[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.60,0:00:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the summer of 1976,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.04,0:00:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mysterious epidemic\Nsuddenly struck two central African towns,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.100,0:00:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing the majority of its victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.65,0:00:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Medical researchers suspected
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.39,0:00:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the deadly Marburg virus \Nto be the culprit.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.83,0:00:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what they saw in microscope images\Nwas an entirely new pathogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.67,0:00:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would be named\Nafter the nearby Ebola river.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.32,0:00:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like yellow fever or dengue,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.22,0:00:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the disease caused by the Ebola virus\Nis a severe type of hemorrhagic fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.68,0:00:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It begins by attacking \Nthe immune system's cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.64,0:00:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neutralizing its responses,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.01,0:00:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing the virus to proliferate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.35,0:00:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Starting anywhere from two to twenty days\Nafter contraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.89,0:00:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,initial symptoms like high temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.26,0:00:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aching,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.45,0:00:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sore throat
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.64,0:00:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resemble those of a typical flu,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.11,0:00:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but quickly escalate to vomiting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.31,0:01:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rashes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.55,0:01:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and diarrhea.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.93,0:01:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the virus spreads,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.43,0:01:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it invades the lymph nodes \Nand vital organs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.95,0:01:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as kidneys and liver,\Ncausing them to lose function.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.07,0:01:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the virus itself \Nis not what kills Ebola victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.80,0:01:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, the mounting cell deaths \Ntrigger an immune system overload,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.54,0:01:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as a cytokine storm,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.01,0:01:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an explosion of immune responses\Nthat damages blood vessels,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.93,0:01:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing both internal and external bleeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.17,0:01:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The excessive fluid loss \Nand resulting complications
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.59,0:01:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be fatal within six to sixteen days\Nof the first symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.51,0:01:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though proper care and rehydration therapy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.17,0:01:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can significantly reduce \Nmortality rates in patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.16,0:01:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, \Nwhile Ebola is highly virulent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.88,0:01:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several factors limit its contagiousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.87,0:01:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike viruses that proliferate through\Nsmall, airborne particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.60,0:01:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ebola only exists in bodily fluids,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.57,0:01:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as saliva,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.66,0:01:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.37,0:01:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mucus,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.17,0:01:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vomit,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.89,0:01:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or feces.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.98,0:02:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to spread,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.26,0:02:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these must be transmitted from \Nan infected person into another's body
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.45,0:02:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through passageways such as the eyes,\Nmouth, or nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.27,0:02:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because the disease's severity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.11,0:02:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increases directly along \Nwith the viral load,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.27,0:02:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even an infected person \Nis unlikely to be contagious
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.20,0:02:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they have begun to show symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.92,0:02:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While Ebola has been shown \Nto survive on surfaces for several hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.64,0:02:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transmission through sneezing\Nor coughing is theoretically possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.91,0:02:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virtually all known cases of contraction\Nhave been through direct contact
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.27,0:02:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the severely ill,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.55,0:02:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the greatest risk \Nposed to medical workers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.20,0:02:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and friends or relatives of the victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.10,0:02:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why,\Ndespite its horrifying effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.54,0:02:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ebola has been far less deadly overall\Nthan more common infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.16,0:02:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as measles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.30,0:02:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,malaria,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.12,0:02:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even influenza.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.81,0:02:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once an outbreak has been contained,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.62,0:02:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the virus does not exist \Nin the human population
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.38,0:02:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the next outbreak begins.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.72,0:02:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while this is undoubtedly a good thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.81,0:03:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also makes Ebola difficult to study.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.82,0:03:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists believe fruit bats \Nto be its natural carriers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.84,0:03:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just how it is transmitted to humans\Nremains unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.80,0:03:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, many of the countries \Nwhere Ebola outbreaks occur
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.32,0:03:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffer from poor infrastructure and sanitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.57,0:03:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which enables the disease to spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.55,0:03:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the poverty of these regions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.16,0:03:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combined with the relatively low amount\Nof overall cases
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.27,0:03:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means there is little economic incentive\Nfor drug companies to invest in research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.71,0:03:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though some experimental medicines\Nhave shown promise,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.62,0:03:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and governments are funding development\Nof a vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.29,0:03:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as of 2014,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.93,0:03:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only widespread and effective \Nsolutions to an Ebola outbreak remain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.07,0:03:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isolation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.41,0:03:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sanitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.51,0:03:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and information.