[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.57,0:00:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chương trình được tài trợ bởi:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.51,0:00:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tài trợ phụ bởi
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.85,0:00:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lần trước chúng ta đã tranh luận
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.29,0:00:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,về trường hợp vụ Nữ hoàng kiện Dudley và Stephens
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.40,0:00:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vụ đắm tàu, vụ ăn thịt người trên biển
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.97,0:00:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và với những lập luận về
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.42,0:00:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vụ đắm tàu,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.37,0:00:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,những lập luận ủng hộ và chống lại những suy nghĩ của Dudley và Stephens,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.75,0:00:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hãy quay trở lại với
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.89,0:00:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vấn đề triết học
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.48,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,triết học vị lợi của Jeremy Bentham
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham sinh ra ở Anh năm 1748,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.13,0:01:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 tuổi ông vào học Oxford, 15 tuổi ông học trường luật.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.74,0:01:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ông được nhận vào đoàn luật sư năm 19 tuổi, \Nnhưng anh ta chưa bao giờ hành nghề luật sư,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.06,0:01:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thay vào đó, ông dâng trọn đời mình
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.47,0:01:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho Luật học và
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.92,0:01:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Triết học đạo đức.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.17,0:01:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lần trước chúng ta đã bắt đầu xem xét một phiên bản\Nvề thuyết vị lợi của Bentham
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.69,0:01:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ý tưởng chính
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.81,0:01:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đơn giản được phát biểu như thế này,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.87,0:01:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nguyên tắc tối cao của đạo đức,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.75,0:01:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho dù là đạo đức cá nhân hay đạo đức chính trị
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.91,0:01:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Đều là
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.26,0:01:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tối đa hóa
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.52,0:01:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phúc lợi chung
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.39,0:01:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hay hạnh phúc của tập thể,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.56,0:01:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hay sự cân bằng tổng thể giữa \Nniềm vui và nỗi thống khổ
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.07,0:01:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nói cách khác là
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.21,0:01:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tối đa hóa
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.21,0:01:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tính có ích
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.42,0:02:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham đưa ra nguyên tắc này bằng dòng lập luận rằng,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.75,0:02:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tất cả chúng ta đều bị chi phối bởi nỗi đau và niềm vui
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.15,0:02:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chúng là những bậc thầy tối cao của chúng ta, \Nvà do vậy bất kỳ hệ thống đạo đức nào cũng phải tính đến chúng.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.01,0:02:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tính như thế nào là tốt nhất?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.100,0:02:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bằng cách tối đa hóa
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.21,0:02:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và điều này dẫn đến nguyên tắc
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.74,0:02:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rằng lợi ích lớn nhất cho nhiều người nhất
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.45,0:02:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vậy chính xác chúng ta nên tối đã hóa tiện ích gì?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.03,0:02:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham nói với chúng ta
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.70,0:02:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đó là hạnh phúc
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.51,0:02:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hay chính xác hơn là tính có ích.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.73,0:02:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tính có ích.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.48,0:02:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tối đa hóa tiện ích là một nguyên tắc không chỉ cho cá nhân mà còn cho cộng đồng, và
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.24,0:02:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cả đối với các nhà lập pháp,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.57,0:02:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cuối cùng là cho cả mốt cuộc cộng đồng
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.75,0:02:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mà Bentham yêu cầu
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.36,0:02:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đó là tổng thể các cá nhân bao gồm trong đó,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.31,0:02:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và đó là lý do
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.78,0:02:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trong việc quyết định chính sách tốt nhất, trong việc quyết định luật lệ nên như thế nào,\Ntrong việc quyết định điều gì là công bằng,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.37,0:02:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,công dân và các nhà lập pháp nên hỏi chính bản thân họ \Ncâu hỏi, rằng nếu chúng ta cộng hết,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.03,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tất cả những lợi ích của chính sách này,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rồi trừ đi
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.29,0:03:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tất cả các chi phí,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.83,0:03:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,việc đúng nên làm
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.67,0:03:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,là cái mà
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.78,0:03:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tối đa hóa được
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.44,0:03:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sự cân bằng
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.70,0:03:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giữa hạnh phúc
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.02,0:03:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và đau khổ.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.87,0:03:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Đó là ý nghĩa của việc tối đa hóa tiện ích
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.04,0:03:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bây giờ, ngày hôm nay
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.99,0:03:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tôi muốn xem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.19,0:03:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liệu các bạn đồng ý hay không đồng ý với điều đó,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.15,0:03:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và suy luận vị lợi này thường diễn ra \Ndưới cái tên phân tích phí tổn - lợi ích
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.65,0:03:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thường xuyên được sử dụng bởi các công ty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.72,0:03:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và bởi
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.22,0:03:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chính phủ
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.98,0:03:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và nó luôn luôn l
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.73,0:03:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iên quan đến việc
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.24,0:03:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đặt một giá trị - thường là giá trị tiền bạc - để đại diện cho tính có lợi ích
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.79,0:03:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dựa trên chi phí và lợi ích
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.29,0:03:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,của nhiều đề xuất khác nhau.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.54,0:03:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mới gần đây, ở Cộng hòa Séc,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.88,0:04:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,có một đề xuất tăng thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt đối với thuốc lá
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.37,0:04:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philip Morris,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.09,0:04:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Một công ty thuốc lá,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.22,0:04:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doanh thu khổng lồ
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.78,0:04:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ở Cộng hòa Séc. Họ đã thực hiện
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.51,0:04:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,một nghiên cứu về phân tích lợi ích - chi phí
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.43,0:04:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Của việc hút thuốc lá
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.79,0:04:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ở Cộng hòa Séc.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.68,0:04:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và phân tích lợi ích chi phí của họ
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.90,0:04:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cho thấy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.83,0:04:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rằng
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.55,0:04:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chính phủ sẽ có lợi
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.66,0:04:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bằng việc
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.35,0:04:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,có công dân Séc hút thuốc lá.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.78,0:04:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bây giờ, hãy xem xem chính phủ đạt được lợi ích như thế nào?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.36,0:04:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Đúng là việc này có những tác động tiêu cực
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.19,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho tài chính công của chính phủ Séc
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bởi vì có sự gia tăng chi phí chăm sóc sức khỏe\Ncho những người mắc các bệnh liên quan
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.04,0:04:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đến hút thuốc
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.24,0:04:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mặc khác, những bệnh tật này lại tạo ra những tác động tích cực
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.37,0:04:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và tất cả
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.62,0:04:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đã được cộng dồn lại
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.10,0:04:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ở phái bên kia sổ cái
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.38,0:05:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,những tác động tích cực bao gồm, chủ yếu là \Ncác nguồn thu thuế khác nhau mà chính phủ
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.96,0:05:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thu được từ doanh số bán các sản phẩm thuốc lá, \Nnhưng còn gồm cả khoản tiết kiệm được
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.24,0:05:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,từ chi phí chăm sóc sức khỏe chính phủ không phải chi trả\Nkhi người ta chết sớm
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.53,0:05:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiết kiệm lương hưu, \Nbạn không phải trả lương hưu trong thời gian dài, và cả tiết kiệm được
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.34,0:05:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiết kiệm
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.89,0:05:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chi phí nhà ở cho người già.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.68,0:05:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và khi tất cả các chi phí và lợi ích được cộng dồn lại
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.54,0:05:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nghiên cứu của Philip Morris
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.97,0:05:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho thấy rằng
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.87,0:05:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tài chính công ở Cộng hòa Séc có một khoản thu ròng
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.61,0:05:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,147 triệu đô la và còn tiết kiệm được
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.45,0:05:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và tiết kiệm được
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.12,0:05:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chi phí nhà ở, chăm sóc sức khỏe và lương hưu.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.48,0:05:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chính phủ được hưởng khoản tiết kiệm hơn 1.200 đô la
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.57,0:05:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,khi mỗi người chết sớm vì hút thuốc.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.57,0:05:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phân tích chi phí - lợi ích,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.74,0:06:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ngay bây giờ, trong số những bạn ủng hộ thuyết vị lợi \Ncó thể nghĩ rằng đây là một cuộc kiểm tra không công bằng.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.73,0:06:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,khảo nghiệm của Philip Morris
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.39,0:06:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đã bị báo chí chỉ trích\Nvà họ đã phải xin lỗi vì phép tính
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.13,0:06:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vô nhân đạo này
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.99,0:06:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bạn có thể nói rằng
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.32,0:06:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,điều thiếu sót ở đây là thứ mà \Nthuyết vị lợi có thể dễ dàng kết nối lại với nhau
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.12,0:06:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chủ yếu là
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.34,0:06:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giá trị đối với con người và gia đình của những người đã qua đời
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.43,0:06:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vì ung thư phổi.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.60,0:06:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thế còn giá trị của mạng sống thì sao?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.19,0:06:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Một số phân tích lợi ích - chi phí kết hợp
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.10,0:06:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cả thước đo
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.56,0:06:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giá trị cuộc sống.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.81,0:06:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Một trong những vụ nổi tiếng nhất trong số đó\Nliên quan đến vụ xe Ford Pinto
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.33,0:06:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Các bạn đã đọc về vụ đó không? Trở lại vào những năm 1970, chắc các bạn vẫn nhớ
