[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.64,0:00:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of invention,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.88,0:00:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to tell you the tale\Nof one of my favorite projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.76,0:00:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's one of the most exciting\Nthat I'm working on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.08,0:00:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it's also the simplest.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.16,0:00:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a project that has the potential\Nto make a huge impact around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.64,0:00:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It addresses one of the biggest\Nhealth issues on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.08,0:00:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number one cause of death\Nin children under five.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.64,0:00:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is ...?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.68,0:00:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water-borne diseases?\NDiarrhea? Malnutrition?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.20,0:00:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.88,0:00:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's breathing the smoke\Nfrom indoor cooking fires --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.52,0:00:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acute respiratory infections\Ncaused by this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.04,0:00:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you believe that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.88,0:00:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find this shocking\Nand somewhat appalling.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.16,0:00:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can't we make\Ncleaner burning cooking fuels?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.80,0:00:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can't we make better stoves?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.76,0:00:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is it that this can lead\Nto over two million deaths every year?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.80,0:00:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know Bill Joy was talking to you\Nabout the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.16,0:00:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm going to talk to you\Nabout the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:00:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.24,0:01:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.24,0:01:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.44,0:01:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.76,0:01:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see scenes like this\Nall over the island.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.88,0:01:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It leads to all sorts\Nof environmental problems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.68,0:01:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and problems that affect people\Nthroughout the nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.96,0:01:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple years ago\Nthere was severe flooding
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.04,0:01:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that led to thousands of deaths --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.68,0:01:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's directly attributable to the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.64,0:01:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are no trees on the hills\Nto stabilize the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.64,0:01:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the rains come --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.92,0:01:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go down the rivers\Nand the flooding happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.44,0:01:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one of the reasons\Nwhy there are so few trees is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.92,0:01:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people need to cook,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.32,0:01:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they harvest wood\Nand they make charcoal in order to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.44,0:01:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not that people are ignorant\Nto the environmental damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.37,0:01:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know perfectly well,\Nbut they have no other choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.01,0:01:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fossil fuels are not available,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.04,0:01:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and solar energy doesn't cook the way\Nthat they like their food prepared.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.96,0:01:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is what they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.12,0:01:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll find families like this who go out\Ninto the forest to find a tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.32,0:02:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.44,0:02:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not surprisingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.68,0:02:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a lot of effort that's been done\Nto look at alternative cooking fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.36,0:02:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About four years ago, I took\Na team of students down to Haiti
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.44,0:02:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we worked with\NPeace Corps volunteers there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.88,0:02:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one such volunteer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.32,0:02:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a device that he had built\Nin the village where he worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.96,0:02:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea was\Nthat you could take waste paper;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.64,0:02:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could compress it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.88,0:02:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make briquettes\Nthat could be used for fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.56,0:02:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this device was very slow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.60,0:02:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our engineering students\Nwent to work on it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.72,0:02:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with some very simple changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.84,0:02:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were able to triple\Nthe throughput of this device.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.92,0:02:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could imagine\Nthey were very excited about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.48,0:02:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they took the briquettes back to MIT\Nso that they could test them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things\Nthat they found was they didn't burn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.28,0:02:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was a little\Ndiscouraging to the students.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.08,0:02:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.64,0:02:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, if you look closely,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.04,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here you can see\Nit says, "US Peace Corps."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.64,0:03:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out, there actually wasn't\Nany waste paper in this village.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.48,0:03:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while it was a good use\Nof government paperwork
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.72,0:03:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this volunteer to bring it\Nback with him to his village,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.65,0:03:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was 800 kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.76,0:03:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we thought perhaps\Nthere might be a better way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.68,0:03:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come up with\Nan alternative cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.64,0:03:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we wanted to do\Nis we wanted to make a fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.92,0:03:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used something that was\Nreadily available on the local level.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.28,0:03:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see these all over Haiti as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.08,0:03:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're small-scale sugar mills.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.84,0:03:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the waste product from them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.36,0:03:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after you extract the juice\Nfrom the sugarcane
