1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,020
我觉得现在我们可以

2
00:00:01,030 --> 00:00:04,640
挑战更加更加复杂的例子了

3
00:00:04,660 --> 00:00:06,670
那么我们就随便画一个

4
00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:09,620
嗯… 我画条碳链

5
00:00:09,630 --> 00:00:14,660
画这样的好了

6
00:00:14,670 --> 00:00:17,420
就和以前那些例子一样

7
00:00:17,440 --> 00:00:18,890
首先找最长的碳链

8
00:00:18,910 --> 00:00:19,850
我们可以从这边开始数

9
00:00:19,870 --> 00:00:22,770
1、2、3……6、7、8个

10
00:00:22,790 --> 00:00:26,310
或者是1、2、3……6、7个

11
00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:26,940
错了

12
00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:29,540
或者是从这里开始1、2、3……

13
00:00:29,560 --> 00:00:32,260
6、7、8、9、10个

14
00:00:32,270 --> 00:00:34,090
这才是最长的链

15
00:00:34,130 --> 00:00:37,350
我把它涂成绿色好了

16
00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,880
所以最长的主链是绿色这条

17
00:00:40,890 --> 00:00:42,530
那这癸烷…

18
00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:46,250
抱歉 主链上有10个碳

19
00:00:46,260 --> 00:00:48,660
十就是“癸”

20
00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:52,110
而且它是个烷烃 全部是单键

21
00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:55,010
所以我们可以先写下骨架“癸烷”

22
00:00:55,030 --> 00:01:00,030
然后这里有个基团

23
00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:04,210
基团里有1、2 两个碳

24
00:01:04,220 --> 00:01:06,260
连着主链

25
00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:09,720
二就是“乙”

26
00:01:09,730 --> 00:01:11,410
所以这个叫“乙基”

27
00:01:11,430 --> 00:01:13,680
“基”表示它是

28
00:01:13,700 --> 00:01:16,020
一个连在主链上的基团

29
00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:20,170
所以这个叫“乙基癸烷”

30
00:01:20,180 --> 00:01:22,610
但我们必须要突出乙基的具体位置

31
00:01:22,620 --> 00:01:24,900
而且我们希望它的次位号尽量小

32
00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:28,290
所以从最近的一端开始编号

33
00:01:28,310 --> 00:01:32,970
就是1、2、3、4、5！

34
00:01:32,990 --> 00:01:36,240
所以这是5-乙基癸烷

35
00:01:36,250 --> 00:01:38,970
现在 我们把它弄复杂点吧

36
00:01:38,980 --> 00:01:41,470
我复制粘贴一下

37
00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:45,770
复制 粘贴

38
00:01:45,780 --> 00:01:48,080
放这儿好了

39
00:01:48,090 --> 00:01:50,920
我把这个分子弄复杂一点

40
00:01:50,940 --> 00:01:55,640
我再加一个乙基吧

41
00:01:55,650 --> 00:02:00,120
假设这里还有一个乙基

42
00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:01,410
好啦 这个叫什么？

43
00:02:01,420 --> 00:02:03,640
嗯 最长的链还是

44
00:02:03,650 --> 00:02:05,300
绿色那条

45
00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:09,900
所以还是“癸烷”