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.01,0:06:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mẫu xe Ford Pinto, đó là một loại xe hơi?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.21,0:06:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Có ai còn nhớ không?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.03,0:06:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đó là một mẫu xe nhỏ, xe ô tô nhỏ, rất phổ biến
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.88,0:06:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nhưng có một vấn đề
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.06,0:07:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,là bình xăng nằm phía sau xe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.96,0:07:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và thực tế trong những vụ va chạm từ phía sau, bình xăng đã phát nổ
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.96,0:07:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và, một số người đã thiệt mạng,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.21,0:07:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,một số người bị thương nặng.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.35,0:07:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nạn nhân của những vụ tai nạn này đã kiện hãng Ford ra tòa,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.100,0:07:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và trong phiên tòa, hóa ra
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.67,0:07:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ford đã biết
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.03,0:07:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,từ rất lâu trước đó
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.25,0:07:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,về bình xăng dễ bị nổ
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.72,0:07:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và đã thực hiện phân tích lợi ích - chi phí\Nđể xác định liệu có đáng
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.60,0:07:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,để đặt một tấm chắn đặc biệt
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.30,0:07:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,để bảo vệ bình xăng và ngăn nó phát nổ không.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.49,0:07:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Họ đã làm một phân tích lợi ích - chi phí
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.98,0:07:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chi phí cho mỗi phần
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.32,0:07:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,để tăng độ an toàn
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.24,0:07:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,của chiếc Pinto,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.30,0:07:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,họ đã tính toán ra tầm 11 đô la cho mỗi bộ phận
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.69,0:07:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và đây,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.19,0:08:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đây là phân tích - lợi ích chi phí
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.61,0:08:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,được đưa ra ở phiên xét xử,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.09,0:08:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mỗi bộ phận 11 đô la
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.96,0:08:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho 12,5 triệu chiếc xe hơi và xe tải
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.100,0:08:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nên tổng chi phí
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.37,0:08:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,là 137 triệu đô la để cải thiện sự an toàn
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.37,0:08:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nhưng sau đó họ đã tính toán
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.79,0:08:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lợi ích
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.14,0:08:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,của việc tiêu tất cả số tiền này để có một mẫu xe an toàn hơn
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.30,0:08:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và họ đếm được 180 người chết
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.80,0:08:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và quy ra giá trị bằng tiền
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.75,0:08:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 nghìn đô la
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.45,0:08:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho mỗi người chết,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.49,0:08:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,180 người bị thương
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.25,0:08:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nhận 67 nghìn đô la,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.49,0:08:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và tiếp đó là chi phí sửa chữa,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.91,0:08:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thay thế cho 2000 chiếc xe bị phá hủy nếu không có
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.29,0:08:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thiết bị an toàn.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.03,0:08:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,700 đô la mỗi xe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.06,0:08:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Như vậy, hóa ra những lợi ích
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.39,0:08:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chỉ khoảng 49,5 triệu.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.93,0:08:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thế nên họ đã
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.27,0:08:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,không lắp đặt
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.33,0:08:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thiết bị an toàn.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.14,0:08:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Không cần phải nói
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.84,0:09:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,khi bản ghi nhớ
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.16,0:09:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,về phân tích lợi ích-chi phí của Công ty Ford Motor\Nđược đưa ra trong buổi xét xử
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.16,0:09:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nó khiến bồi thẩm viên kinh hoàng.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.25,0:09:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và họ đã yêu cầu một khoản phạt khổng lồ
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.95,0:09:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liệu đây có phải là một ví dụ đi ngược lại \Nvới ý tưởng vị lợi khi tính toán
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.81,0:09:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vì Ford đã đưa vào phép tính
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thước đo giá trị của mạng sống?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.32,0:09:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bây giờ, bạn nào ở đây muốn bảo vệ
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.77,0:09:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phân tích lợi - ích chi phí
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.24,0:09:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Từ ví dụ phản đề rõ ràng này,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.32,0:09:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,có ai muốn biện hộ không?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.72,0:09:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hay bạn nghĩ nó đã hoàn toàn phá hủy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.59,0:09:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phép tính tính vị lợi?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.41,0:09:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vâng. Tôi nghĩ rằng,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.76,0:09:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,một lần nữa họ lại mắc cùng một sai lầm như ở ví dụ trước \Nkhi họ đã gán một giá trị bằng tiền
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.21,0:09:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cho sinh mạng con người và một lần nữa họ không tính đến những thứ như
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.57,0:10:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đau khổ và mất mát về tình cảm gia đình.\NÝ tôi là những gia đình đã bị mất đi nguồn sống
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.58,0:10:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nhưng họ cũng mất đi người thân và điều đó
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.98,0:10:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,còn đáng giá hơn 200 nghìn đô la.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.82,0:10:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tốt, nhưng chờ đã nào, bạn tên gì?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.17,0:10:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julie Roto.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.48,0:10:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vậy nếu là 200 nghìn đô la, Julie,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.40,0:10:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Là một con số quá thấp vì chưa bao gồm sự mất mát của một người thân,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.66,0:10:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và sự mất mát của những năm tháng cuộc đời,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.66,0:10:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vậy bạn nghĩ con số nào,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.98,0:10:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bạn nghĩ con số bao nhiêu sẽ chính xác hơn?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.29,0:10:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tôi không tin là mình có thể đưa ra một con số. \NTôi nghĩ rằng kiểu phân tích này không nên áp dụng cho
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.43,0:10:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,những vấn đề về sinh mạng con người.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.56,0:10:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tôi nghĩ rằng không thể dung tiền đối với vấn đề này.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.20,0:10:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vậy họ không chỉ đưa ra một con số quá thấp
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.27,0:10:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julie nói rằng, họ đã sai khi cố gắng áp đặt bất kỳ một con số nào.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.51,0:10:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,được rồi, hãy nghe một ý kiến khác. Ai nào?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.54,0:10:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Phải tính thêm cả điều chỉnh do lạm phát nữa
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.70,0:10:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,được rồi,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.13,0:11:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thế là công bằng.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.05,0:11:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vậy bây giờ con số sẽ là bao nhiêu?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.66,0:11:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Đấy là 35 năm trước
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.64,0:11:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hai triệu đô la.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.33,0:11:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bạn đưa ra con số hai triệu đô la.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.03,0:11:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và bạn tên gì?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.08,0:11:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Voicheck
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.41,0:11:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Voicheck nói rằng chúng ta phải tính thêm cả lạm phát,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.33,0:11:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chúng ta nên hào phóng hơn
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.64,0:11:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nếu vậy các bạn có hài lòng xem \Nđây là cách nghĩ đúng cho câu hỏi này không?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.17,0:11:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thật không may, tôi đoán là.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.31,0:11:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cần phải
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.59,0:11:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,đặt ra một con số ở đâu đó
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.98,0:11:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tôi không chắc sẽ là số nào nhưng tôi đồng ý rằng có thể
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.33,0:11:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gán cho mạng người
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.49,0:11:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,một con số.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.06,0:11:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Được rồi,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.44,0:11:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,như vậy Voicheck nói,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.42,0:11:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và ở đây cậu ấy không đồng ý với
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.28,0:11:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julie
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.65,0:11:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julie nói rằng chúng ta không thể gán cho mạng người một con số,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.75,0:11:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,để phân tích lợi ích - chi phí, \NVoicheck nói rằng chúng ta phải làm như vậy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.67,0:11:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bởi vì bằng cách này hay cách khác, chúng ta phải quyết định
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.87,0:12:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,những bạn khác nghĩ sao về điều này? \NCó ai sẵn sàng để biện hộ rằng
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.75,0:12:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phân tích lợi ích - chi phí ở đây
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.27,0:12:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Là chính xác và thỏa đáng không?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.81,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tôi nghĩ rằng, nếu Ford và các công ty xe hơi khác không sử dụng phân tích lợi ích - chi phí \Nthì cuối cùng họ sẽ bị phá sản
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vì họ sẽ chẳng thể có lợi nhuận
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.95,0:12:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và hàng triệu người sẽ không có ô tô của hãng này để đi làm,\Nđể có thức ăn trên bàn
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.14,0:12:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,để nuôi con cái của họ, vì vậy tôi nghĩ rằng nếu\Nphân tích lợi ích - chi phí không được sử dụng,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.94,0:12:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thì một lợi ích lớn hơn
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.70,0:12:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sẽ mất đi
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.87,0:12:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trong trường hợp đó. Được rồi, cho tôi hỏi, bạn tên gì?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.81,0:12:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raul. Raul.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.60,0:12:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gần đây đã có một nghiên cứu được thực hiện về việc \Nsử dụng điện thoại di động của tài xế khi đang lái
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.76,0:12:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,một chiếc ô tô,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.09,0:12:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và có một cuộc tranh luận liệu việc đó có nên\Nbị cấm hay không
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.08,0:12:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,và
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.66,0:12:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,con số là,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.69,0:12:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,khoảng hai nghìn người chết
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.99,0:12:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vì tai nạn
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.28,0:12:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mỗi năm,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.24,0:13:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,khi sử dụng điện thoại di động
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.12,0:13:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Và phân tích lợi ích - chi phí\Nđược thực hiện bởi trung tâm phân tích rủi ro ở Harvard
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.86,0:13:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found that if you look at the benefits
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.52,0:13:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the cell phone use
