WEBVTT

00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:01.855
In terms of invention,

00:00:01.880 --> 00:00:04.738
I'd like to tell you the tale
of one of my favorite projects.

00:00:04.762 --> 00:00:08.055
I think it's one of the most exciting
that I'm working on,

00:00:08.080 --> 00:00:09.800
but I think it's also the simplest.

NOTE Paragraph

00:00:10.160 --> 00:00:14.616
It's a project that has the potential
to make a huge impact around the world.

00:00:14.640 --> 00:00:18.056
It addresses one of the biggest
health issues on the planet,

00:00:18.080 --> 00:00:21.092
the number one cause of death
in children under five.

00:00:21.640 --> 00:00:22.840
Which is ...?

00:00:23.680 --> 00:00:26.760
Water-borne diseases?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?

00:00:27.200 --> 00:00:28.400
No.

00:00:28.880 --> 00:00:32.496
It's breathing the smoke
from indoor cooking fires --

00:00:32.520 --> 00:00:35.280
acute respiratory infections
caused by this.

00:00:36.040 --> 00:00:37.240
Can you believe that?

NOTE Paragraph

00:00:37.880 --> 00:00:41.136
I find this shocking
and somewhat appalling.

00:00:41.160 --> 00:00:43.776
Can't we make
cleaner burning cooking fuels?

00:00:43.800 --> 00:00:45.736
Can't we make better stoves?

00:00:45.760 --> 00:00:49.776
How is it that this can lead
to over two million deaths every year?

00:00:49.800 --> 00:00:54.136
I know Bill Joy was talking to you
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,

00:00:54.160 --> 00:00:57.976
so I'm going to talk to you
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,

00:00:58.000 --> 00:00:59.216
which is charcoal.

NOTE Paragraph

00:00:59.240 --> 00:01:01.216
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:01:01.240 --> 00:01:03.416
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.

00:01:03.440 --> 00:01:06.736
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.

00:01:06.760 --> 00:01:09.856
You'll see scenes like this
all over the island.

00:01:09.880 --> 00:01:12.656
It leads to all sorts
of environmental problems

00:01:12.680 --> 00:01:16.936
and problems that affect people
throughout the nation.

00:01:16.960 --> 00:01:19.016
A couple years ago
there was severe flooding

00:01:19.040 --> 00:01:20.660
that led to thousands of deaths --

00:01:20.684 --> 00:01:22.616
that's directly attributable to the fact

00:01:22.640 --> 00:01:25.616
that there are no trees on the hills
to stabilize the soil.

00:01:25.640 --> 00:01:26.896
So the rains come --

00:01:26.920 --> 00:01:29.360
they go down the rivers
and the flooding happens.

NOTE Paragraph

00:01:30.440 --> 00:01:33.896
Now one of the reasons
why there are so few trees is this:

00:01:33.920 --> 00:01:35.296
people need to cook,

00:01:35.320 --> 00:01:39.416
and they harvest wood
and they make charcoal in order to do it.

00:01:39.440 --> 00:01:42.345
It's not that people are ignorant
to the environmental damage.

00:01:42.369 --> 00:01:44.989
They know perfectly well,
but they have no other choice.

00:01:45.013 --> 00:01:47.016
Fossil fuels are not available,

00:01:47.040 --> 00:01:51.936
and solar energy doesn't cook the way
that they like their food prepared.

00:01:51.960 --> 00:01:54.096
And so this is what they do.

00:01:54.120 --> 00:01:58.296
You'll find families like this who go out
into the forest to find a tree,

00:01:58.320 --> 00:02:01.200
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.

00:02:02.440 --> 00:02:03.656
So not surprisingly,

00:02:03.680 --> 00:02:08.479
there's a lot of effort that's been done
to look at alternative cooking fuels.

NOTE Paragraph

00:02:09.360 --> 00:02:12.416
About four years ago, I took
a team of students down to Haiti

00:02:12.440 --> 00:02:14.856
and we worked with
Peace Corps volunteers there.

00:02:14.880 --> 00:02:16.296
This is one such volunteer

00:02:16.320 --> 00:02:19.936
and this is a device that he had built
in the village where he worked.

