[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will start by posing a little bit of a challenge:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the challenge of dealing with data,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,data that we have to deal with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in medical situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a huge challenge for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is our beast of burden --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a Computer Tomography machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a CT machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a fantastic device.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It uses X-rays, X-ray beams,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are rotating very fast around the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes about 30 seconds to go through the whole machine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is generating enormous amounts of information
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes out of the machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a fantastic machine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can use
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for improving health care,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as I said, it's also a challenge for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the challenge is really found in this picture here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the medical data explosion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're having right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're facing this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me step back in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back a few years in time and see what happened back then.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These machines that came out --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they started coming in the 1970s --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would scan human bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would generate about 100 images
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've taken the liberty, just for clarity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translate that to data slices.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would correspond to about 50 megabytes of data,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is small
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you think about the data we can handle today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just on normal mobile devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you translate that to phone books,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about one meter of phone books in the pile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking at what we're doing today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these machines that we have,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can, just in a few seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get 24,000 images out of a body,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would correspond to about 20 gigabytes of data,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 800 phone books,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pile would then be 200 meters of phone books.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's about to happen --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're seeing this; it's beginning --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a technology trend that's happening right now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we're starting to look at time-resolved situations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're getting the dynamics out of the body as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just assume
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we will be collecting data during five seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would correspond to one terabyte of data --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's 800,000 books
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 16 kilometers of phone books.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one patient, one data set.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what we have to deal with.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really the enormous challenge that we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And already today -- this is 25,000 images.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine the days
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we had radiologists doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would put up 25,000 images,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would go like this, "25,0000, okay, okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is the problem."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't do that anymore. That's impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to do something that's a little bit more intelligent than doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we do is that we put all these slices together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that you slice your body in all these directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you try to put the slices back together again
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a pile of data, into a block of data.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really what we're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this gigabyte or terabyte of data, we're putting it into this block.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, the block of data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just contains the amount of X-ray
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's been absorbed in each point in the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we need to do is to figure out a way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of looking at the things we do want to look at
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make things transparent that we don't want to look at.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So transforming the data set
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into something that looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge challenge for us to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using computers, even though they're getting faster and better all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terabytes of data
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and extracting the relevant information.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to look at the heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to look at the blood vessels. I want to look at the liver.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe even find a tumor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is where this little dear comes into play.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my daughter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is as of 9 a.m. this morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's playing a computer game.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's only two years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's having a blast.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she's really the driving force
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind the development of graphics-processing units.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As long as kids are playing computer games,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,graphics is getting better and better and better.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So please go back home, tell your kids to play more games,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's what I need.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's inside of this machine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what enables me to do the things that I'm doing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the medical data.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So really what I'm doing is using these fantastic little devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know, going back
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 10 years in time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I got the funding
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to buy my first graphics computer --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a huge machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was cabinets of processors and storage and everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I paid about one million dollars for that machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That machine is, today, about as fast as my iPhone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So every month there are new graphics cards coming out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here is a few of the latest ones from the vendors --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NVIDIA, ATI, Intel is out there as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know, for a few hundred bucks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can get these things and put them into your computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can do fantastic things with these graphics cards.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really what's enabling us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with the explosion of data in medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with some really nifty work
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of algorithms --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compressing data,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extracting the relevant information that people are doing research on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to show you a few examples of what we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a data set that was captured using a CT scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that this is a full data [set].
