[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's kind of an obvious statement up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started with that sentence about 12 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I started in the context
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you're sitting here from every corner of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you think of a map of your country,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you'll realize
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for every country on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could draw little circles to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"These are places where good teachers won't go."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On top of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are the places from where trouble comes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have an ironic problem --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good teachers don't want to go
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just those places where they're needed the most.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started in 1999
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and address this problem with an experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was a very simple experiment in New Delhi.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I basically embedded a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a wall of a slum in New Delhi.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The children barely went to school, they didn't know any English --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd never seen a computer before,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't know what the internet was.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I connected high speed internet to it -- it's about three feet off the ground --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned it on and left it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we noticed a couple of interesting things, which you'll see.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I repeated this all over India
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then through
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large part of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that children will learn to do
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they want to learn to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first experiment that we did --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight year-old boy on your right
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teaching his student, a six year-old girl,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was teaching her how to browse.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This boy here in the middle of central India --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is in a Rajasthan village,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the children recorded their own music
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then played it back to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've enjoyed themselves thoroughly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did all of this in four hours
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after seeing the computer for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In another South Indian village,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these boys here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had assembled a video camera
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were trying to take the photograph of a bumble bee.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They downloaded it from Disney.com,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or one of these websites,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,14 days after putting the computer in their village.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the end of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we concluded that groups of children
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can learn to use computers and the internet on their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,irrespective of who
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or where they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that point, I became a little more ambitious
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decided to see
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what else could children do with a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started off with an experiment in Hyderabad, India,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I gave a group of children --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they spoke English with a very strong Telugu accent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave them a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a speech-to-text interface,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you now get free with Windows,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked them to speak into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they spoke into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer typed out gibberish,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they said, "Well, it doesn't understand anything of what we are saying."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "Yeah, I'll leave it here for two months.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Make yourself understood
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the computer."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the children said, "How do we do that."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't know, actually."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I left.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two months later --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is now documented
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Information Technology
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for International Development journal --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that accents had changed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were remarkably close to the neutral British accent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which I had trained the speech-to-text synthesizer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, they were all speaking like James Tooley.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they could do that on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, I started to experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with various other things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they might learn to do on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got an interesting phone call once from Columbo,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the late Arthur C. Clarke,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who said, "I want to see what's going on."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he couldn't travel, so I went over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said two interesting things,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A teacher that can be replaced by a machine should be."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing he said was that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If children have interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then education happens."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was doing that in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so every time I would watch it and think of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Arthur C. Clarke: And they can definitely
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because children quickly learn to navigate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the web and find things which interest them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you've got interest, then you have education.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sugata Mitra: I took the experiment to South Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a 15 year-old boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Boy: ... just mention, I play games
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I listen to music.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SM: And I asked him, "Do you send emails?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Yes, and they hop across the ocean."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in Cambodia,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rural Cambodia --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fairly silly arithmetic game,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which no child would play inside the classroom or at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would, you know, throw it back at you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'd say, "This is very boring."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you leave it on the pavement
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if all the adults go away,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they will show off with each other
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what they can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what these children are doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are trying to multiply, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all over India,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of about two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children were beginning to Google their homework.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, the teachers reported
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tremendous improvements in their English --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rapid improvement and all sorts of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said, "They have become really deep thinkers and so on and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed they had.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if there's stuff on Google,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why would you need to stuff it into your head?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the end of the next four years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided that groups of children can navigate the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve educational objectives on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time, a large amount of money
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had come into Newcastle University
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve schooling in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Newcastle gave me a call. I said, "I'll do it from Delhi."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said, "There's no way you're going to handle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million pounds-worth of University money
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting in Delhi."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 2006,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bought myself a heavy overcoat
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and moved to Newcastle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to test the limits
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first experiment I did out of Newcastle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually done in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I set myself and impossible target:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can Tamil speaking
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12-year-old children
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a South Indian village
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teach themselves biotechnology
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in English on their own?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, I'll test them, they'll get a zero --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give the materials, I'll come back and test them --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get another zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll go back and say, "Yes, we need teachers for certain things."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I called in 26 children.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all came in there, and I told them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's some really difficult stuff on this computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't be surprised if you didn't understand anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all in English, and I'm going.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I left them with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came back after two months,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the 26 children marched in looking very, very quiet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Well, did you look at any of the stuff?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said, "Yes, we did."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Did you understand anything?" "No, nothing."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, how long did you practice on it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before you decided you understood nothing?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said, "We look at it every day."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "For two months, you were looking at stuff you didn't understand?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a 12 year-old girl raises her hand and says,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Apart from the fact that improper replication of the DNA molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes genetic disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've understood nothing else."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took me three years to publish that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just been published in the British Journal of Educational Technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the referees who refereed the paper said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's too good to be true,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was not very nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one of the girls had taught herself