00:02:19.960 --> 00:02:22.616
And the idea was
that you could take waste paper;

00:02:22.640 --> 00:02:23.856
you could compress it

00:02:23.880 --> 00:02:26.536
and make briquettes
that could be used for fuel.

00:02:26.560 --> 00:02:28.576
But this device was very slow.

00:02:28.600 --> 00:02:31.696
So our engineering students
went to work on it

00:02:31.720 --> 00:02:33.816
and with some very simple changes,

00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:36.896
they were able to triple
the throughput of this device.

00:02:36.920 --> 00:02:39.456
So you could imagine
they were very excited about it.

00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:43.280
And they took the briquettes back to MIT
so that they could test them.

00:02:44.000 --> 00:02:48.256
And one of the things
that they found was they didn't burn.

00:02:48.280 --> 00:02:51.056
So it was a little
discouraging to the students.

NOTE Paragraph

00:02:51.080 --> 00:02:52.616
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:02:52.640 --> 00:02:55.016
And in fact, if you look closely,

00:02:55.040 --> 00:02:57.640
right here you can see
it says, "US Peace Corps."

00:02:58.640 --> 00:03:02.456
As it turns out, there actually wasn't
any waste paper in this village.

00:03:02.480 --> 00:03:05.696
And while it was a good use
of government paperwork

00:03:05.720 --> 00:03:08.625
for this volunteer to bring it
back with him to his village,

00:03:08.649 --> 00:03:10.736
it was 800 kilometers away.

00:03:10.760 --> 00:03:13.656
And so we thought perhaps
there might be a better way

00:03:13.680 --> 00:03:15.880
to come up with
an alternative cooking fuel.

NOTE Paragraph

00:03:16.640 --> 00:03:18.896
What we wanted to do
is we wanted to make a fuel

00:03:18.920 --> 00:03:22.256
that used something that was
readily available on the local level.

00:03:22.280 --> 00:03:24.056
You see these all over Haiti as well.

00:03:24.080 --> 00:03:25.816
They're small-scale sugar mills.

00:03:25.840 --> 00:03:27.336
And the waste product from them

00:03:27.360 --> 00:03:29.776
after you extract the juice
from the sugarcane

00:03:29.800 --> 00:03:31.336
is called "bagasse."

00:03:31.360 --> 00:03:32.576
It has no other use.

00:03:32.600 --> 00:03:35.896
It has no nutritional value,
so they don't feed it to the animals.

00:03:35.920 --> 00:03:39.960
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill
until eventually they burn it.

00:03:41.040 --> 00:03:43.336
What we wanted to do was
we wanted to find a way

00:03:43.360 --> 00:03:46.336
to harness this waste resource
and turn it into a fuel

00:03:46.360 --> 00:03:49.336
that would be something
that people could easily cook with,

00:03:49.360 --> 00:03:50.600
something like charcoal.

00:03:51.600 --> 00:03:53.216
So over the next couple of years,

00:03:53.240 --> 00:03:56.896
students and I worked
to develop a process.

NOTE Paragraph

00:03:56.920 --> 00:04:00.736
So you start with the bagasse,
and then you take a very simple kiln

00:04:00.760 --> 00:04:03.936
that you can make out of
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.

00:04:03.960 --> 00:04:06.256
After some time, after setting it on fire,

00:04:06.280 --> 00:04:10.256
you seal it to restrict the oxygen
that goes into the kiln,

00:04:10.280 --> 00:04:13.280
and then you end up
with this carbonized material here.

00:04:14.080 --> 00:04:15.656
However, you can't burn this.

00:04:15.680 --> 00:04:20.375
It's too fine and it burns too quickly
to be useful for cooking.

00:04:20.399 --> 00:04:24.656
So we had to try to find a way
to form it into useful briquettes.

00:04:24.680 --> 00:04:28.096
And conveniently,
one of my students was from Ghana,

00:04:28.120 --> 00:04:31.454
and he remembered a dish his mom
used to make for him called "kokonte,"

00:04:31.478 --> 00:04:34.936
which is a very sticky porridge
made out of the cassava root.

00:04:34.960 --> 00:04:36.536
And so what we did was we looked,

00:04:36.560 --> 00:04:39.656
and we found that cassava
is indeed grown in Haiti,

00:04:39.680 --> 00:04:41.816
under the name of "manioc."

