[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.91,0:00:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you all know, robotics\Nand artificial intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.55,0:00:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are on their way to revolutionize\Nspace exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.76,0:00:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are only at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.07,0:00:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NASA will soon send this robot to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.75,0:00:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will not only move around\Nwhile reporting exceptional images to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.46,0:00:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is equipped \Nwith an articulating arm
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.68,0:00:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will allow us to explore\Nthe origins of life on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.98,0:00:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think and I will demonstrate to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.60,0:00:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that robotics can also revolutionize
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.54,0:00:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our approach to life \Non our planet this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.19,0:00:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially \Nin these animal populations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.55,0:00:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have studied\Nsince the start of the 1970s.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.18,0:00:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am talking about the King Penguin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.39,0:01:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the southern territories\Nin the Crozet Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.89,0:01:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we call "the French Galapagos"\Nand contains around 25 million seabirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.81,0:01:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the core of all studies -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.61,0:01:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular a study\Nleading us to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.94,0:01:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an anti-microbial molecule\Nin the stomach of penguins
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.70,0:01:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enables them to keep \Nfish intact for three weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.10,0:01:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at their own body\Ntemperature of 37 degrees ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.53,0:01:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever tried to keep fish at 37°C?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.89,0:01:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it becomes a terrible\Npoison after a few days.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.12,0:01:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... It enables them to preserve\Nfish for three weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.79,0:01:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to feed their hatching chicks \Nif their partner hasn't come back in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.90,0:01:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to talk to you\Nabout another approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.50,0:01:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through these identifications
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.72,0:01:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that consists of following the evolution\Nof their reproductive success and survival
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.76,0:01:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as indicators of climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.89,0:02:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do so obviously, we need a study\Nwith no experimental bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.50,0:02:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is impossible to know\Nif the technique used
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.01,0:02:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to follow them, identify them \Nand localize them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.63,0:02:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if this technique,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.35,0:02:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to the inconveniences brought\Nin the penguins' moves in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.85,0:02:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had any impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.09,0:02:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In any case, it lasted twenty years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.62,0:02:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one day. while reading a TV guide,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.37,0:02:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered the existence\Nof this new technique
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.09,0:02:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commonly used today for dogs and cats:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.98,0:02:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the small chip \Nthat goes under their skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.11,0:02:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps vets identify the animal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.71,0:02:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by placing an antenna \Na dozen centimetres away
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.43,0:02:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the problem, \Nthe limiting factor of this technique
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.85,0:02:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that identification is done\Nby using radio frequency
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.08,0:02:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since there is no battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.54,0:03:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this lack of battery is what makes \Nit possible to have a chip that small,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.03,0:03:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 0.8g for the one we use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.77,0:03:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So of course, we began
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.74,0:03:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by deploying those chips\Namong the penguins,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.51,0:03:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half of which were already\Nringed and the other half were not.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.28,0:03:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result was shocking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.08,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were at the beginning of the 1990s\Nwhen we started this work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.44,0:03:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we published it in 2011.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.38,0:03:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it took ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.54,0:03:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now how did we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.45,0:03:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We installed antennas\Nin the earth, at their crossing points.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.48,0:03:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first crossing lets us know
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.96,0:03:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the animal is coming back \Nfrom the sea or leaves it's colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.40,0:03:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chip being close to the earth\Nat level with their feet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.65,0:03:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely for it to be \Na short distance away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.64,0:04:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This way, we can follow thousands\Nof birds without disturbing them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.72,0:04:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except that we equipped a number\Nof them to study the impact of rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.33,0:04:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result of this shocking impact due to\Nthe hindrance of the rings when swimming
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.27,0:04:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that when they go away\Nfor 20 days, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.08,0:04:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they take on an extra ten days.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.10,0:04:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very alarming result
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.18,0:04:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it means that their reproductive\Nsuccess is lowered by 40%
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.73,0:04:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their survival by 16%.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.58,0:04:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why we did the cover\Nof Nature with commentaries ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.81,0:04:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see here the words\Nchosen by the editors:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.05,0:04:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Marked for life".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.81,0:04:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.91,0:04:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reproductive success that was\Nfollowed by numerous colleagues
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.10,0:04:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the whole world,\Nby all the teams including abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.34,0:04:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those results were clearly biased.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.98,0:05:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't use reproductive success\Nas an indicator of climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.87,0:05:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it is lowered by 40% in ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.09,0:05:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we do without\Nsince we are using chips instead
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.34,0:05:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, at the moment, we are following \N18,000 penguins of different species,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.88,0:05:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly lots of King Penguins,\Nwithout disturbing them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.66,0:05:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I wanted to go even further.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.33,0:05:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My ambition was to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.77,0:05:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how such a colony\Nof 20,000 couples is structured.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.06,0:05:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously it's out of the question to have\Na human walk in the colony on foot,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.45,0:05:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come close to each individual\Nto see if they have a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.43,0:05:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I had this idea -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.03,0:05:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which made some\Nof my colleagues smile who said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.57,0:05:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's just an early retiree's fad,\Nit will never work" -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.89,0:05:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of creating robots to identify them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.90,0:05:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to prove them whether or not\Napproaching the penguins with the robot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.66,0:06:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was likely to cause disturbance,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.18,0:06:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise it wasn't \Nworth doing it obviously .
