[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.92,0:00:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's play a game.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.82,0:00:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.72,0:00:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a casino,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.10,0:00:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you decide to play a game\Non one of the casino's computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.14,0:00:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like you might play\Nsolitaire or chess.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.52,0:00:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer can make moves\Nin the game, just like a human player.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.44,0:00:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a coin game.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.73,0:00:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It starts with a coin showing heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.81,0:00:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the computer will play first.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.64,0:00:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can choose to flip the coin or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.52,0:00:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't get to see the outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.14,0:00:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, it's your turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.86,0:00:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also choose\Nto flip the coin or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.73,0:00:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your move will not be revealed\Nto your opponent, the computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.74,0:00:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, the computer plays again,\Nand can flip the coin or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.76,0:00:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after these three rounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.48,0:00:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the coin is revealed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.43,0:00:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it is heads, the computer wins,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.26,0:00:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it's tails, you win.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.21,0:00:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a pretty simple game,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.95,0:00:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if everybody plays honestly,\Nand the coin is fair,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.36,0:01:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you have a 50 percent chance\Nof winning this game.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.15,0:01:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to confirm that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.45,0:01:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked my students to play\Nthis game on our computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.61,0:01:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after many, many tries,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.62,0:01:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their winning rate ended up\Nbeing 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.68,0:01:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.35,0:01:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like a boring game, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.41,0:01:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if you could play this game\Non a quantum computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.66,0:01:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Las Vegas casinos\Ndo not have quantum computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.77,0:01:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as I know,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.53,0:01:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but IBM has built\Na working quantum computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.99,0:01:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.60,0:01:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is a quantum computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.53,0:01:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, quantum physics describes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.37,0:01:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the behavior of atoms\Nand fundamental particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.16,0:01:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like electrons and photons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.67,0:01:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a quantum computer operates
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.42,0:01:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by controlling the behavior\Nof these particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.05,0:01:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a way that is completely different\Nfrom our regular computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.28,0:01:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a quantum computer\Nis not just a more powerful version
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.20,0:01:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our current computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.33,0:02:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like a light bulb\Nis not a more powerful candle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.36,0:02:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You cannot build a light bulb\Nby building better and better candles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.05,0:02:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A light bulb is a different technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.29,0:02:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on deeper scientific understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, a quantum computer\Nis a new kind of device,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.73,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the science of quantum physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.50,0:02:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just like a light bulb\Ntransformed society,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.67,0:02:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantum computers\Nhave the potential to impact
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.36,0:02:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many aspects of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.26,0:02:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including our security needs,\Nour health care and even the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.84,0:02:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So companies all around the world\Nare working to build these devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.16,0:02:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to see what\Nthe excitement is all about,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.52,0:02:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's play our game on a quantum computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.86,0:02:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I can log into IBM's\Nquantum computer from right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.66,0:02:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means I can play the game remotely,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.16,0:02:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so can you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.15,0:02:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make this happen, you may remember\Ngetting an email ahead of time, from TED,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.60,0:02:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asking you whether you would choose\Nto flip the coin or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.35,0:03:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you played the game.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.06,0:03:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually, we asked you to choose\Nbetween a circle or a square.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.96,0:03:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't know it, but your choice\Nof circle meant "flip the coin,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.82,0:03:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your choice of square\Nwas "don't flip."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.72,0:03:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We received 372 responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.59,0:03:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.80,0:03:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means we can play 372 games\Nagainst the quantum computer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.29,0:03:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using your choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.95,0:03:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a pretty fast game to play,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.22,0:03:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I can show you the results right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.23,0:03:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.56,0:03:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.66,0:03:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The quantum computer won\Nalmost every game.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.16,0:03:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It lost a few only because\Nof operational errors in the computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.90,0:03:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.89,0:03:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did it achieve\Nthis amazing winning streak?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.22,0:03:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like magic or cheating,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.74,0:03:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually, it's just\Nquantum physics in action.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.78,0:03:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.38,0:03:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A regular computer simulates\Nheads or tails of a coin as a bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.86,0:04:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a zero or a one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.54,0:04:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a current flipping on and off\Ninside your computer chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.44,0:04:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A quantum computer\Nis completely different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.25,0:04:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A quantum bit has a more fluid,\Nnonbinary identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.51,0:04:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can exist in a superposition,\Nor a combination of zero and one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.38,0:04:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some probability of being zero\Nand some probability of being one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.54,0:04:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,\Nits identity is on a spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.79,0:04:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, it could have\Na 70 percent chance of being zero
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.62,0:04:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a 30 percent chance of being one
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.98,0:04:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 80-20 or 60-40.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.02,0:04:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The possibilities are endless.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.65,0:04:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key idea here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.04,0:04:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we have to give up\Non precise values of zero and one