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.56,0:13:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you put some
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.09,0:13:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,value on the life, it comes out about\Nthe same
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.05,0:13:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the enormous economic benefit\Nof enabling people to take advantage
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.29,0:13:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their time, not waste time, be able to make deals\Nand talk to friends and so on
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.37,0:13:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they're driving
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.37,0:13:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't that suggest that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.06,0:13:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a mistake to try to put monetary figures\Non questions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.62,0:13:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human life?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.59,0:13:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well I think that if
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.33,0:13:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great majority of people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.78,0:13:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to derive maximum utility out of a service\Nlike using cell phones and the convenience that cell phones
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.57,0:13:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provide
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.99,0:13:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sacrifice is necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.40,0:13:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.16,0:13:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,satisfaction to occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.23,0:13:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're an outright utilitarian. In, yes okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.20,0:14:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all right then, one last question Raul
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.82,0:14:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I put this to Voicheck,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.81,0:14:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what dollar figure should be put
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.83,0:14:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on human life to decide whether to ban the\Nuse of cell phones
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.87,0:14:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well I don't want to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.64,0:14:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arbitrarily
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.20,0:14:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calculate a figure, I mean right now
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.14,0:14:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.35,0:14:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want to take it under advisement.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.61,0:14:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah I'll take it under advisement.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.79,0:14:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what roughly speaking would it be? you've\Ngot 23 hundred deaths
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.69,0:14:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got to assign a dollar value to know\Nwhether you want to prevent those deaths by
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.40,0:14:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,banning the use of cell phones in cars
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.07,0:14:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what would you're hunch be?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.90,0:14:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.35,0:14:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,million
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.80,0:14:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two million
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.28,0:14:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two million was Voitech's figure
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.41,0:14:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that about right? maybe a million.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.12,0:14:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million.?!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.50,0:14:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright that's good, thank you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.11,0:15:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are some of the controversies that arise\Nthese days from cost-benefit analysis especially
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.44,0:15:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those that involve
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.86,0:15:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,placing a dollar value on everything to be\Nadded up.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.77,0:15:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well now I want to turn
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.84,0:15:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to your objections, to your objections not necessarily\Nto cost benefit analysis specifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.11,0:15:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's just one version of the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.40,0:15:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utilitarian logic in practice today,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.96,0:15:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to the theory as a whole, to the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.83,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the right thing to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.00,0:15:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the just basis for policy and law,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.71,0:15:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to maximize
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.56,0:15:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utility.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.75,0:15:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many disagree
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.59,0:15:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the utilitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.36,0:15:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approach
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.33,0:15:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to law
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.39,0:15:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the common good?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.48,0:15:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many bring with it?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.23,0:15:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so more agree than disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.20,0:15:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's hear from the critics
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.56,0:16:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my main issue with it is that I feel like
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.21,0:16:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't say that just because someone's\Nin the minority
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.28,0:16:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they want and need is less valuable than\Nsomeone who's in the majority
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.65,0:16:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I guess I have an issue with the idea that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.19,0:16:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest good for the greatest number
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.10,0:16:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is okay because
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.07,0:16:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is still what about people who are in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.04,0:16:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lesser number, like it's not fair to them\Nthey didn't have a say in where they wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.72,0:16:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.84,0:16:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alright now that's an interesting objection, you're\Nworried about
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.88,0:16:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the effect on minority. yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.46,0:16:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's your name by the way. Anna.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.94,0:16:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alright who has an answer to Anna's worry about\Nthe effect on the minority
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.82,0:16:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you say to Anna?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.69,0:16:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she said that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.54,0:16:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the minorities value less, I don't think that's\Nthe case because individually the minorities
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.49,0:16:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,value is just the same as the individual in the majority\Nit's just that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.34,0:16:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers outweigh the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.52,0:16:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minority
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.67,0:16:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I mean at a certain point you have to make a\Ndecision
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.92,0:17:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm sorry for the minority but
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.51,0:17:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.64,0:17:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's for the general
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.67,0:17:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the greater good. For the greater good, Anna what do you\Nsay? what's your name? Youngda.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.84,0:17:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you say to Youngda?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.84,0:17:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Youngda says you just have to add up people's\Npreferences
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.59,0:17:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those in the minority do have their preferences\Nweighed.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.70,0:17:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can you give an example of the kind of thing\Nyou're worried about when you say you're worried
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.00,0:17:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about utilitarianism violating
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.88,0:17:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the concern or respect due the minority?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.97,0:17:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can you give an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.73,0:17:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so well with any of the cases that we've talked\Nabout, like with the shipwreck one,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.18,0:17:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.45,0:17:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boy who was eaten
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.70,0:17:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still had
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.98,0:17:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as much of a right to live as the other people\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.56,0:17:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.71,0:17:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.12,0:17:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minority in that case the one who
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.61,0:17:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe had less of a chance to keep living
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.46,0:17:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't mean
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.87,0:17:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the others automatically have a right\Nto eat him
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.45,0:17:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.68,0:18:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would give a greater amount of people
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.85,0:18:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chance to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.29,0:18:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there may be a certain rights
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.74,0:18:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the minority
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.85,0:18:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members have that the individual has that\Nshouldn't be traded off
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.55,0:18:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the sake of
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.40,0:18:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utility?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.52,0:18:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes Anna?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.21,0:18:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this would be a test for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.99,0:18:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in ancient Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.55,0:18:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they threw Christians to the lions in the\Ncoliseum for sport
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.51,0:18:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think how the utilitarian calculus\Nwould go
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.89,0:18:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes, the Christian thrown to the lion suffers enormous\Nexcruciating pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.77,0:18:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look at the collective ecstasy of the Romans.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.46,0:18:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Youngda. Well
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.58,0:18:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that time
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.89,0:18:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.92,0:19:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the modern-day of time to value the, um, to given \Na number to the happiness given to the people watching
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.71,0:19:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.90,0:19:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.30,0:19:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,policy maker would say
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.49,0:19:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pain of one person, the suffering of one person is\Nmuch much,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.39,0:19:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in comparison to the happiness gained
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.68,0:19:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no but you have to admit that if there were\Nenough Romans delirious with happiness,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.46,0:19:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would outweigh even the most excruciating\Npain of a handful of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.22,0:19:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christians thrown to the lion.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.60,0:19:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we really have here two different objections\Nto utilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.57,0:19:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one has to do
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.03,0:19:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whether utilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.85,0:19:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adequately respects
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.56,0:19:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual rights
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.74,0:19:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or minority rights
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.50,0:19:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other has to do
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.15,0:19:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the whole idea