00:04:41.840 --> 00:04:43.793
In fact, it's grown all over the world --

00:04:43.817 --> 00:04:46.896
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava,
it's all the same thing --

00:04:46.920 --> 00:04:49.016
a very starchy root vegetable.

00:04:49.040 --> 00:04:52.256
And you can make a very thick,
sticky porridge out of it,

00:04:52.280 --> 00:04:56.416
which you can use to bind together
the charcoal briquettes.

00:04:56.440 --> 00:04:59.616
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.

00:04:59.640 --> 00:05:02.296
These are the graduates
of the first Ecole de Charbon,

00:05:02.320 --> 00:05:04.016
or Charcoal Institute.

00:05:04.040 --> 00:05:05.256
And these --

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:05.280 --> 00:05:06.496
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:06.520 --> 00:05:12.496
That's right. So I'm actually
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.

00:05:12.520 --> 00:05:14.600
And these are the briquettes that we made.

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:16.040 --> 00:05:18.440
Now I'm going to take you
to a different continent.

00:05:19.320 --> 00:05:20.536
This is India

00:05:20.560 --> 00:05:23.776
and this is the most commonly used
cooking fuel in India.

00:05:23.800 --> 00:05:25.176
It's cow dung.

00:05:25.200 --> 00:05:29.376
And more than in Haiti,
this produces really smoky fires,

00:05:29.400 --> 00:05:31.856
and this is where you see
the health impacts

00:05:31.880 --> 00:05:35.960
of cooking with cow dung
and biomass as a fuel.

00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:38.816
Kids and women
are especially affected by it,

00:05:38.840 --> 00:05:41.976
because they're the ones
who are around the cooking fires.

NOTE Paragraph

00:05:42.000 --> 00:05:43.216
So we wanted to see

00:05:43.240 --> 00:05:46.736
if we could introduce
this charcoal-making technology there.

00:05:46.760 --> 00:05:49.176
Well, unfortunately,
they didn't have sugarcane

00:05:49.200 --> 00:05:50.581
and they didn't have cassava,

00:05:50.605 --> 00:05:51.805
but that didn't stop us.

00:05:52.400 --> 00:05:56.216
What we did was we found what were
the locally available sources of biomass.

00:05:56.240 --> 00:05:59.616
And there was wheat straw
and there was rice straw in this area.

00:05:59.640 --> 00:06:03.256
And what we could use as a binder
was actually small amounts of cow manure,

00:06:03.280 --> 00:06:05.520
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.

00:06:06.960 --> 00:06:09.136
And we did side-by-side tests,

00:06:09.160 --> 00:06:11.736
and here you can see
the charcoal briquettes

00:06:11.760 --> 00:06:12.976
and here the cow dung.

00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:16.256
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner
burning of a cooking fuel.

00:06:16.280 --> 00:06:18.856
And in fact, it heats the water
a lot more quickly.

00:06:18.880 --> 00:06:21.176
And so we were very happy, thus far.

00:06:21.200 --> 00:06:22.896
But one of the things that we found

00:06:22.920 --> 00:06:25.736
was when we did side-by-side
comparisons with wood charcoal,

00:06:25.760 --> 00:06:27.376
it didn't burn as long.

00:06:27.400 --> 00:06:29.305
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit

00:06:29.329 --> 00:06:32.496
and we lost energy as they fell apart
as they were cooking.

00:06:32.520 --> 00:06:35.736
So we wanted to try to find a way
to make a stronger briquette

00:06:35.760 --> 00:06:39.360
so that we could compete with
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.

NOTE Paragraph

00:06:40.320 --> 00:06:42.336
So we went back to MIT,

00:06:42.360 --> 00:06:44.576
we took out the Instron machine

00:06:44.600 --> 00:06:47.296
and we figured out
what sort of forces you needed

00:06:47.320 --> 00:06:49.416
in order to compress
a briquette to the level

00:06:49.440 --> 00:06:52.298
that you actually are getting
improved performance out of it?

00:06:52.960 --> 00:06:56.256
And at the same time that we had
students in the lab looking at this,

00:06:56.280 --> 00:07:03.216
we also had community partners in Haiti
working to develop the process,

00:07:03.240 --> 00:07:08.240
to improve it and make it more accessible
to people in the villages there.