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.80,0:03:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called "bagasse."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.36,0:03:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has no other use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.60,0:03:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has no nutritional value,\Nso they don't feed it to the animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.92,0:03:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill\Nuntil eventually they burn it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.04,0:03:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we wanted to do was\Nwe wanted to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.36,0:03:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to harness this waste resource\Nand turn it into a fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.36,0:03:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be something\Nthat people could easily cook with,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.36,0:03:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.60,0:03:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So over the next couple of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.24,0:03:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,students and I worked\Nto develop a process.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.92,0:04:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you start with the bagasse,\Nand then you take a very simple kiln
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.76,0:04:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can make out of\Na waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.96,0:04:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After some time, after setting it on fire,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.28,0:04:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you seal it to restrict the oxygen\Nthat goes into the kiln,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.28,0:04:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you end up\Nwith this carbonized material here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.08,0:04:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, you can't burn this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.68,0:04:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's too fine and it burns too quickly\Nto be useful for cooking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.40,0:04:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had to try to find a way\Nto form it into useful briquettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.68,0:04:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And conveniently,\None of my students was from Ghana,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.12,0:04:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he remembered a dish his mom\Nused to make for him called "kokonte,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.48,0:04:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very sticky porridge\Nmade out of the cassava root.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.96,0:04:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did was we looked,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.56,0:04:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found that cassava\Nis indeed grown in Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.68,0:04:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the name of "manioc."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.84,0:04:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's grown all over the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.82,0:04:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava,\Nit's all the same thing --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.92,0:04:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very starchy root vegetable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.04,0:04:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can make a very thick,\Nsticky porridge out of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.28,0:04:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you can use to bind together\Nthe charcoal briquettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.44,0:04:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.64,0:05:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the graduates\Nof the first Ecole de Charbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.32,0:05:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Charcoal Institute.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.04,0:05:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.28,0:05:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.52,0:05:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right. So I'm actually\Nan instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.52,0:05:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are the briquettes that we made.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.04,0:05:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to take you\Nto a different continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.32,0:05:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is India
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.56,0:05:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the most commonly used\Ncooking fuel in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.80,0:05:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's cow dung.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.20,0:05:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And more than in Haiti,\Nthis produces really smoky fires,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.40,0:05:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is where you see\Nthe health impacts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.88,0:05:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of cooking with cow dung\Nand biomass as a fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.60,0:05:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids and women\Nare especially affected by it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.84,0:05:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're the ones\Nwho are around the cooking fires.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted to see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.24,0:05:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we could introduce\Nthis charcoal-making technology there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.76,0:05:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, unfortunately,\Nthey didn't have sugarcane
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.20,0:05:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't have cassava,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.60,0:05:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that didn't stop us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.40,0:05:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did was we found what were\Nthe locally available sources of biomass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.24,0:05:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was wheat straw\Nand there was rice straw in this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.64,0:06:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we could use as a binder\Nwas actually small amounts of cow manure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.28,0:06:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.96,0:06:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did side-by-side tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.16,0:06:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here you can see\Nthe charcoal briquettes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here the cow dung.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that it's a lot cleaner\Nburning of a cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.28,0:06:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, it heats the water\Na lot more quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.88,0:06:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we were very happy, thus far.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.20,0:06:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of the things that we found
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.92,0:06:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was when we did side-by-side\Ncomparisons with wood charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.76,0:06:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't burn as long.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.40,0:06:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we lost energy as they fell apart\Nas they were cooking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.52,0:06:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted to try to find a way\Nto make a stronger briquette
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.76,0:06:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could compete with\Nwood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.32,0:06:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went back to MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.36,0:06:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took out the Instron machine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.60,0:06:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we figured out\Nwhat sort of forces did you need
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.32,0:06:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to compress\Na briquette to the level