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.94,0:19:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of aggregating
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.98,0:19:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utility
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.90,0:19:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for preferences
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.61,0:19:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or values
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.07,0:19:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it possible to aggregate all values
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.47,0:19:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translate them
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.05,0:20:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into dollar terms?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.36,0:20:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.48,0:20:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 1930's
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.00,0:20:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a psychologist
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.19,0:20:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who tried
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.84,0:20:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.37,0:20:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second question. He tried to prove
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.85,0:20:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what utilitarianism assumes,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.53,0:20:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is possible
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.04,0:20:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translate
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.23,0:20:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all goods, all values, all human concerns
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.31,0:20:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a single uniform measure
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.91,0:20:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he did this
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.23,0:20:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by conducting a survey
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.66,0:20:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the young recipients of relief, this was\Nin the 1930's
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.61,0:20:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he asked them, he gave them a list of\Nunpleasant experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.00,0:20:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he asked them how much would you have to\Nbe paid to undergo
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.36,0:20:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the following experiences and he kept track
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.90,0:20:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.04,0:20:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much would you have to be paid to have\None upper front tooth pulled out
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.24,0:21:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how much would you have to be paid to have one little\None tow cut off?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.03,0:21:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or eat a live earth worm, six inches long
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.65,0:21:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to live the rest of your life on a farm in\NKansas
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.43,0:21:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to choke a stray cat to death with your bare hands
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.48,0:21:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now what do you suppose
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.14,0:21:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you suppose was the most expensive\Nitem on that list
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.90,0:21:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kansas?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.75,0:21:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're right it was Kansas
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.84,0:21:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a Kansas
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.06,0:21:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people said they'd have to pay them
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.62,0:21:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to be paid three hundred\Nthousand dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.34,0:21:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you think
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.80,0:22:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you think was the next most expensive?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.14,0:22:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the cat
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.01,0:22:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the tooth
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.19,0:22:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the toe
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.25,0:22:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worm!
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.58,0:22:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people said you'd have to pay them a hundred\Nthousand dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.60,0:22:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to eat the worm
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.42,0:22:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you think was the least expensive\Nitem?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.01,0:22:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the cat
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.01,0:22:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tooth
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.30,0:22:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the depression people were willing\Nto have their tooth pulled
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.99,0:22:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for only forty five hundred dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.60,0:22:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.02,0:22:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's what Thorndike
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.01,0:22:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concluded from his study
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.46,0:22:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any want or satisfaction which exists, exists
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.65,0:22:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some amount and is therefore measurable
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.60,0:22:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the life of a dog
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.95,0:22:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a cat
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.01,0:22:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a chicken consists
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.43,0:23:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of appetites
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.98,0:23:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cravings
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.88,0:23:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desires and their gratifications
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.29,0:23:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so does the life
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.75,0:23:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.94,0:23:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though the appetites and desires
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.41,0:23:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.45,0:23:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what about
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.33,0:23:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thorndike's study?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.99,0:23:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it support
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.87,0:23:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham's idea
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.21,0:23:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.13,0:23:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goods all values can be captured according\Nto a single uniform measure of value
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.39,0:23:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or does the preposterous character of those\Ndifferent items on the list
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.29,0:23:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggest the opposite conclusion
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.22,0:23:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may be whether we're talking about life
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.29,0:23:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Kansas
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.12,0:23:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the worm
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.18,0:23:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.44,0:23:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the things we value
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.81,0:23:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cherish
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.40,0:23:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't be captured
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.35,0:23:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to a single uniform measure of value
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.28,0:23:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they can't
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.13,0:23:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the consequences
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.91,0:24:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the utilitarian theory
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.74,0:24:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of morality
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.18,0:24:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a question we'll continue with next\Ntime
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.18,0:24:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alright now let's take the other
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.53,0:24:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of the poll
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.68,0:24:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.31,0:24:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the highest
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.47,0:24:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience or pleasure?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.41,0:24:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many say
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.66,0:24:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.72,0:24:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many say fear Factor
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.12,0:24:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no you can't be serious
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.76,0:24:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.16,0:24:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,last time
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.53,0:24:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,last time we began to consider some objections
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.51,0:24:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Jeremy Bentham's version
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.57,0:25:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of utilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.79,0:25:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people raised two objections in the discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.95,0:25:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.38,0:25:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.60,0:25:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the objection, the claim
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.71,0:25:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that utilitarianism,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.76,0:25:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by concerning itself
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.97,0:25:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the greatest good for the greatest number
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.11,0:25:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fails adequately to respect
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.12,0:25:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.48,0:25:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today we have debates
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.88,0:25:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about torture
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.99,0:25:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and terrorism
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.61,0:25:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppose
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.14,0:25:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a suspected terrorists was apprehended\Non September tenth
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.35,0:25:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you had reason to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.19,0:25:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the suspect
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.49,0:25:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had crucial information about an impending\Nterrorist attack that would kill over three thousand
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.23,0:25:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.20,0:25:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you couldn't extract the information
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.69,0:25:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would it be just
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.67,0:25:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to torture
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.44,0:26:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the suspect
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.07,0:26:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the information
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.06,0:26:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.55,0:26:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you say no
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.77,0:26:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a categorical moral duty of \Nrespect for individual rights
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.55,0:26:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way we're back to the questions we started\Nwith t
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.90,0:26:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about trolley cars and organ transplants so that's\Nthe first issue
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.91,0:26:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you remember we considered some examples of\Ncost-benefit analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.25,0:26:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a lot of people were unhappy with cost-benefit\Nanalysis
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.87,0:26:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it came to placing a dollar value on\Nhuman life
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.97,0:26:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that led us to the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.29,0:26:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second objection,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.50,0:26:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it questioned whether it's possible to translate\Nall values
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.81,0:26:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a single uniform measure of value
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.88,0:26:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it asks in other words whether all values\Nare commensurable
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.58,0:27:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me give you one other
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.08,0:27:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.30,0:27:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an experience, this actually is a true\Nstory, it comes from personal experience
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.24,0:27:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that raises a question at least about whether\Nall values can be translated without
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.90,0:27:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loss
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.06,0:27:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into utilitarian terms