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.74,0:06:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to do so, we used\Nthese kinds of watches
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.61,0:06:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used for jogging.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.62,0:06:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They measure your heart rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.95,0:06:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your heart rate is an\Nexcellent indicator of stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.89,0:06:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We compared the change\Nin their heart rates
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.13,0:06:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a human approaches them\Nand when a robot does so.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.19,0:06:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The approach lasts 30 seconds,\Nthen the human or the robot stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.66,0:06:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The increase in their heart rates\Nwith the robot was relatively low: 16%.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.96,0:06:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is exactly the value we see
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.05,0:06:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when penguins pass through\Nthe colony next to brooders,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.16,0:06:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a minimal disturbance
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.16,0:06:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they are defending \Ntheir territory, you will see that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.35,0:06:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as soon as the robot stops,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.81,0:06:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brooder's heart rate comes back down
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.98,0:07:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to its initial value, its initial\N"fluctuation" value we could say.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.91,0:07:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it is quite different\Nin the case of a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.04,0:07:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that their heart rate\Nincreases much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.32,0:07:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, it stays\Nat this very high value
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.83,0:07:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the entire time the human is there,\Neven when he stops moving.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.46,0:07:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you even have to wait for six\Nor seven minutes after he's left
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.75,0:07:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it to get back \Nto its initial fluctuation value.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.78,0:07:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is due to the fact that,\Nin contrast with the robot's presence,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.27,0:07:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human even perfectly still,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.64,0:07:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creates a reaction\Nof avoidance in all the penguins.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.53,0:07:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They retreat with their egg on their feet,\Nand that destrutures the colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.18,0:07:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's an enormous stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.75,0:07:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine in a colony of 20,000 couples,\Nwhat that could provoke.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.29,0:07:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) (Screams of penguins)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.91,0:07:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were able to start a study\Non this King penguin,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.12,0:08:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with, as you'll see,\Na robot that approaches them
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.12,0:08:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and causes individuals without eggs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.56,0:08:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so not defending\Ntheir territory to move apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.25,0:08:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, those who do have eggs -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.92,0:08:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see a curious little one\Nfollowing... (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.71,0:08:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as the robot progresses -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.81,0:08:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who have eggs\Ndefend their territory
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.64,0:08:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their beaks and fins.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.90,0:08:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this will help us -\Nand we are starting to do this -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.04,0:08:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to identify and localize them
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.69,0:08:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within centimetres, thanks\Nto an extremely advanced GPS,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.23,0:08:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to know how the animals\Nare distributed in the colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.98,0:08:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so how the colony is structured
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.79,0:08:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on their experience\Nand their age,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.03,0:08:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this will allow us\Nto understand for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.90,0:08:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how a colony operates.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.53,0:08:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will show you now
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.72,0:09:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when this robot \Nis equipped with a camera,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.58,0:09:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can easily see\Nthat they defend their territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.68,0:09:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The feeling of it going faster\Nalthough it is the same speed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.33,0:09:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because the camera is on the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.92,0:09:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, they use their beak -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.35,0:09:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what causes their heart rate \Nto increase by 16% -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.98,0:09:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attack the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.56,0:09:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, it was hard to get through,\Nso we just built another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.17,0:09:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took us a year because we're pushing \Nthe boundaries in miniaturization.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.23,0:09:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This new robot being a little smaller \Nwill be easier to move through.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.15,0:09:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's this robot park itself\Nnear the biologist who is driving it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.07,0:09:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's move on to the closest\Nparent of the King penguin
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.09,0:09:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is the Emperor penguin -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.19,0:09:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the star of the movie\Nin "March of the Penguins."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.51,0:10:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, it is the same colony\Nin Adelie Land where the film was shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.17,0:10:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There, I encountered a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.73,0:10:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.09,0:10:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the Emperor penguin -\Nas you may have seen in this movie -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.72,0:10:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't try to defend its territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.32,0:10:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an exception in the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.95,0:10:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most animals,\Nexcept some species
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.76,0:10:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which just happen\Nto live in cold regions,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.46,0:10:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show a behavior of territorial defense.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.35,0:10:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what happens\Nis that the Emperor penguins,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.16,0:10:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although a lot more powerful\Nthan the King penguin,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.64,0:10:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they notice the robot approaching,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.20,0:10:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they recoil because they don't have\Nthis territorial defense reflex.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.39,0:10:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do the same thing \Nas the Royal penguins you just saw