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.44,0:06:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you actually are getting\Nimproved performance out of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.96,0:06:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time that we had\Nstudents in the lab looking at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.28,0:07:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also had community partners in Haiti\Nworking to develop the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.24,0:07:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve it and make it more accessible\Nto people in the villages there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.16,0:07:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after some time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.40,0:07:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we developed a low-cost press\Nthat allows you to produce charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.24,0:07:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which actually now burns not only --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.64,0:07:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, it burns longer,\Ncleaner than wood charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.40,0:07:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we're in a situation\Nwhere we have a product,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.96,0:07:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is actually better than what\Nyou can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.28,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very wonderful place to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.96,0:07:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees\Nare cut down every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.72,0:07:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a possibility\Nof this being implemented
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.24,0:07:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saving a good portion of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.56,0:07:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, the revenue generated\Nfrom that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an awful lot\Nfor a country like Haiti --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.56,0:07:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a population of eight million
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.44,0:07:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an average income\Nof less than 400 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.68,0:08:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is where we're also moving ahead\Nwith our charcoal project.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.56,0:08:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things\Nthat I think is also interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.24,0:08:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley\Nwho's been doing risk analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.56,0:08:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's looked at the problem\Nof the health impacts
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.64,0:08:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of burning wood versus charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.76,0:08:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's found that worldwide,\Nyou could prevent a million deaths
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.88,0:08:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,switching from wood\Nto charcoal as a cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.88,0:08:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.12,0:08:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but up until now, there weren't ways\Nto do it without cutting down trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.60,0:08:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we have a way
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.84,0:08:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's using an agricultural\Nwaste material to create a cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.96,0:08:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the really exciting things, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that came out of the trip\Nthat I took to Ghana just last month.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.60,0:08:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it's the coolest thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.04,0:08:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's even lower tech\Nthan what you just saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.30,0:08:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you can imagine such a thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.36,0:08:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.60,0:08:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.48,0:08:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.08,0:08:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the beauty of this is\Nthat you don't need to form briquettes --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.25,0:08:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it comes ready made.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.60,0:08:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my $100 laptop, right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.48,0:09:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, like Nick,\NI brought samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.52,0:09:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.76,0:09:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can pass these around.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.52,0:09:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're fully functional,\Nfield-tested, ready to roll out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.63,0:09:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.52,0:09:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think one of the things
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.04,0:09:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is also remarkable\Nabout this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.28,0:09:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the technology\Ntransfer is so easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.08,0:09:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.24,0:09:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have to teach people\Nhow to form it into briquettes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.08,0:09:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have the extra step\Nof cooking the binder,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.52,0:09:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this comes pre-briquetted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.12,0:09:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is about the most exciting\Nthing in my life right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.10,0:09:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is perhaps\Na sad commentary on my life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.32,0:09:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.60,0:09:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once you see it,\Nlike you guys in the front row --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.16,0:09:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, yeah, OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.40,0:09:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So anyway --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.64,0:09:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.68,0:09:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.92,0:09:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is, I think, a perfect example
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.40,0:09:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what Robert Wright was talking about\Nin those non-zero-sum things.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.64,0:10:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not only do you have health benefits,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.16,0:10:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have environmental benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.32,0:10:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is one\Nof the incredibly rare situations
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.16,0:10:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you also have economic benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.52,0:10:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People can make their own cooking fuel\Nfrom waste products.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.60,0:10:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can generate income from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.64,0:10:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can save the money\Nthat they were going to spend on charcoal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.80,0:10:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can produce excess\Nand sell it in the market
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.30,0:10:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people who aren't making their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.28,0:10:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really rare\Nthat you don't have trade-offs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.60,0:10:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between health and economics,\Nor environment and economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.84,0:10:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a project\Nthat I just find extremely exciting
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.60,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm really looking forward\Nto see where it takes us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.12,0:10:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we talk about, now,\Nthe future we will create,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.64,0:10:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the things\Nthat I think is necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.68,0:10:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have a very clear vision\Nof the world that we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.16,0:10:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, I don't actually mean\Nthe world that we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.92,0:10:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the world where women\Nspend two to three hours everyday
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.04,0:10:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grinding grain for their families to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.96,0:11:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the world\Nwhere advanced building materials