00:07:09.160 --> 00:07:10.376
And after some time,

00:07:10.400 --> 00:07:15.216
we developed a low-cost press
that allows you to produce charcoal,

00:07:15.240 --> 00:07:17.920
which actually now burns not only --

00:07:18.642 --> 00:07:21.960
actually, it burns longer,
cleaner than wood charcoal.

NOTE Paragraph

00:07:22.400 --> 00:07:24.936
So now we're in a situation
where we have a product,

00:07:24.960 --> 00:07:29.256
which is actually better than what
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,

00:07:29.280 --> 00:07:32.000
which is a very wonderful place to be.

00:07:33.960 --> 00:07:38.696
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees
are cut down every year.

00:07:38.720 --> 00:07:41.216
There's a possibility
of this being implemented

00:07:41.240 --> 00:07:43.536
and saving a good portion of those.

00:07:43.560 --> 00:07:49.976
In addition, the revenue generated
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.

00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:52.536
That's an awful lot
for a country like Haiti --

00:07:52.560 --> 00:07:54.416
with a population of eight million

00:07:54.440 --> 00:07:57.640
and an average income
of less than 400 dollars.

00:07:58.680 --> 00:08:02.536
So this is where we're also moving ahead
with our charcoal project.

NOTE Paragraph

00:08:02.560 --> 00:08:05.216
And one of the things
that I think is also interesting,

00:08:05.240 --> 00:08:09.536
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley
who's been doing risk analysis.

00:08:09.560 --> 00:08:12.616
And he's looked at the problem
of the health impacts

00:08:12.640 --> 00:08:14.736
of burning wood versus charcoal.

00:08:14.760 --> 00:08:18.856
And he's found that worldwide,
you could prevent a million deaths

00:08:18.880 --> 00:08:21.856
switching from wood
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.

00:08:21.880 --> 00:08:23.096
That's remarkable,

00:08:23.120 --> 00:08:26.576
but up until now, there weren't ways
to do it without cutting down trees.

00:08:26.600 --> 00:08:27.816
But now we have a way

00:08:27.840 --> 00:08:31.520
that's using an agricultural
waste material to create a cooking fuel.

NOTE Paragraph

00:08:31.960 --> 00:08:33.976
One of the really exciting things, though,

00:08:34.000 --> 00:08:37.572
is something that came out of the trip
that I took to Ghana just last month.

00:08:37.596 --> 00:08:41.015
And I think it's the coolest thing,

00:08:41.039 --> 00:08:43.279
and it's even lower tech
than what you just saw,

00:08:43.303 --> 00:08:45.336
if you can imagine such a thing.

00:08:45.360 --> 00:08:46.576
Here it is.

00:08:46.600 --> 00:08:47.800
So what is this?

00:08:48.480 --> 00:08:51.056
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.

00:08:51.080 --> 00:08:54.223
And the beauty of this is
that you don't need to form briquettes --

00:08:54.247 --> 00:08:55.576
it comes ready made.

00:08:55.600 --> 00:08:58.456
This is my $100 laptop, right here.

00:08:58.480 --> 00:09:01.496
And actually, like Nick,
I brought samples.

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:01.520 --> 00:09:03.736
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:03.760 --> 00:09:05.520
So we can pass these around.

00:09:07.520 --> 00:09:11.604
They're fully functional,
field-tested, ready to roll out.

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:11.628 --> 00:09:13.334
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:15.520 --> 00:09:17.016
And I think one of the things

00:09:17.040 --> 00:09:21.256
which is also remarkable
about this technology,

00:09:21.280 --> 00:09:24.056
is that the technology
transfer is so easy.

00:09:24.080 --> 00:09:26.216
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,

00:09:26.240 --> 00:09:29.056
where we have to teach people
how to form it into briquettes

00:09:29.080 --> 00:09:31.496
and you have the extra step
of cooking the binder,

00:09:31.520 --> 00:09:33.096
this comes pre-briquetted.

00:09:33.120 --> 00:09:36.073
And this is about the most exciting
thing in my life right now,

00:09:36.097 --> 00:09:39.296
which is perhaps
a sad commentary on my life.

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:39.320 --> 00:09:41.576
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:41.600 --> 00:09:44.136
But once you see it,
like you guys in the front row --

00:09:44.160 --> 00:09:45.376
All right, yeah, OK.