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.16,0:27:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.39,0:27:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was a graduate student I was at Oxford\Nin England and they had menâs and women's
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.08,0:27:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colleges they weren't yet mixed
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.80,0:27:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the women's colleges had rules
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.43,0:27:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.59,0:27:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overnight male guests
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.47,0:27:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the nineteen seventies these
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.08,0:27:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rules were rarely enforced and easily violated,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.03,0:27:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or so I was told,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.60,0:27:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the late nineteen seventies when I was there,\Npressure grew to relax these rules and it became
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.55,0:28:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subject of debate among the faculty at St. Anne's College
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.10,0:28:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was one of these all women colleges
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.84,0:28:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the older women on the faculty
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.63,0:28:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're traditionalists they were opposed to\Nchange
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.72,0:28:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on conventional moral grounds
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.82,0:28:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but times had changed
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.32,0:28:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were embarrassed
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.11,0:28:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give the true grounds of their objection
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.00,0:28:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the translated their arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.81,0:28:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into utilitarian terms
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.12,0:28:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if men stay overnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.42,0:28:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they argued, the costs to the college will increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.68,0:28:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you might wonder
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.49,0:28:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well they'll want to take baths, and that\Nwill use up hot water they said
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.43,0:28:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,furthermore they argued
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.78,0:28:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll have to replace the mattresses more often
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.78,0:28:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reformers
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.38,0:28:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,met these arguments by adopting the following\Ncompromise
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.25,0:28:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each woman
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.28,0:29:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could have a maximum of three overnight male\Nguest each week
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.16,0:29:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't say whether it had to be the same\None, or three different
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.94,0:29:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provided
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.80,0:29:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the compromise provided
Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.24,0:29:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the guest
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.40,0:29:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paid fifty pence to defray the cost to the college
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.34,0:29:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next day
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.18,0:29:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the national headline in the national newspaper\Nread St. Anne's girls, fifty pence a night
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.50,0:29:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.04,0:29:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illustration
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.73,0:29:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the difficulty of translating
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.73,0:29:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all values
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.15,0:29:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case a certain idea of virtue
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.93,0:29:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into utilitarian terms
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.20,0:29:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that's all to illustrate
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.98,0:29:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second objection
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.83,0:29:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to utilitarianism, at least the\Npart of that objection
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.68,0:29:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that questions rather
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.78,0:29:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the utilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.62,0:29:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is right to assume
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.81,0:30:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.67,0:30:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assume the uniformity of
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.42,0:30:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,value, the commensurability of values\Nand translate all moral considerations
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.23,0:30:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.74,0:30:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.28,0:30:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or money.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.22,0:30:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a second
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.51,0:30:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aspect to this worry about aggregating values\Nand preferences
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.69,0:30:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why should we
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.99,0:30:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weigh
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.12,0:30:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all preferences
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.26,0:30:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people have
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.39,0:30:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without assessing whether they're good preferences\Nor bad preferences
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.65,0:30:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shouldn't we distinguish
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.12,0:30:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.01,0:30:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.59,0:30:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.26,0:30:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lower pleasures.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.76,0:30:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, part of the appeal of
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.25,0:30:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not making any qualitative distinctions about\Nthe worth of people's preferences, part of the
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.38,0:30:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appeal
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.82,0:30:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it is non-judgmental and egalitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.25,0:30:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Benthamite utilitarian says
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.11,0:31:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody's preferences count
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.20,0:31:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they count regardless of what people want
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.89,0:31:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of what makes it different people
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.58,0:31:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happy. For Bentham,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.53,0:31:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all that matters
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.25,0:31:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll remember
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.96,0:31:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the intensity and the duration
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.01,0:31:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a pleasure or pain
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.27,0:31:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the so-called higher pleasures or nobler\Nvirtues are simply those, according to Bentham
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.04,0:31:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that produce
Dialogue: 0,0:31:25.42,0:31:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stronger,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.42,0:31:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,longer, pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.38,0:31:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet a famous phrase to express this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.79,0:31:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantity of pleasure being equal
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.77,0:31:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushpin
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.06,0:31:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is as good as poetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.52,0:31:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was pushpin?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.79,0:31:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was some kind of a child's game like to tidily winks\Npushpin is as good as poetry
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.93,0:31:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham said
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.85,0:31:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lying behind this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.51,0:31:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.51,0:31:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the claim
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.78,0:31:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the intuition
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.09,0:31:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's a presumption
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.87,0:31:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to judge
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.95,0:31:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.98,0:32:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are intrinsically higher
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.67,0:32:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or worthier or better
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.85,0:32:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is something attractive in this
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.01,0:32:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refusal to judge, after all some people like
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.77,0:32:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozart, others
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.79,0:32:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Madonna
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.52,0:32:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some people like ballet
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.09,0:32:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,others
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.39,0:32:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bowling,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.36,0:32:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's to say
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.44,0:32:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Benthamite might argue, who's to say which \Nof these pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.14,0:32:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.26,0:32:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are higher
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.46,0:32:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worthier
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.35,0:32:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobler
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.50,0:32:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than others?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.57,0:32:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, is that right?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.98,0:32:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this refusal to make qualitative distinctions
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.31,0:32:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.18,0:32:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,altogether dispense with the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.17,0:32:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that certain things we take pleasure in are
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.01,0:32:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better or worthier
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.66,0:32:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than others
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.89,0:32:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think back to the case of the Romans in the coliseum,\None thing that troubled people about that
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.64,0:32:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practice
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.96,0:33:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it seemed to violate the rights
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.17,0:33:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Christian
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.49,0:33:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another way of objecting to what's going\Non there
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.25,0:33:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the pleasure that the Romans\Ntake
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.72,0:33:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this bloody spectacle
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.48,0:33:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should that pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.85,0:33:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a base,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.50,0:33:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of corrupt
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.13,0:33:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,degrading pleasure, should that even
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.73,0:33:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be valorized or weighed in deciding what\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.96,0:33:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the general welfare is?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.77,0:33:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so here are the objections to Bentham's\Nutilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.76,0:33:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we turn to someone who tried to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.80,0:33:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respond to those objections,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.89,0:33:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a later day utilitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.82,0:33:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Stuart Mill
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.12,0:33:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what we need to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.78,0:33:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,examine now