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a woman. You can see the hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the individual structures of the woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that there is [a] scattering of X-rays
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the teeth, the metal in the teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where those artifacts are coming from.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But fully interactively
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on standard graphics cards on a normal computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can just put in a clip plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course all the data is inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I can start rotating, I can look at it from different angles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can see that this woman had a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had a bleeding up in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's been fixed with a little stent,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a metal clamp that's tightening up the vessel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just by changing the functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I can decide what's going to be transparent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's going to be visible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can look at the skull structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can see that, okay, this is where they opened up the skull on this woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's where they went in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are fantastic images.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're really high resolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're really showing us what we can do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with standard graphics cards today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have really made use of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have tried to squeeze a lot of data
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the applications that we've been working on --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has gotten a little bit of traction worldwide --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the application of virtual autopsies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So again, looking at very, very large data sets,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you saw those full-body scans that we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're just pushing the body through the whole CT scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just in a few seconds we can get a full-body data set.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is from a virtual autopsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see how I'm gradually peeling off.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First you saw the body bag that the body came in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I'm peeling off the skin -- you can see the muscles --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually you can see the bone structure of this woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at this point, I would also like to emphasize
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, with the greatest respect
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the people that I'm now going to show --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you a few cases of virtual autopsies --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's with great respect for the people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have died under violent circumstances
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm showing these pictures to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the forensic case --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ... there's been approximately 400 cases so far
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the part of Sweden that I come from
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been undergoing virtual autopsies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past four years.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this will be the typical workflow situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The police will decide --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the evening, when there's a case coming in --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will decide, okay, is this a case where we need to do an autopsy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the morning, in between six and seven in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body is then transported inside of the body bag
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our center
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is being scanned through one of the CT scanners.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the radiologist, together with the pathologist
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes the forensic scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks at the data that's coming out,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have a joint session.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they decide what to do in the real physical autopsy after that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now looking at a few cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's one of the first cases that we had.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can really see the details of the data set.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very high-resolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's our algorithms that allow us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to zoom in on all the details.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, it's fully interactive,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on these systems here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without saying too much about this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a traffic accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a drunk driver hit a woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's very, very easy to see the damages on the bone structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cause of death is the broken neck.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this women also ended up under the car,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she's quite badly beaten up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.00,0:08:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another case, a knifing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is also again showing us what we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very easy to look at metal artifacts
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can show inside of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also see some of the artifacts from the teeth --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's actually the filling of the teeth --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because I've set the functions to show me metal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make everything else transparent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another violent case. This really didn't kill the person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person was killed by stabs in the heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they just deposited the knife
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by putting it through one of the eyeballs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another case.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very interesting for us
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to look at things like knife stabbings.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see that knife went through the heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very easy to see how air has been leaking
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one part to another part,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is difficult to do in a normal, standard, physical autopsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it really, really helps
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the criminal investigation
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to establish the cause of death,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some cases also directing the investigation in the right direction
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out who the killer really was.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another case that I think is interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.00,0:09:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see a bullet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has lodged just next to the spine on this person.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've done is that we've turned the bullet into a light source,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that bullet is actually shining,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes it really easy to find these fragments.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.00,0:09:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During a physical autopsy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you actually have to dig through the body to find these fragments,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's actually quite hard to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that I'm really, really happy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to show you here today
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our virtual autopsy table.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a touch device that we have developed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on these algorithms, using standard graphics GPUs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually looks like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to give you a feeling for what it looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really just works like a huge iPhone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've implemented
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the gestures you can do on the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can think of it as an enormous touch interface.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you were thinking of buying an iPad,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forget about it. This is what you want instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve, I hope you're listening to this, all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a very nice little device.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you have the opportunity, please try it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a hands-on experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it gained some traction, and we're trying to roll this out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to use it for educational purposes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also, perhaps in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a more clinical situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a YouTube video that you can download and look at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to convey the information to other people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about virtual autopsies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:10:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, now that we're talking about touch,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me move on to really "touching" data.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a bit of science fiction now,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're moving into really the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not really what the medical doctors are using right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I hope they will in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're seeing on the left is a touch device.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little mechanical pen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has very, very fast step motors inside of the pen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I can generate a force feedback.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I virtually touch data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will generate forces in the pen, so I get a feedback.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this particular situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a scan of a living person.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have this pen, and I look at the data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I move the pen towards the head,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of a sudden I feel resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I can feel the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I push a little bit harder, I'll go through the skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can feel the bone structure inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I push even harder, I'll go through the bone structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially close to the ear where the bone is very soft.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I can feel the brain inside, and this will be the slushy like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to take that even further, this is a heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is also due to these fantastic new scanners,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.00,0:11:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just in 0.3 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can scan the whole heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can do that with time resolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just looking at this heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can play back a video here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is Karljohan, one of my graduate students