46
00:02:09,920 --> 00:02:11,660
但是现在我们有两个乙基

47
00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:12,870
一个连着5号碳

48
00:02:12,890 --> 00:02:14,430
1、2、3、4、5号

49
00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:18,640
然后一个连着6号碳

50
00:02:18,650 --> 00:02:20,200
所以应该写…

51
00:02:20,210 --> 00:02:21,280
你可能会想写出

52
00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:24,170
5-乙基-6-乙基癸烷

53
00:02:24,180 --> 00:02:25,260
这也不能说错

54
00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:27,420
但是这个名字比想象中

55
00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:28,200
长了点

56
00:02:28,220 --> 00:02:41,170
其实是 5,6-二乙基癸烷

57
00:02:41,180 --> 00:02:45,090
“5,6-”表示主链上

58
00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:46,780
连着乙基的两个碳

59
00:02:46,790 --> 00:02:49,620
然后“二”表示有两个乙烷

60
00:02:49,640 --> 00:02:52,030
乙基 错了 不是乙烷

61
00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:52,740
两个乙基

62
00:02:52,750 --> 00:02:56,350
一个在这里 另一个在这儿

63
00:02:56,360 --> 00:03:00,670
接下来 继续挑战更难的

64
00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:03,850
我们把它再弄复杂一点

65
00:03:03,860 --> 00:03:09,820
复制粘贴一个

66
00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:16,130
编辑 粘贴 搞定

67
00:03:16,140 --> 00:03:18,410
粘贴在…

68
00:03:18,430 --> 00:03:20,720
放下面一点好了

69
00:03:20,740 --> 00:03:22,700
还是这玩意儿

70
00:03:22,710 --> 00:03:26,150
不过我们再加一个基团吧

71
00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,230
假设是这个样子的…

72
00:03:29,250 --> 00:03:31,890
假设在5号碳上…

73
00:03:31,900 --> 00:03:33,570
在这里的6号碳上吧

74
00:03:33,580 --> 00:03:37,510
有一个长成这样的基团

75
00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:39,400
这个叫什么？

76
00:03:39,420 --> 00:03:41,050
现在 我们把它拆开来看

77
00:03:41,070 --> 00:03:42,590
骨架不变

78
00:03:42,610 --> 00:03:47,720
所以还是“癸烷”

79
00:03:47,740 --> 00:03:50,500
一步一步来

80
00:03:50,510 --> 00:03:53,450
我们知道这个是个乙基

81
00:03:53,460 --> 00:03:56,360
在5号碳上 所以是5-乙基

82
00:03:56,380 --> 00:03:59,400
这是另一个乙基 在6号碳上

83
00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:00,890
所以是6-乙基

84
00:04:00,900 --> 00:04:04,140
然后 这里有这个基团

85
00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:05,760
那么这个基团有几个碳呀？

86
00:04:05,770 --> 00:04:09,070
嗯 有1、2、3个碳

87
00:04:09,070 --> 00:04:10,980
有3个碳

88
00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,490
那我们就会想叫它“丙基”

89
00:04:13,510 --> 00:04:14,770
不过注意到

90
00:04:14,780 --> 00:04:16,160
主链连着一个碳

91
00:04:16,170 --> 00:04:17,970
后来分出两个分支

92
00:04:17,990 --> 00:04:19,830
其实是直接就分叉了

93
00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:23,680
那么我们可以叫这个“仲丙基”

94
00:04:23,700 --> 00:04:29,760
这个东西 我们既可以叫它“仲丙基”

95
00:04:29,780 --> 00:04:33,040
又或者因为它连着…

96
00:04:33,060 --> 00:04:35,040
主链直接连在分叉上了

97
00:04:35,060 --> 00:04:36,830
因为它是个丙基嘛

98
00:04:36,840 --> 00:04:38,970
主链和分叉直接相连

99
00:04:38,980 --> 00:04:40,180
因为只有3个碳

100
00:04:40,180 --> 00:04:43,410
只是解释一下

101
00:04:43,420 --> 00:04:46,630
这是“仲” 因为它连着两个碳

102
00:04:46,650 --> 00:04:48,950
不过大家一般不叫它“仲丙基”

103
00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:53,160
通常叫“异丙基”

104
00:04:53,170 --> 00:04:56,720
“异”表示的是这个形状

105
00:04:56,730 --> 00:05:00,370
如果有一个这样的基团

106
00:05:00,390 --> 00:05:02,520
它就叫 异丁基

107
00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,180
因为有1、2、3、4个碳

108
00:05:06,190 --> 00:05:07,520
而且连着这里

109
00:05:07,530 --> 00:05:09,960
这是主链和它连接的地方

110
00:05:09,980 --> 00:05:16,730
那么如果我有一个这样的基团

111
00:05:16,740 --> 00:05:19,260
它就叫 异戊基

112
00:05:19,270 --> 00:05:21,760
这有1、2、3、4、5个碳呢

113
00:05:21,770 --> 00:05:23,630
连接的地方远离分叉

114
00:05:23,650 --> 00:05:25,490
如果离分叉再近一步

115
00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:27,480
连接的就会是这样的东西

116
00:05:27,500 --> 00:05:29,260
就是我们一开始连的基团

117
00:05:29,280 --> 00:05:31,870
这叫 异丙基

118
00:05:31,880 --> 00:05:33,430
1、2、3个碳

119
00:05:33,450 --> 00:05:37,730
异丙基 异丁基 异戊基

120
00:05:37,750 --> 00:05:38,730
都是“异”