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.51,0:33:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is whether John Stuart Mill had a convincing\Nreply
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.81,0:34:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these objections to utilitarianism.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.09,0:34:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Stuart Mill
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.75,0:34:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was born in 1806
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.76,0:34:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his father James Mill
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.37,0:34:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a disciple of Benthamâs
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.08,0:34:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and James Mills set about giving his son
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.39,0:34:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Stuart Mill a model education
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.33,0:34:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was a child prodigy
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.43,0:34:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Stuart Mill
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.57,0:34:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the knew Latin, sorry, Greek at the age of three, \NLatin at eight
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.86,0:34:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at age ten
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.14,0:34:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wrote a history of Roman law.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.66,0:34:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At age twenty
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.65,0:34:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had a nervous breakdown
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.13,0:34:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this left him in a depression for five years
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.55,0:34:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at age twenty five what helped lift him\Nout of this depression
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.80,0:34:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he met Harriet Taylor
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.95,0:34:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she in no doubt married him, they lived happily ever after
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.66,0:34:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was under her
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.85,0:34:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.66,0:34:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the John Stuart Mill try to humanize
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.86,0:35:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.72,0:35:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what Mill tried to do was to see
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.28,0:35:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the utilitarian calculus could be
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.71,0:35:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enlarged
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.03,0:35:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and modified
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.20,0:35:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accommodate
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.76,0:35:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanitarian concerns
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.43,0:35:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the concern to respect individual rights
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.39,0:35:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also to address the distinction between\Nhigher and lower
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.60,0:35:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasures.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.44,0:35:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1859 Mill wrote a famous book\Non liberty
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.37,0:35:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main point of which was the importance\Nof defending individual rights and minority
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.40,0:35:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rights
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.38,0:35:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 1861
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.33,0:35:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toward the end of his life
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.34,0:35:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wrote the book we read is part of this course
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.13,0:35:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Utilitarianism.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.10,0:35:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes it clear
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.60,0:35:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that utility is the only standard of morality
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.74,0:35:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his view
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.77,0:35:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he's not challenging
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.55,0:35:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham's premise,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.95,0:35:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's affirming it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.28,0:35:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he says very explicitly the sole evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.83,0:36:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is possible to produce that anything is\Ndesirable is that people actually do
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.66,0:36:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desire it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.93,0:36:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he stays with the idea that our de facto\Nactual empirical desires are the only
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.68,0:36:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basis
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.98,0:36:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for moral judgment.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.62,0:36:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.55,0:36:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,page eight
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.98,0:36:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also in chapter two, he argues that it is possible\Nfor a utilitarian to distinguish
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.88,0:36:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher from lower
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.32,0:36:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasures.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.97,0:36:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, those of you who've read
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.52,0:36:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mill already
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.08,0:36:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.33,0:36:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to him is it possible to draw that\Ndistinction?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.56,0:36:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can a utilitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.08,0:36:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distinguish qualitatively higher pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.82,0:36:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.54,0:36:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lesser ones, base ones, unworthy ones?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.86,0:36:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you tried both of them
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.52,0:36:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll prefer the higher one naturally\Nalways
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.31,0:36:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's great, that's right. What's your name? John.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.82,0:37:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as John points out
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.76,0:37:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mill says here's the test,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.02,0:37:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since we can't step outside
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.87,0:37:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actual desires, actual preferences
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.49,0:37:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.65,0:37:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,violate utilitarian premises,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.67,0:37:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only test
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.82,0:37:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whether
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.60,0:37:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pleasure is higher
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.77,0:37:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or lower is whether someone who has experienced\Nboth
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.47,0:37:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would prefer it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.11,0:37:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.37,0:37:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in chapter two
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.26,0:37:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see the passage
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.90,0:37:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Mill makes the point that John just described
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.20,0:37:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of two pleasures, if there be one to which all\Nare almost all who have experience
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.68,0:37:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both give a decided preference,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.22,0:37:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to\Nprefer it, in other words no outside, no independent
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.86,0:37:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standard,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.39,0:37:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that is the more desirable pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.53,0:37:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do people think about that argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.83,0:38:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does that
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.55,0:38:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it succeeded?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.49,0:38:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many think that it does succeed?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.38,0:38:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of arguing within utilitarian terms for a\Ndistinction between higher and lower pleasures.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.49,0:38:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many
Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.39,0:38:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think it doesn't succeed?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.79,0:38:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to hear your reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.83,0:38:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.25,0:38:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we give the reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.85,0:38:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's do an experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.33,0:38:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Mills'
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.72,0:38:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.57,0:38:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to do this experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.20,0:38:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to look that three
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.86,0:38:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,short excerpts
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.56,0:38:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of popular entertainment
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.89,0:38:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first one is a Hamlet soliloquy
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.17,0:38:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll be followed by two other
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.94,0:38:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.42,0:38:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see what you think.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.26,0:39:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'what a piece of work is a man
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.25,0:39:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how noble in reason
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.51,0:39:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how infinite in faculties
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.58,0:39:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in form and moving, how express and admirable
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.44,0:39:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in action how like an angel. In apprehension, how like a god
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.95,0:39:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beauty of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.43,0:39:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the paragon of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.35,0:39:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, to me
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.26,0:39:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is this quintessence of dust?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.69,0:39:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man delights not me.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.31,0:39:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a world where your greatest fears become reality
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.75,0:39:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each show, six contestants from around the country battle\Neach other in three
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.61,0:39:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extreme stunts. these stunts are designed to challenge \Nthese contestants both physically and mentally
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.42,0:40:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six contestants, three stunts, one winner.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.29,0:40:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fear factor.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.45,0:40:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Simpsons. Well hi diddly-o peddle to the metal o-philes! \NFlanders- since when do you like anything cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.92,0:40:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I don't care for the speed, but I can't get enough of that \Nsafety gear
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.24,0:40:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helmets, roll bars, caution flags. I like the fresh\Nair
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.73,0:40:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looking at the poor people in the infield.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.50,0:40:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dang Cletus, why you got to park by my parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.32,0:40:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now hunny, it's my parents too.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.76,0:41:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't even have to ask which one you like\Nmost
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.63,0:41:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Simpsons? How many like the Simpson's most?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.11,0:41:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many Shakespeare?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.14,0:41:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about fear factor?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:12.71,0:41:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many preferred fear factor?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.96,0:41:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.37,0:41:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people overwhelmingly
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.08,0:41:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Simpsons