00:09:45.400 --> 00:09:46.616
So anyway --

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:46.640 --> 00:09:48.656
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:09:48.680 --> 00:09:49.896
Here it is.

00:09:49.920 --> 00:09:52.376
And this is, I think, a perfect example

00:09:52.400 --> 00:09:57.616
of what Robert Wright was talking about
in those non-zero-sum things.

00:09:57.640 --> 00:10:00.136
So not only do you have health benefits,

00:10:00.160 --> 00:10:02.296
you have environmental benefits.

00:10:02.320 --> 00:10:06.136
But this is one
of the incredibly rare situations

00:10:06.160 --> 00:10:08.496
where you also have economic benefits.

00:10:08.520 --> 00:10:11.576
People can make their own cooking fuel
from waste products.

00:10:11.600 --> 00:10:13.616
They can generate income from this.

00:10:13.640 --> 00:10:16.776
They can save the money
that they were going to spend on charcoal

00:10:16.800 --> 00:10:19.277
and they can produce excess
and sell it in the market

00:10:19.301 --> 00:10:21.256
to people who aren't making their own.

00:10:21.280 --> 00:10:23.576
It's really rare
that you don't have trade-offs

00:10:23.600 --> 00:10:26.816
between health and economics,
or environment and economics.

00:10:26.840 --> 00:10:30.576
So this is a project
that I just find extremely exciting

00:10:30.600 --> 00:10:36.000
and I'm really looking forward
to see where it takes us.

NOTE Paragraph

00:10:38.120 --> 00:10:41.616
So when we talk about, now,
the future we will create,

00:10:41.640 --> 00:10:43.656
one of the things
that I think is necessary

00:10:43.680 --> 00:10:47.640
is to have a very clear vision
of the world that we live in.

00:10:48.160 --> 00:10:50.946
And now, I don't actually mean
the world that we live in.

00:10:51.920 --> 00:10:56.016
I mean the world where women
spend two to three hours everyday

00:10:56.040 --> 00:10:58.480
grinding grain for their families to eat.

00:10:59.960 --> 00:11:02.336
I mean the world
where advanced building materials

00:11:02.360 --> 00:11:05.776
means cement roofing tiles
that are made by hand,

00:11:05.800 --> 00:11:07.936
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,

00:11:07.960 --> 00:11:10.800
you're still only earning
60 dollars in a month.

00:11:12.320 --> 00:11:13.536
I mean the world

00:11:13.560 --> 00:11:19.760
where women and children spend
40 billion hours a year fetching water.

00:11:20.520 --> 00:11:24.256
That's as if the entire workforce
of the state of California

00:11:24.280 --> 00:11:28.776
worked full time for a year
doing nothing but fetching water.

NOTE Paragraph

00:11:28.800 --> 00:11:33.136
It's a place where,
for example, if this were India,

00:11:33.160 --> 00:11:35.600
in this room, only three of us
would have a car.

00:11:36.360 --> 00:11:37.576
If this were Afghanistan,

00:11:37.600 --> 00:11:41.216
only one person in this room
would know how the use the Internet.

00:11:41.240 --> 00:11:42.440
If this were Zambia --

00:11:43.520 --> 00:11:46.216
300 of you would be farmers,

00:11:46.240 --> 00:11:49.376
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.

00:11:49.400 --> 00:11:53.240
And more than half of you would be living
on less than a dollar a day.

00:11:54.280 --> 00:11:59.016
These are the issues that we
need to come up with solutions for.

00:11:59.040 --> 00:12:02.896
These are the issues that
we need to be training our engineers,

00:12:02.920 --> 00:12:06.360
our designers, our business people,
our entrepreneurs to be facing.

00:12:07.280 --> 00:12:09.976
These are the solutions
that we need to find.

NOTE Paragraph

00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:16.176
I have a few areas that I believe
are especially important that we address.

00:12:16.200 --> 00:12:18.256
One of them is creating technologies

00:12:18.280 --> 00:12:21.296
to promote micro-finance
and micro-enterprise,

00:12:21.320 --> 00:12:24.176
so that people who are living
below the poverty line

00:12:24.200 --> 00:12:25.736
can find a way to move out --

00:12:25.760 --> 00:12:27.141
and that they're not doing it

00:12:27.165 --> 00:12:30.776
using the same traditional
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.