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's been working on this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's sitting there in front of the Haptic device, the force feedback system,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.00,0:11:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's moving his pen towards the heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the heart is now beating in front of him,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he can see how the heart is beating.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's taken the pen, and he's moving it towards the heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's putting it on the heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he feels the heartbeats from the real living patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then he can examine how the heart is moving.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He can go inside, push inside of the heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really feel how the valves are moving.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, I think, is really the future for heart surgeons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean it's probably the wet dream for a heart surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to go inside of the patient's heart
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before you actually do surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do that with high-quality resolution data.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really neat.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're going even further into science fiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we heard a little bit about functional MRI.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is really an interesting project.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MRI is using magnetic fields
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and radio frequencies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to scan the brain, or any part of the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're really getting out of this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is information of the structure of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can also measure the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in magnetic properties of blood that's oxygenated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blood that's depleted of oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that it's possible
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to map out the activity of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is something that we've been working on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you just saw Motts the research engineer, there,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going into the MRI system,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was wearing goggles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he could actually see things in the goggles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I could present things to him while he's in the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a little bit freaky,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what Motts is seeing is actually this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's seeing his own brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Motts is doing something here,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably he is going like this with his right hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the left side is activated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the motor cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he can see that at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These visualizations are brand new.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something that we've been researching for a little while.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another sequence of Motts' brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we asked Motts to calculate backwards from 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's going "100, 97, 94."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he's going backwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see how the little math processor is working up here in his brain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is lighting up the whole brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well this is fantastic. We can do this in real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can investigate things. We can tell him to do things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also see that his visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.00,0:14:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is activated in the back of the head,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's where he's seeing, he's seeing his own brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's also hearing our instructions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.00,0:14:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we tell him to do things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The signal is really deep inside of the brain as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's shining through,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because all of the data is inside this volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in just a second here you will see --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.00,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, here. Motts, now move your left foot.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's going like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 20 seconds he's going like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of a sudden it lights up up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've got motor cortex activation up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really, really nice,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.00,0:14:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think this is a great tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.00,0:14:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And connecting also with the previous talk here,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is something that we could use as a tool
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to really understand
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the neurons are working, how the brain is working,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can do this with very, very high visual quality
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very fast resolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're also having a bit of fun at the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a CAT scan -- Computer Aided Tomography.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a lion from the local zoo
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside of Norrkoping in Kolmarden, Elsa.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.00,0:14:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she came to the center,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they sedated her
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then put her straight into the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.00,0:15:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, of course, I get the whole data set from the lion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.00,0:15:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can do very nice images like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.00,0:15:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can peel off the layer of the lion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.00,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can look inside of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.00,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've been experimenting with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.00,0:15:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this is a great application
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the future of this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's very little known about the animal anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.00,0:15:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's known out there for veterinarians is kind of basic information.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.00,0:15:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can scan all sorts of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all sorts of animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only problem is to fit it into the machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.00,0:15:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a bear.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.00,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was kind of hard to get it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bear is a cuddly, friendly animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here it is. Here is the nose of the bear.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.00,0:15:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you might want to cuddle this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.00,0:15:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you change the functions and look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.00,0:15:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So be aware of the bear.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.00,0:15:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with that,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to thank all the people
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have helped me to generate these images.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a huge effort that goes into doing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:15:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gathering the data and developing the algorithms,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.00,0:16:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writing all the software.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, some very talented people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My motto is always, I only hire people that are smarter than I am
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.00,0:16:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of these are smarter than I am.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.00,0:16:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)