So there's these two dinosaurs,[br]T. Rex and Nanotyrannus.

0:16:02.000,0:16:04.890
(Laughter)

0:16:04.914,0:16:07.630
Again, it makes you wonder.

0:16:07.654,0:16:10.864
(Laughter)

0:16:10.888,0:16:13.223
But they had a good question.

0:16:13.247,0:16:16.132
They were looking at them and they said,[br]"One's got 17 teeth,

0:16:16.156,0:16:18.020
and the biggest one's got 12 teeth.

0:16:18.044,0:16:19.914
And that doesn't make any sense at all,

0:16:19.938,0:16:23.606
because we don't know of any dinosaurs[br]that gain teeth as they get older.

0:16:23.630,0:16:25.878
So it must be true --

0:16:25.902,0:16:27.195
they must be different."

0:16:28.643,0:16:29.976
So we cut into them.

0:16:31.373,0:16:35.250
And sure enough,[br]Nanotyrannus has juvenile bone

0:16:35.274,0:16:38.866
and the bigger one has more mature bone.

0:16:39.439,0:16:41.842
It looks like it could still get bigger.

0:16:41.866,0:16:44.087
And at the Museum[br]of the Rockies where we work,

0:16:44.111,0:16:47.750
I have four T. rexes,[br]so I can cut a whole bunch of them.

0:16:47.774,0:16:49.976
But I didn't have to cut[br]any of them really,

0:16:50.000,0:16:52.976
because I just lined up their jaws

0:16:53.000,0:16:56.310
and it turned out[br]the biggest one had 12 teeth

0:16:56.334,0:16:58.509
and the next smallest one had 13

0:16:58.533,0:17:00.763
and the next smallest had 14.

0:17:00.787,0:17:02.810
And of course, Nano has 17.

0:17:02.834,0:17:05.721
And we just went out and looked[br]at other people's collections

0:17:05.745,0:17:09.480
and we found one that has[br]sort of 15 teeth.

0:17:09.504,0:17:12.282
So again, real easy to say

0:17:12.306,0:17:16.975
that Tyrannosaurus ontogeny[br]included Nanotyrannus,

0:17:17.686,0:17:22.325
and therefore we can take out[br]another dinosaur.

0:17:22.349,0:17:23.976
(Laughter)

0:17:27.377,0:17:30.670
So when it comes down[br]to our end Cretaceous,

0:17:30.694,0:17:32.241
we have seven left.

0:17:34.099,0:17:35.384
And that's a good number.

0:17:35.756,0:17:38.976
That's a good number[br]to go extinct, I think.

0:17:39.604,0:17:40.838
Now as you can imagine,

0:17:40.862,0:17:43.623
this is not very popular[br]with fourth-graders.

0:17:43.743,0:17:44.744
(Laughter)

0:17:44.768,0:17:49.744
Fourth-graders love their dinosaurs,[br]they memorize them.

0:17:53.113,0:17:54.843
And they're not happy with this.

0:17:54.867,0:17:57.483
(Laughter)

0:17:57.507,0:17:58.698
Thank you very much.

0:17:58.722,0:18:02.626
(Applause)