[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of invention,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to tell you the tale of one of my favorite projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's one of the most exciting that I'm working on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it's also the simplest.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a project that has the potential to make a huge impact around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It addresses one of the biggest health issues on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number one cause of death in children under five,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is ... ? Water-borne diseases? Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's breathing the smoke from indoor cooking fires --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acute respiratory infections caused by this. Can you believe that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find this shocking and somewhat appalling.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can't we make cleaner burning cooking fuels?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can't we make better stoves?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know Bill Joy was talking to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm going to talk to you about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wonders of carbon macro-tubes, which is charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a picture of rural Haiti. Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see scenes like this all over the island.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It leads to all sorts of environmental problems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and problems that affect people throughout the nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple years ago there was severe flooding
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that led to thousands of deaths --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's directly attributable to the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are no trees on the hills to stabilize the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the rains come, they go down the rivers, and the flooding happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one of the reasons why there are so few trees is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people need to cook, and they harvest wood
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they make charcoal in order to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not that people are ignorant to the environmental damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know perfectly well, but they have no other choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fossil fuels are not available,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and solar energy doesn't cook the way that they like their food prepared.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is what they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll find families like this who go out into the forest to find a tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not surprisingly, there's a lot of effort
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's been done to look at alternative cooking fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About four years ago I took a team of students down to Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we worked with Peace Corps volunteers there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one such volunteer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a device that he had built in the village where he worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea was that you could take waste paper;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could compress it; and make briquettes that could be used for fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this device was very slow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our engineering students went to work on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with some very simple changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were able to triple the throughput of this device.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could imagine they were very excited about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they took the briquettes back to MIT so that they could test them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that they found was they didn't burn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was a little discouraging to the students.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact if you look closely, right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see it says, "U.S. Peace Corps."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out, there actually wasn't any waste paper in this village.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while it was a good use of government paperwork
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village (Laughter),
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was 800 kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we thought perhaps there might be a better way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come up with an alternative cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we wanted to do is we wanted to make a fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used something that was readily available on the local level.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see these all over Haiti as well. They're small-scale sugar mills.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the waste product from them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after you extract the juice from the sugarcane is called "bagasse."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has no other use. It has no nutritional value,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they don't feed it to the animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill until eventually they burn it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we wanted to do was we wanted to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be something that people could easily cook with,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So over the next couple of years, students and I worked to develop a process.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After some time, after setting it on fire, you seal it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to restrict the oxygen that goes into the kiln,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you end up with this carbonized material here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, you can't burn this. It's too fine
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it burns too quickly to be useful for cooking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had to try to find a way to form it into useful briquettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And conveniently, one of my students was from Ghana,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he remembered a dish his mom used to make for him called "kokonte,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very sticky porridge made out of the cassava root.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did was we looked, and we found
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cassava is indeed grown in Haiti, under the name of "manioc."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, it's grown all over the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava, it's all the same thing --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.00,0:04:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very starchy root vegetable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can make a very thick, sticky porridge out of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you can use to bind together the charcoal briquettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the graduates of the first Ecole de Chabon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Charcoal Institute. And these --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- that's right. So I'm actually an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are the briquettes that we made.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to take you to a different continent. This is India,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the most commonly used cooking fuel in India; it's cow dung.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And more than in Haiti, this produces really smoky fires,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is where you see the health impacts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of cooking with cow dung and biomass as a fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids and women are especially affected by it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're the ones who are around the cooking fires.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted to see if we could introduce
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this charcoal-making technology there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well unfortunately, they didn't have sugarcane
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't have cassava, but that didn't stop us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did was we found what were the locally available sources of biomass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was wheat straw and there was rice straw in this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we could use as a binder
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually small amounts of cow manure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did side-by-side tests, and here you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the charcoal briquettes and here the cow dung.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that it's a lot cleaner burning of a cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, it heats the water a lot more quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we were very happy, thus far.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of the things that we found
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was when we did side-by-side comparisons with wood charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't burn as long. And the briquettes crumbled a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we lost energy as they fell apart as they were cooking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went back to MIT, we took out the Instron machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we figured out what sort of forces did you need
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to compress a briquette to the level
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you actually are getting improved performance out of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time that we had students in the lab looking at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:07:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also had community partners in Haiti working to develop the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve it and to make it more accessible to people in the villages there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after some time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we developed a low-cost press that allows you to produce charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which actually now burns longer, cleaner than wood charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we're in a situation where we have a product, which is actually better