00:12:30.800 --> 00:12:32.991
But there are new technologies
and new products

00:12:33.015 --> 00:12:35.255
that they can make on a small scale.

NOTE Paragraph

00:12:35.800 --> 00:12:37.016
The next thing I believe

00:12:37.040 --> 00:12:41.416
is that we need to create
technologies for poor farmers

00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:43.680
to add value to their own crops.

00:12:44.600 --> 00:12:47.256
And we need to rethink
our development strategies,

00:12:47.280 --> 00:12:50.536
so that we're not promoting
educational campaigns

00:12:50.560 --> 00:12:52.936
to get them to stop being farmers,

00:12:52.960 --> 00:12:55.736
but rather to stop being poor farmers.

00:12:55.760 --> 00:12:58.593
And we need to think
about how we can do that effectively.

00:12:59.560 --> 00:13:02.216
We need to work with the people
in these communities

00:13:02.240 --> 00:13:05.096
and give them the resources
and the tools that they need

00:13:05.120 --> 00:13:06.816
to solve their own problems.

00:13:06.840 --> 00:13:08.221
That's the best way to do it.

00:13:08.245 --> 00:13:10.536
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.

00:13:10.560 --> 00:13:14.720
So we need to create this future,
and we need to start doing it now.

NOTE Paragraph

00:13:15.240 --> 00:13:16.456
Thank you.

NOTE Paragraph

00:13:16.480 --> 00:13:21.736
(Applause)

NOTE Paragraph

00:13:21.760 --> 00:13:24.252
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.

00:13:24.320 --> 00:13:25.520
Stay here.

00:13:26.360 --> 00:13:29.256
Tell us -- just while we see
if someone has a question --

00:13:29.280 --> 00:13:32.696
just tell us about one of the other things
that you've worked on.

NOTE Paragraph

00:13:32.720 --> 00:13:35.216
Amy Smith: Some of the other
things we're working on

00:13:35.240 --> 00:13:37.417
are ways to do low-cost
water quality testing,

00:13:37.441 --> 00:13:40.176
so that communities can maintain
their own water systems,

00:13:40.200 --> 00:13:42.915
know when they're working,
know when they treat them, etc.

00:13:42.939 --> 00:13:45.576
We're also looking at low-cost
water-treatment systems.

00:13:45.600 --> 00:13:48.981
One of the really exciting things
is looking at solar water disinfection

00:13:49.005 --> 00:13:51.565
and improving the ability
to be able to do that.

NOTE Paragraph

00:13:52.320 --> 00:13:56.256
CA: What's the bottleneck
preventing this stuff getting from scale?

00:13:56.280 --> 00:13:59.536
Do you need to find entrepreneurs,
or venture capitalists,

00:13:59.560 --> 00:14:04.416
or what do you need to take
what you've got and get it to scale?

NOTE Paragraph

00:14:04.440 --> 00:14:07.210
AS: I think it's large numbers
of people moving it forward.

00:14:07.234 --> 00:14:08.433
It's a difficult thing --

00:14:08.457 --> 00:14:10.464
it's a marketplace
which is very fragmented

00:14:10.488 --> 00:14:12.696
and a consumer population with no income.

00:14:12.720 --> 00:14:15.976
So you can't use the same models
that you use in the United States

00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:17.536
for making things move forward.

00:14:17.560 --> 00:14:19.576
And we're a pretty small staff,

00:14:19.600 --> 00:14:20.816
which is me.

NOTE Paragraph

00:14:20.840 --> 00:14:22.816
(Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

00:14:22.840 --> 00:14:25.079
So, you know,
I do what I can with the students.

00:14:25.103 --> 00:14:27.342
We have 30 students a year
go out into the field

00:14:27.366 --> 00:14:29.816
and try to implement this
and move it forward.

00:14:29.840 --> 00:14:33.336
The other thing is you have to do things
with a long time frame,

00:14:33.360 --> 00:14:37.296
as, you know, you can't expect to get
something done in a year or two years;

00:14:37.320 --> 00:14:39.463
you have to be looking
five or 10 years ahead.

00:14:39.487 --> 00:14:42.687
But I think with the vision to do that,
we can move forward.