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.36,0:11:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means cement roofing tiles\Nthat are made by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.80,0:11:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.96,0:11:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're still only earning\N60 dollars in a month.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.32,0:11:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.56,0:11:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where women and children spend\N40 billion hours a year fetching water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.52,0:11:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's as if the entire workforce\Nof the state of California
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.28,0:11:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worked full time for a year\Ndoing nothing but fetching water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.80,0:11:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a place where,\Nfor example, if this were India,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.16,0:11:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this room, only three of us\Nwould have a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.36,0:11:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were Afghanistan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.60,0:11:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only one person in this room\Nwould know how the use the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.24,0:11:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were Zambia --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.52,0:11:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,300 of you would be farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.24,0:11:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.40,0:11:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And more than half of you would be living\Non less than a dollar a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.28,0:11:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the issues that we\Nneed to come up with solutions for.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.04,0:12:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the issues that\Nwe need to be training our engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.92,0:12:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our designers, our business people,\Nour entrepreneurs to be facing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.28,0:12:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the solutions\Nthat we need to find.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a few areas that I believe\Nare especially important that we address.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.20,0:12:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is creating technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.28,0:12:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to promote micro-finance\Nand micro-enterprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.32,0:12:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that people who are living\Nbelow the poverty line
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.20,0:12:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can find a way to move out --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.76,0:12:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they're not doing it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.16,0:12:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the same traditional\Nbasket making, poultry rearing, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.80,0:12:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are new technologies\Nand new products
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.02,0:12:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can make on a small scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.80,0:12:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next thing I believe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.04,0:12:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we need to create\Ntechnologies for poor farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.44,0:12:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to add value to their own crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.60,0:12:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to rethink\Nour development strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.28,0:12:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we're not promoting\Neducational campaigns
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.56,0:12:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get them to stop being farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.96,0:12:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather to stop being poor farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.76,0:12:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to think\Nabout how we can do that effectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.56,0:13:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to work with the people\Nin these communities
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.24,0:13:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give them the resources\Nand the tools that they need
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.12,0:13:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve their own problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.84,0:13:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the best way to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.24,0:13:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.56,0:13:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to create this future,\Nand we need to start doing it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.24,0:13:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.48,0:13:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.76,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.32,0:13:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stay here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.36,0:13:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tell us -- just while we see\Nif someone has a question --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.28,0:13:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just tell us about one of the other things\Nthat you've worked on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.72,0:13:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amy Smith: Some of the other\Nthings we're working on
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.24,0:13:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are ways to do low-cost\Nwater quality testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.44,0:13:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that communities can maintain\Ntheir own water systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.20,0:13:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know when they're working,\Nknow when they treat them, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.94,0:13:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're also looking at low-cost\Nwater-treatment systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.60,0:13:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the really exciting things\Nis looking at solar water disinfection
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improving the ability\Nto be able to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.32,0:13:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: What's the bottleneck
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.20,0:13:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preventing this stuff getting from scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.28,0:13:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you need to find entrepreneurs,\Nor venture capitalists,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.56,0:14:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what do you need to take\Nwhat you've got and get it to scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.44,0:14:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AS: I think it's large numbers\Nof people moving it forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.23,0:14:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a difficult thing --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.46,0:14:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a marketplace\Nwhich is very fragmented
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.49,0:14:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a consumer population with no income.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.72,0:14:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can't use the same models\Nthat you use in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for making things move forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.56,0:14:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're a pretty small staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.60,0:14:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is me.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.84,0:14:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.84,0:14:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know,\NI do what I can with the students.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.10,0:14:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 30 students a year\Ngo out into the field
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.37,0:14:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to implement this\Nand move it forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.84,0:14:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing is you have to do things\Nwith a long time frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.36,0:14:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as, you know, you can't expect to get\Nsomething done in a year or two years;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.32,0:14:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to be looking\Nfive or 10 years ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.49,0:14:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think with the vision to do that,\Nwe can move forward.