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.77,0:41:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.23,0:41:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than Shakespeare. alright, now let's take the other
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.60,0:41:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of the poll
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.75,0:41:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.80,0:41:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highest
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.53,0:41:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience or pleasure?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.41,0:41:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many say
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.73,0:41:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.79,0:41:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many say
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.96,0:41:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fear factor?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.19,0:41:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no you can't be serious
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.07,0:42:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.04,0:42:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alright go ahead you can say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.71,0:42:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found that one
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.44,0:42:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most entertaining
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.71,0:42:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know but which do you think was the worthiest, \Nthe noblest experience, I know you find it
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.43,0:42:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most anything
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.92,0:42:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if something is good just because it is pleasurable\Nwhat is the matter if you have some kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.92,0:42:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstract
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.21,0:42:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,idea of whether it is good by someone else's\Nsense or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.73,0:42:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright so you come down on the straight Benthamite's side
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.04,0:42:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose to judge
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.43,0:42:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why should we judge
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.28,0:42:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apart from just registering and aggregating\Nde facto preferences, alright fair enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.88,0:42:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's your name?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.35,0:42:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nate? okay fair enough
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.33,0:42:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright so
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.22,0:42:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many think that the Simpson's is actually
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.92,0:42:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apart from liking is actually the higher experience
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.26,0:42:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher than Shakespeare.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.42,0:42:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright let's see the vote for Shakespeare again
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.31,0:42:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many think Shakespeare is higher?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.87,0:42:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alright so
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.87,0:42:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is it
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.54,0:42:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideally I'd like to hear from someone is there\Nsomeone
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.100,0:43:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think Shakespeare is highest
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.11,0:43:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but who preferred
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.99,0:43:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.06,0:43:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Simpsons
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.74,0:43:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like I guess just sitting and watching the Simpsons, it's entertaining\Nbecause the make jokes, they make us laugh but
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.16,0:43:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone has to tell us that Shakespeare was this great writer\Nwe had to be taught how to read him, how to
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.84,0:43:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand him, we had to be taught how to
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.63,0:43:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take in Rembrandt, how to analyze a painting.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.15,0:43:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well how do, what's your name? Aneesha.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.86,0:43:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aneesha, when you say someone
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.84,0:43:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told you that Shakespeare's better
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.26,0:43:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are you accepting it on blind faith you voted that\NShakespeare's higher only because the culture
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.30,0:43:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you that our teachers tell you that\Nor do you
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.53,0:43:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually agree with that yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.05,0:43:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well in the sense that Shakespeare, no, but earlier you made
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.32,0:43:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an example of Rembrandt
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.74,0:43:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel like I would enjoy a reading a comic book\Nmore than I would enjoy a kind of analyzing
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.48,0:43:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rembrandt because someone told me it was\Ngreat, you know. Right so of some this seems
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.35,0:44:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be, you're suggesting a kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.70,0:44:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cultural convention and pressure. We're told
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.32,0:44:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what books, what works of art are great. who else?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.31,0:44:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although I enjoyed watching the Simpsons more\Nin this particular moment in Justice,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.64,0:44:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I were to spend the rest of my life\Nconsidering
Dialogue: 0,0:44:23.05,0:44:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the three different
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.37,0:44:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,video clips shown
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.87,0:44:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would not want to spend
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.12,0:44:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that remainder of my life considering
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.87,0:44:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the latter two clips.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.80,0:44:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I would derive more pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.65,0:44:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from being able to
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.31,0:44:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,branch out in my own mind
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.27,0:44:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of
Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.49,0:44:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering more deep pleasures, more\Ndeep thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.87,0:44:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell me your name
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.63,0:44:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joe.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.63,0:44:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joe, so if you had to spend the rest of your life\Non
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.56,0:44:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a farm in Kansas with only
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.41,0:44:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only Shakespeare
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.49,0:45:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the collected episodes of the Simpsons
Dialogue: 0,0:45:02.08,0:45:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would prefer
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.12,0:45:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.60,0:45:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you conclude from that
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.85,0:45:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about John Stuart Mill's test
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.15,0:45:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the test of a higher pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.08,0:45:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is whether
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.36,0:45:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who have experienced
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.37,0:45:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both prefer it.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.51,0:45:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can I cite another example briefly?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.88,0:45:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in biology
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.13,0:45:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in neuro biology last year we were told of a rat who was\Ntested
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.77,0:45:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particular center in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.21,0:45:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the rat was able to stimulate its\Nbrain and cause itself intense pleasure repeatedly
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.88,0:45:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rat did not eat or drink until it died
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.37,0:45:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the rat was clearly experiencing intense\Npleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.18,0:45:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now if you asked me right now if I'd rather\Nexperience intense pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.27,0:45:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or have
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.14,0:45:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a full lifetime of higher pleasure, I would consider\Nintense pleasure to be lower pleasure, right
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.69,0:45:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now enjoy intense pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.80,0:46:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes I would
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.97,0:46:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but over a lifetime I think
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.16,0:46:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would think
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.36,0:46:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost a complete majority here would agree
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.90,0:46:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they would rather be a human\Nwith higher pleasure that rat
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.63,0:46:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with intense pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.27,0:46:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a momentary period of time
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.93,0:46:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so now
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.87,0:46:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in answer to your question, right, I think
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.96,0:46:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this proves that, or I won't say proves
Dialogue: 0,0:46:21.35,0:46:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the conclusion
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.100,0:46:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that Mill's theory that when a majority people are\Nasked
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.65,0:46:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they would rather do,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.44,0:46:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will answer
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.12,0:46:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they would rather
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.69,0:46:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engage in a higher pleasure. So you think that this\Nsupports Mills, that Mills was on to something here
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.50,0:46:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:40.74,0:46:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all right is there anyone
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.63,0:46:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who disagrees with Joe who thinks that\Nour experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.84,0:46:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disproves
Dialogue: 0,0:46:48.58,0:46:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mills'
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.96,0:46:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,test
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.10,0:46:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows that that's not an adequate way
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.24,0:46:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can't distinguish higher pleasures within\Nthe utilitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.69,0:47:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,framework.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.88,0:47:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If whatever is good is truly just whatever\Npeople prefer it's truly relative and there's
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.51,0:47:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no objective definition then
Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.52,0:47:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be some society where people prefer\NSimpsons
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.89,0:47:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.85,0:47:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone can appreciate the Simpsons, but I think\Nit does take education to appreciate Shakespeare
Dialogue: 0,0:47:21.38,0:47:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, you're saying it takes education to appreciate\Nhigher
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.66,0:47:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,true thing
Dialogue: 0,0:47:27.32,0:47:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mill's point is
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.72,0:47:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the higher pleasures do require
Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.89,0:47:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cultivation and appreciation and education
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.09,0:47:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he doesn't dispute that
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.80,0:47:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but
Dialogue: 0,0:47:38.65,0:47:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once having been cultivated
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.66,0:47:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and educated
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.03,0:47:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people will see
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.51,0:47:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only see the difference between higher\Nlower