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.29,0:04:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow for some uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.74,0:04:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So during the game,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.41,0:04:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum computer creates\Nthis fluid combination of heads and tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.18,0:04:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zero and one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.36,0:04:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that no matter what the player does,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.65,0:04:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flip or no flip,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.86,0:05:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the superposition remains intact.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.83,0:05:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like stirring\Na mixture of two fluids.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.71,0:05:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not you stir,\Nthe fluids remain in a mixture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.12,0:05:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in its final move,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.57,0:05:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum computer\Ncan unmix the zero and one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.53,0:05:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfectly recovering heads\Nso that you lose every time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.29,0:05:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.27,0:05:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think this is all a bit weird,\Nyou are absolutely right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.61,0:05:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regular coins do not exist\Nin combinations of heads and tails.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.06,0:05:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do not experience\Nthis fluid quantum reality
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.28,0:05:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our everyday lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.25,0:05:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you are confused by quantum,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.52,0:05:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't worry, you're getting it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.46,0:05:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.64,0:05:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even though we don't experience\Nquantum strangeness,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.92,0:05:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see its very real\Neffects in action.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.10,0:05:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've seen the data for yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.53,0:05:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The quantum computer won
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.01,0:06:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it harnessed\Nsuperposition and uncertainty,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.83,0:06:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these quantum properties are powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.21,0:06:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just to win coin games,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.51,0:06:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to build\Nfuture quantum technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.15,0:06:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me give you three examples\Nof potential applications
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.69,0:06:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could change our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.15,0:06:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, quantum uncertainty\Ncould be used to create private keys
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.47,0:06:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for encrypting messages\Nsent from one location to another
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.29,0:06:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that hackers could not\Nsecretly copy the key perfectly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.44,0:06:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of quantum uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.81,0:06:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would have to break\Nthe laws of quantum physics
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.62,0:06:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hack the key.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.53,0:06:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this kind of unbreakable encryption\Nis already being tested by banks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.43,0:06:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other institutions worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.36,0:06:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we use more than 17 billion\Nconnected devices globally.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.62,0:06:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just imagine the impact quantum encryption\Ncould have in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.17,0:07:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, quantum technologies could also\Ntransform health care and medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.43,0:07:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the design and analysis\Nof molecules for drug development
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.75,0:07:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a challenging problem today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.17,0:07:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's because\Nexactly describing and calculating
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.15,0:07:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the quantum properties\Nof all the atoms in the molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.27,0:07:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a computationally difficult task,\Neven for our supercomputers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.48,0:07:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a quantum computer could do better,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.71,0:07:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it operates using\Nthe same quantum properties
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.99,0:07:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the molecule it's trying to simulate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.56,0:07:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So future large-scale quantum\Nsimulations for drug development
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.36,0:07:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could perhaps lead to treatments\Nfor diseases like Alzheimer's,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.68,0:07:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which affects thousands of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.36,0:07:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, my favorite\Nquantum application
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.42,0:07:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is teleportation of information\Nfrom one location to another
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.10,0:07:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without physically transmitting\Nthe information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.85,0:07:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.30,0:08:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these fluid identities\Nof the quantum particles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.04,0:08:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can get entangled across space and time
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.42,0:08:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such a way that when you change\Nsomething about one particle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.06,0:08:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can impact the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.54,0:08:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that creates\Na channel for teleportation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.04,0:08:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's already been demonstrated\Nin research labs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.67,0:08:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could be part\Nof a future quantum internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.22,0:08:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have such a network as yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.59,0:08:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but my team is working\Non these possibilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.52,0:08:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by simulating a quantum network\Non a quantum computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.05,0:08:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have designed and implemented\Nsome interesting new protocols
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.07,0:08:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as teleportation\Namong different users in the network
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.78,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and efficient data transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.03,0:08:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even secure voting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.50,0:08:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a lot of fun for me,\Nbeing a quantum physicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.40,0:08:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I highly recommend it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.92,0:08:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.90,0:08:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We get to be explorers\Nin a quantum wonderland.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.81,0:08:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows what applications\Nwe will discover next.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.22,0:09:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must tread carefully and responsibly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.07,0:09:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we build our quantum future.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.81,0:09:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me, personally,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.63,0:09:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't see quantum physics as a tool\Njust to build quantum computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.12,0:09:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see quantum computers as a way\Nfor us to probe the mysteries of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.28,0:09:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reveal more about this hidden world\Noutside of our experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.22,0:09:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How amazing that we humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.34,0:09:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our relatively limited\Naccess to the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.36,0:09:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can still see far beyond our horizons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.02,0:09:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just using our imagination\Nand our ingenuity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.21,0:09:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the universe rewards us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.55,0:09:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by showing us how incredibly\Ninteresting and surprising it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.17,0:09:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The future is fundamentally uncertain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.57,0:09:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to me, that is certainly exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.34,0:09:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.52,0:09:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)