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very wonderful place to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees are cut down every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a possibility of this being implemented
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saving a good portion of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, the revenue generated from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an awful lot for a country of Haiti --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a population of eight million
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an average income of less than 400 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is where we're also moving ahead with our charcoal project.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that I think is also interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley who's been doing risk analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's looked at the problem of the health impacts
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of burning wood versus charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's found that worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could prevent a million deaths switching from wood to charcoal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a cooking fuel. That's remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but up until now, there weren't ways to do it without cutting down trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we have a way
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's using an agricultural waste material to create a cooking fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the really exciting things, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that came out of the trip that I took to Ghana just last month.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is, I think, the coolest thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's even lower tech than what you just saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you can imagine such a thing. Here it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is this? This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the beauty of this is that you don't need to form briquettes --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it comes ready made. This is my $100 laptop, right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, like Nick, I brought samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can pass these around.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're fully functional, field-tested, ready to roll out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think one of the things, which is also remarkable about this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the technology transfer is so easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we actually have to teach people how to form it into briquettes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have the extra step of cooking the binder,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this comes pre-briquetted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is perhaps a sad commentary on my life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.00,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once you see it, like you guys in the front row, all right,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, OK. So anyway --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- here it is. And this is I think a perfect example
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what Robert Wright was talking about in those non-zero-sum things.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:10:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not only do you have health benefits,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have environmental benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is one of the incredibly rare situations
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you also have economic benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People can make their own cooking fuel from waste products.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can generate income from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can save the money that they were going to spend on charcoal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can produce excess and sell it in the market
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people who aren't making their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really rare that you don't have trade-offs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between health and economics, or environment and economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a project that I just find extremely exciting,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm really looking forward to see where it takes us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we talk about, now, the future we will create,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the things that I think is necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I don't actually mean the world that we live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the world where women spend two to three hours everyday
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grinding grain for their families to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the world where advanced building materials
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.00,0:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means cement roofing tiles that are made by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're still only earning 60 dollars in a month.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the world where women and children spend 40 billion hours a year fetching water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's as if the entire workforce of the State of California
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worked full time for a year doing nothing but fetching water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a place where, for example, if this were India,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this room, only three of us would have a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were Afghanistan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only one person in this room would know how the use the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were Zambia, 300 of you would be farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And more than half of you would be living on less than a dollar a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the issues that we need to come up with solutions for.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.00,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the issues that we need to be training our engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our designers, our business people, our entrepreneurs to be facing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the solutions that we need to find.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a few areas that I believe are especially important that we address.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is creating technologies to promote micro-finance and micro-enterprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that people who are living below the poverty line can find a way to move out --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they're not doing it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the same traditional basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are new technologies and new products
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can make on a small scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next thing I believe is that we need to create technologies for poor farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to add value to their own crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to rethink our development strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we're not promoting educational campaigns
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get them to stop being farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather to stop being poor farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to think about how we can do that effectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to work with the people in these communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give them the resources and the tools that they need
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve their own problems. That's the best way to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to create this future, and we need to start doing it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: Tell us -- just while we see if someone has a question --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just tell us about one of the other things that you've worked on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.00,0:13:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amy Smith: A couple of other things that we're working on
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are looking at ways to do low-cost water quality testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that communities can maintain their own water systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know when they're working, know when they treat them, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're also looking at low-cost water treatment systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the really exciting things is looking at solar water disinfection
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improving the ability to be able to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: What's the bottleneck to preventing this stuff getting from scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you need to find entrepreneurs, or venture capitalists,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what do you need to take what you've got and get it to scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AS: Yeah, I think its large numbers of people moving it forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a difficult thing; it's a marketplace which is very fragmented
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a consumer population with no income.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can't use the same models that you use in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for making things move forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're a pretty small staff, which is me.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know, I do what I can with the students.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 30 students a year go out into the field
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to implement this and move it forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.00,0:14:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing is you have to do things with a long time frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as -- you know, you can't expect to get something done in a year or two years;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to be looking five or 10 years ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think with the vision to do that, we can move forward.