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.27,0:47:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.01,0:47:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will it actually
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.54,0:47:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prefer
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.77,0:47:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.97,0:47:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the lower.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.85,0:47:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find this famous passage from John Stuart\NMill-
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.52,0:48:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is better
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.81,0:48:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a human being dissatisfied
Dialogue: 0,0:48:03.87,0:48:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then a pig satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.11,0:48:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better to the Socrates dissatisfied than\Na fool satisfied
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.54,0:48:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the fool
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.23,0:48:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the pig
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.44,0:48:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are of a different opinion
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.54,0:48:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is because they only know
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.21,0:48:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their side of the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:20.70,0:48:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so here you have
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.34,0:48:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an attempt
Dialogue: 0,0:48:23.16,0:48:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.61,0:48:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher from lower
Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.20,0:48:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.72,0:48:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so going to an art museum or being a couch\Npotato, swilling beer watching television
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.17,0:48:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at home
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.49,0:48:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes Mill agrees we might succumb
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.95,0:48:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the temptation
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.84,0:48:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do the latter,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.84,0:48:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be couch potatoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.31,0:48:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even when we do that
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.78,0:48:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of indolence
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.61,0:48:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sloth,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:50.68,0:48:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.20,0:48:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pleasure we get
Dialogue: 0,0:48:54.03,0:48:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gazing at Rembrandts
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.67,0:48:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the museum
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.99,0:49:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually higher,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.22,0:49:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we've experienced both.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.19,0:49:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And is a higher pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.70,0:49:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gazing at Rembrandts
Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.94,0:49:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of engages our higher human faculties
Dialogue: 0,0:49:11.50,0:49:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what about Mill's attempt
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.85,0:49:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reply to the objection about individual rights?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.89,0:49:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a way he uses the same
Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.86,0:49:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of argument
Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.32,0:49:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this comes out in chapter five
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.86,0:49:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he says while I dispute the pretensions of any\Ntheory which sets up an imaginary standard
Dialogue: 0,0:49:33.37,0:49:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of justice
Dialogue: 0,0:49:34.89,0:49:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not grounded on utility,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:39.72,0:49:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still
Dialogue: 0,0:49:41.39,0:49:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he considers
Dialogue: 0,0:49:43.43,0:49:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,justice
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.60,0:49:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grounded on utility to be what he calls the\Nchief part
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.55,0:49:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and incomparably the most sacred and binding\Npart
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.68,0:49:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all morality.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.60,0:49:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so justice is higher
Dialogue: 0,0:49:57.25,0:50:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual rights are privileged
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.05,0:50:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not for
Dialogue: 0,0:50:01.90,0:50:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reasons that depart from utilitarian assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.31,0:50:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Justice is a name
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.77,0:50:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for certain moral requirements
Dialogue: 0,0:50:09.07,0:50:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, regarded collectively
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.22,0:50:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stand higher in the scale of social utility
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.52,0:50:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are therefore
Dialogue: 0,0:50:17.11,0:50:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of more
Dialogue: 0,0:50:19.21,0:50:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paramount obligation
Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.68,0:50:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any others
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.20,0:50:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so justice is sacred, it's prior, it's privileged,\Nit isn't something that can easily be traded
Dialogue: 0,0:50:28.92,0:50:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off against lesser things
Dialogue: 0,0:50:30.89,0:50:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the reason
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.24,0:50:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is ultimately
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.62,0:50:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mills Claims
Dialogue: 0,0:50:35.80,0:50:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a utilitarian reason
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.93,0:50:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once you consider
Dialogue: 0,0:50:39.24,0:50:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the long run interests
Dialogue: 0,0:50:41.20,0:50:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of humankind,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:43.54,0:50:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:44.67,0:50:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as progressive
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.33,0:50:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.70,0:50:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we do justice and if we respect rights
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.28,0:50:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,society as a whole
Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.61,0:50:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be better off in the long run.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:55.95,0:50:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well is that convincing?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.100,0:50:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or
Dialogue: 0,0:50:59.16,0:51:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Mill actually, without admitting it, stepping\Noutside
Dialogue: 0,0:51:04.55,0:51:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utilitarian considerations
Dialogue: 0,0:51:06.22,0:51:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in arguing
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.79,0:51:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for qualitatively higher
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.13,0:51:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.79,0:51:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for sacred
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.48,0:51:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or specially important
Dialogue: 0,0:51:16.95,0:51:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual rights?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.48,0:51:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we haven't fully answered that question
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.72,0:51:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because to answer that question
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.81,0:51:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the case of rights and justice
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.26,0:51:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will require that we explore
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.87,0:51:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.42,0:51:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non utilitarian ways
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.37,0:51:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of accounting for the basis
Dialogue: 0,0:51:35.03,0:51:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or rights
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.48,0:51:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then asking
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.27,0:51:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.41,0:51:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as for Jeremy Bentham,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.95,0:51:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who launched
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.97,0:51:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utilitarianism
Dialogue: 0,0:51:46.10,0:51:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a doctrine
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.42,0:51:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in moral and legal philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.98,0:51:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham died in 1832 at the\Nage of eighty five
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.82,0:51:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you go to London you can visit him\Ntoday
Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.51,0:51:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.73,0:52:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he provided in his will
Dialogue: 0,0:52:01.44,0:52:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his body be preserved,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:03.39,0:52:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embalmed and displayed
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.49,0:52:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the university of London
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.74,0:52:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he still presides in a glass case
Dialogue: 0,0:52:11.07,0:52:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a wax head
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.95,0:52:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dressed in his actual clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:14.99,0:52:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see before he died,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:17.05,0:52:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bentham addressed himself to a question consistent\Nwith his philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.34,0:52:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what use
Dialogue: 0,0:52:23.50,0:52:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could a dead man be to the living
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.84,0:52:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one use, he said, would be to make one's corpse\Navailable
Dialogue: 0,0:52:30.50,0:52:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the study of anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.52,0:52:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the case of great philosophers, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.13,0:52:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better yet
Dialogue: 0,0:52:38.16,0:52:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to preserve one's physical presence in order\Nto inspire future generations of thinkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.92,0:52:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want to see what Bentham looks like stuffed?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:47.62,0:52:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what he looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.41,0:52:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There he is
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.55,0:52:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, if you look closely
Dialogue: 0,0:52:55.46,0:52:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll notice
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.46,0:52:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that
Dialogue: 0,0:52:58.53,0:53:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the embalming up his actual had was not a\Nsuccess so they substituted a waxed head
Dialogue: 0,0:53:06.91,0:53:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the bottom for verisimilitude
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.01,0:53:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can actually see his actual had
Dialogue: 0,0:53:13.39,0:53:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a plate
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.53,0:53:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see it?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.81,0:53:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right there
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.60,0:53:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, what's the moral of the story?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:25.71,0:53:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the moral of the story
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.50,0:53:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the way they bring him out during meetings\Nof the board at university college London
Dialogue: 0,0:53:33.70,0:53:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the minutes record him as present but\Nnot voting.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:40.66,0:53:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here is a philosopher
Dialogue: 0,0:53:42.54,0:53:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in life and in death
Dialogue: 0,0:53:45.11,0:53:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who adhered
Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.77,0:53:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the principles
Dialogue: 0,0:53:48.40,0:53:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his philosophy. we'll continue with rights next time.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:57.44,0:54:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't miss the chance to interact online with other viewers of Justice
Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.81,0:54:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,join the conversation, take a pop quiz,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.37,0:54:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watch lectures you've missed, and a lot more. Visit Justiceharvard.org
Dialogue: 0,0:54:07.80,0:54:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the right thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:49.74,0:54:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funding for this program is provided by
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.79,0:54:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,additional funding provided by