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become the teacher.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that's her over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, they don't study English.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I edited out the last bit when I asked, "Where is the neuron?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she says, "The neuron? The neuron,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then she looked and did this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever the expression, it was not very nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So their scores had gone up from zero to 30 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an educational impossibility under the circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 30 percent is not a pass.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I found that they had a friend,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a local accountant, a young girl,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they played football with her.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.00,0:09:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked that girl, "Would you teach them
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.00,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough biotechnology to pass?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "How would I do that? I don't know the subject."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "No, use the method of the grandmother."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "What's that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Well, what you've got to do
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is stand behind them
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and admire them all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just say to them, 'That's cool. That's fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is that? Can you do that again? Can you show me some more?'"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She did that for two months.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scores went up to 50,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what the posh schools of New Delhi,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a trained biotechnology teacher were getting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I came back to Newcastle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these results
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decided
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was something happening here
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that definitely was getting very serious.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, having experimented in all sorts of remote places,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came to the most remote place that I could think of.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Approximately 5,000 miles from Delhi
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the little town of Gateshead.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Gateshead, I took 32 children
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I started to fine-tune the method.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I made them into groups of four.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "You make your own groups of four.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each group of four can use one computer and not four computers."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, from the Hole in the Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can exchange groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can walk across to another group,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't like your group, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can go to another group, peer over their shoulders, see what they're doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come back to you own group and claim it as your own work."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I explained to them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, you know, a lot of scientific research is done using that method.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The children enthusiastically got after me and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Now, what do you want us to do?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave them six GCSE questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first group -- the best one --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solved everything in 20 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The worst, in 45.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used everything that they knew --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,news groups, Google, Wikipedia,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ask Jeeves, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The teachers said, "Is this deep learning?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Well, let's try it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll come back after two months.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll give them a paper test --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.00,0:11:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no computers, no talking to each other, etc."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.00,0:11:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average score when I'd done it with the computers and the groups
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.00,0:11:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was 76 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I did the experiment, when I did the test,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after two months, the score
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was 76 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was photographic recall
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the children,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suspect because they're discussing with each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single child in front of a single computer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will not do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have further results,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are almost unbelievable,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of scores which go up with time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because their teachers say
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that after the session is over,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children continue to Google further.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in Britain, I put out a call
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.00,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for British grandmothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after my Kuppam experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very vigorous people, British grandmothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 of them volunteered immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The deal was that they would give me
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one hour of broadband time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting in their homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one day in a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they did that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over the last two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 600 hours of instruction
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.00,0:12:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has happened over Skype,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using what my students call the granny cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The granny cloud sits over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can beam them to whichever school I want to.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Teacher: You can't catch me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't catch me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children: You can't catch me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teacher: I'm the gingerbread man.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children: I'm the gingerbread man.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.00,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teacher: Well done. Very good ...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SM: Back at Gateshead,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 10-year-old girl gets into the heart of Hinduism
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 15 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, stuff which I don't know anything about.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two children watch a TEDTalk.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wanted to be footballers before.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After watching eight TEDTalks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wants to become Leonardo da Vinci.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty simple stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I'm building now --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're called SOLEs: Self Organized Learning Environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The furniture is designed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that children can sit in front of big, powerful screens,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big broadband connections, but in groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they want, they can call the granny cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a SOLE in Newcastle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mediator is from Pune, India.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how far can we go? One last little bit and I'll stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to Turin in May.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sent all the teachers away from my group of 10 year-old students.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I speak only English, they speak only Italian,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we had no way to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.00,0:14:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started writing English questions on the blackboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The children looked at it and said, "What?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Well, do it."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They typed it into Google, translated it into Italian,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went back into Italian Google.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifteen minutes later --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next question: where is Calcutta?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one, they took only 10 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.00,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried a really hard one then.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:14:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who was Pythagoras, and what did he do?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:14:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was silence for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.00,0:15:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they said, "You've spelled it wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.00,0:15:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's Pitagora."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.00,0:15:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.00,0:15:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 20 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:15:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right-angled triangles began to appear on the screens.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sent shivers up my spine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are 10 year-olds.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Text: In another 30 minutes they would reach the Theory of Relativity. And then?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.00,0:15:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SM: So you know what's happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.00,0:15:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we've just stumbled across
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a self-organizing system.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A self-organizing system is one
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a structure appears
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:15:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without explicit intervention from the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self-organizing systems also always show emergence,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that the system starts to do things,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which it was never designed for.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is why you react the way you do,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.00,0:16:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it looks impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I can make a guess now --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.00,0:16:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education is self-organizing system,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where learning is an emergent phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.00,0:16:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll take a few years to prove it, experimentally,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.00,0:16:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm going to try.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.00,0:16:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the meanwhile, there is a method available.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.00,0:16:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One billion children, we need 100 million mediators --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.00,0:16:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are many more than that on the planet --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.00,0:16:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 million SOLEs,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.00,0:16:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,180 billion dollars and 10 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.00,0:16:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could change everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:16:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.00,0:16:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)