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.55,0:10:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the outskirts of the colony\Nwho moved away when the robot arrived
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.35,0:10:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but did it because\Nthey didn't have any eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.79,0:10:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why don't they defend their territory?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.69,0:11:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In winter, they huddle together.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.17,0:11:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what enables them\Nto fast for four months.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.20,0:11:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They halve their speed of emaciation\Nby huddling together.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.43,0:11:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thus - I created some suspense here -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.56,0:11:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you\Nthe solution we have adopted ...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.72,0:11:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Exclamations of surprise) (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.92,0:11:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... by concealing the small\Nrobot in a fake chick.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.86,0:11:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at the behavior\Nof the adult and the chick.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.68,0:11:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only do they let the robot come close,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.10,0:11:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their movements indicate\Nthat they are singing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.31,0:11:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to communicate with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.46,0:11:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this little chick\Ncan even be part ...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.32,0:11:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Exclamations)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.93,0:11:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... of a nursery of chicks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.22,0:11:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we wanted to go further.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.23,0:11:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a matter of fact,\Nin the coldest moments in Adelie Land
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.45,0:12:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some colonies, the temperature \Ncan go down to 50 °C below zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.92,0:12:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the robot to be autonomous\Nenough during that period,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.20,0:12:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd need batteries\Nthat are two times its size.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.51,0:12:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with a little chick, \Nwe can only hide a small-sized robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.51,0:12:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, the artificial\Nlittle chick can only be used
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.89,0:12:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when other little chicks are around.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.10,0:12:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.49,0:12:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I gave myself another challenge:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.81,0:12:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fabrication of a fake\Nadult Emperor penguin.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.43,0:12:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.98,0:12:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had proof that we can fool them, \Nyou're witnesses to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.08,0:12:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turned out to be a true\Ntechnological challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.30,0:12:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Making an upright robot\Nwasn't an option for us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.08,0:12:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it would fall over straight away -\Nwe have winds of 150 to 200 km/h.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea was to build\Na sliding penguin.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.59,0:12:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although you can't hear it,\Nthere is a sound ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.11,0:12:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Slight noise)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.57,0:13:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you go! Listen. It is the sound\Nof the robot sliding on the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.01,0:13:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We built a first prototype\Nwith a magnificent costume
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.25,0:13:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made by the best experts\Nin the movie industry -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.66,0:13:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here you can see the team\Nof young engineers around me -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.12,0:13:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a penguin equipped with crawlers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.41,0:13:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since we must move on ice,\Non the pack ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.11,0:13:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sent it to Adelie Land.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.76,0:13:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.35,0:13:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the results have been mixed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.79,0:13:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, as you can see,\Nit arouses curiosity, interest ...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.69,0:13:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.08,0:13:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,... from the unemployed penguins.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.58,0:13:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for the brooders,\Nthey are still suspicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.95,0:13:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have two possible explanations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.36,0:13:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This magnificent costume, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.33,0:13:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not reflect the image it should
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.71,0:13:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they see through\Nthe ultraviolet spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.09,0:13:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, the crawlers\Nmake too much noise.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.92,0:14:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For two years, we have been \Nconstructing a new robot
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.28,0:14:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will have real feathers -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.46,0:14:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we came back with intact corpses\Nfrom Adelie Land, found in the colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.79,0:14:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taxidermists from the museum\Nare currently preparing the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.74,0:14:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will have a real feathering
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.45,0:14:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will give a true image\Nin the ultraviolet spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.15,0:14:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will be able to move its fins.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.92,0:14:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It won't have crawlers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.27,0:14:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will slide on its hull,\Nas you can see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.30,0:14:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the noise of the sliding will mask \Nthe noise of the wheels that annoys them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.42,0:14:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will have a speaker because it\Nwill communicate with the real penguins.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.12,0:14:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, while we often oppose\Ntechnology and Nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.34,0:14:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we have an initiative\Nin which technological development
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.90,0:14:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will allow us to better understand Nature \Nin order to better protect it .
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.20,0:15:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are also in the interface\Nbetween ethics and science
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.78,0:15:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since it means developing\Nour scientific knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.52,0:15:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by reducing the disturbance to animals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.44,0:15:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, as you've seen, also reduces\Nthe risks of scientific bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.20,0:15:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.08,0:15:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)