121
00:05:38,750 --> 00:05:40,300
“异” 就像是Y

122
00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:41,730
最好记成Y

123
00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:43,170
而且连着Y的底部

124
00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:45,100
丙基的时候 连的其实是个V

125
00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:46,480
不过你理解就好

126
00:05:46,490 --> 00:05:49,730
所以它的习惯命名是 异丙基

127
00:05:49,740 --> 00:05:52,860
如果我们想用系统命名

128
00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:55,880
可以从连着…

129
00:05:55,890 --> 00:05:57,140
我换个好看的颜色

130
00:05:57,160 --> 00:05:59,430
沿着主链连着的这个碳

131
00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:02,590
然后支链一共是两个碳

132
00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:03,900
既然是两个碳

133
00:06:03,910 --> 00:06:08,120
那么这就是 乙基

134
00:06:08,130 --> 00:06:11,660
然后你可以说 有一个甲基

135
00:06:11,670 --> 00:06:12,980
连着第一个碳

136
00:06:12,990 --> 00:06:19,840
所以它是 1-甲基乙基

137
00:06:19,850 --> 00:06:22,730
所以这个既可以叫异丙基

138
00:06:22,750 --> 00:06:25,470
也可以是 1-甲基乙基

139
00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:26,860
两个名字…

140
00:06:26,870 --> 00:06:28,410
我把这个括起来

141
00:06:28,420 --> 00:06:33,870
不管叫哪个名字 它都连在6号碳上

142
00:06:33,890 --> 00:06:35,850
所以前面是“6-”表示6号碳

143
00:06:35,870 --> 00:06:37,120
所以前面是“6-”表示6号碳

144
00:06:37,130 --> 00:06:41,210
这有一个 1-甲基乙基

145
00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:42,590
甲基连在

146
00:06:42,610 --> 00:06:43,880
乙基的第一个碳上

147
00:06:43,890 --> 00:06:46,150
甲基 连在

148
00:06:46,170 --> 00:06:47,910
乙基的第一个碳上

149
00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:53,000
或者我们可以叫它 6-异丙基

150
00:06:53,010 --> 00:06:54,950
因为连着6号碳

151
00:06:54,970 --> 00:06:58,060
好了 搞定这个以后 我们怎么…

152
00:06:58,080 --> 00:06:59,690
我们要来组合

153
00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:02,590
乙基和异丙基了

154
00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:03,970
这些都要写在

155
00:07:03,980 --> 00:07:05,850
“癸烷”前面

156
00:07:05,860 --> 00:07:07,200
我们怎么决定

157
00:07:07,220 --> 00:07:09,100
乙基和丙基 先写哪个？

158
00:07:09,110 --> 00:07:11,040
好啦 这里的规则就是看字母\N【译者注：有机物中英文的命名规则不同】

159
00:07:11,050 --> 00:07:14,060
前面的这些数字基团啊 没有影响

160
00:07:14,070 --> 00:07:15,690
只要比较丙基的P和乙基的E

161
00:07:15,700 --> 00:07:18,290
乙基的E在字母表的前面

162
00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:27,030
所以先写 5,6-二乙基

163
00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:28,000
尽管“二”的D…

164
00:07:28,010 --> 00:07:30,290
没有 D在E前面

165
00:07:30,310 --> 00:07:32,200
但是你不用管它

166
00:07:32,220 --> 00:07:33,410
要看E

167
00:07:33,420 --> 00:07:38,320
二乙基 然后是

168
00:07:38,330 --> 00:07:48,480
6-异丙基

169
00:07:48,490 --> 00:07:52,220
这是它的习惯命名：6-异丙基

170
00:07:52,230 --> 00:07:57,340
癸烷

171
00:07:57,350 --> 00:07:59,190
这是习惯命名

172
00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:00,780
如果我们要换成系统命名

173
00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:02,750
就把6-异丙基

174
00:08:02,770 --> 00:08:05,140
换成6-(1-甲基乙基)

175
00:08:05,150 --> 00:08:06,300
我写下来吧

176
00:08:06,310 --> 00:08:07,940
用复制好了

177
00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:13,790
粘贴

178
00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:16,600
把这个也复制过来

179
00:08:16,610 --> 00:08:19,520
粘贴

180
00:08:19,540 --> 00:08:21,070
就变成了

181
00:08:21,090 --> 00:08:24,410
5,6-二乙基-6-(1-甲基乙基)

182
00:08:24,420 --> 00:08:25,980
我知道大家看到这个头都晕了

183
00:08:25,990 --> 00:08:27,090
不过你把它拆开 就可以

184
00:08:27,100 --> 00:08:29,280
可以按名字画出结构式

185
00:08:29,300 --> 00:08:37,510
最后 结尾是 癸烷

186
00:08:37,530 --> 00:08:41,080
希望啊 这些例子没有难倒你

187
00:08:41,090 --> 00:08:43,520
希望啊 这些例子没有难倒你

188
00:08:43,530 --> 00:08:44,990
希望啊 这些例子没有难倒你

189
00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:46,410
命名法

190
00:08:46,420 --> 00:08:48,040
例题越多越好

191
00:08:48,050 --> 00:08:48,770
这真的很重要

192
00:08:48,790 --> 00:08:50,230
这样以后别人提到复杂的名字

193
00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:52,090
你不会一头雾水

194
00:08:52,110 --> 00:08:58,380
像5,6-二乙基-6-(1-甲基乙基)癸烷