[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[BLANK_AUDIO]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.36,0:00:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what were the challenges that led to\Nthe emergence of Turkish nationalism?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.52,0:00:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Turkish nationalism, we are talking\Nfirst and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.71,0:00:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foremost of the pressure that is coming\Nfrom
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.52,0:00:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe and the problem of secession by the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.18,0:00:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christian populated territories in the\NEuropean part of [INAUDIBLE].
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.70,0:00:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ottomanism failed to keep the Christians\Ninside the Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.99,0:00:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the [UNKNOWN] read on the about the\Nequality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.98,0:00:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the law that was passed, and this\Nequality before
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.41,0:00:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the law that included Christians and\NMuslims; was suppose
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.06,0:00:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a shared Ottoman identity but it\Ndid not.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.81,0:00:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the face of Christian secession,\NSumpana turn to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.77,0:00:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[INAUDIBLE] to strengthen the bonds\Nbetween the increasingly Muslim empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.37,0:01:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Christian seceded, so the Empire became\Neven more Muslim.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.17,0:01:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this idea of pan-Islam and uniting the\Npeople on the basis of their religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.88,0:01:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was becoming less and less acceptable to\Nthe new, Westernizing Turkish elite.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.64,0:01:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They believed in Turkish national\Nsolidarity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.47,0:01:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on a common langauge, Turkish,\NEuropean-style.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.25,0:01:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The empire now was almost entirely Turkish\Nand Arab.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.40,0:01:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, the emphasis on Turkishness\Ncould be a cause of tension with
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.41,0:01:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arabs, especially after 1908 when the\Nyoung Turks came to power.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.16,0:01:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, though Turkish nationalists, the young\NTurks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.93,0:01:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were reluctant to push Turkish nationalism\Ntoo far.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.59,0:01:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not create a break with a very large\Nnarrow Muslin population.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.59,0:01:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then who were the young Turks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.53,0:01:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The young Turks were young military\Nofficers and bureaucrats, the graduates
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.35,0:02:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the [INAUDIBLE] and not the usual\Nopponents of the Sultan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.04,0:02:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not the local [INAUDIBLE] or the unruly\Ntribes or the Christians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.51,0:02:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's the Young Turks who stage a\Nrevolution
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.41,0:02:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in July 1908, dispose the Sultan in April\Nof 1909.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.27,0:02:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And continued with the process of reform\Nin the military with German advisers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.35,0:02:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they continued like their predecessors,\Nbuilding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.27,0:02:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new schools and adding to legal reform.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.53,0:02:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The young Turks continued as
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.02,0:02:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their predecessors, building a modern\Ninfrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.77,0:02:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telegraph, roads, and railways, generally\Nmodernizing the Ottoman Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.98,0:02:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Government became ever more centralized.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.82,0:02:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the development of an effective\Nsecret police.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.87,0:02:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the revolutionaries, those who\Ncame out the revolution of 1908.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.61,0:02:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where military officers organized in an\Norganization that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.14,0:03:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was called The Committee of Union and\NProgress.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.74,0:03:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In short, the C-U-P.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.73,0:03:07.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sought the salvation of the empire
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.97,0:03:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the restoration of the 1876\NConstitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They believed in Turkish nationalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.91,0:03:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Westernized education and on the\Nimplementation on the constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.11,0:03:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was very impressive impact amongst\Nthe young
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.48,0:03:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turks and others in the Muslim middle\Neast.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.11,0:03:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the defeat of Russia in 1905, by the\NJapanese.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.22,0:03:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a defeat of a European power by\Nan Asian power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.41,0:03:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in looking for the success of the\NJapanese against
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.90,0:03:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Russians, many in the Middle East\Nfocused on the fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.96,0:03:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Japan had gone in the direction
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.95,0:03:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of constitutionalism, whereas the Russians\Nhad not.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.19,0:04:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, the idea of a\Nconstitutional government
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.22,0:04:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was gaining ground as a source of\Ncollective power.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.50,0:04:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, for the young Turks.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.24,0:04:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constitutions meant, the steady shift of\Npower into the hands of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.80,0:04:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the army at the expense of both the sultan\Nand the bureaucracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.74,0:04:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also believed that the resumption of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.20,0:04:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parliamentary life, would ease you to peer\Npressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.27,0:04:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he did not.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.06,0:04:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Balkans, the Ottomans continued\Nlosing ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.56,0:04:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1911 the Italians took Tripoli in\NLibya.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.54,0:04:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1912, '13, the Ottomans lost nearly all\Nthe territory they had left in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.45,0:04:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1913, the CUP assumed complete control,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.61,0:04:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they had not enjoyed entirely until\Nthen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.04,0:04:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they didn't manage to do much before\Nthe outbreak
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.94,0:04:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the First World War, and that changed a\Ngreat deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.54,0:05:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the second half of the 19th century,\Nthere had been
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.52,0:05:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a steadily increasing interest in the\Nhistory of the Turkish people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.31,0:05:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As well as in the Turkish language, in\NTurkish literature.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.79,0:05:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ziya Gokalp, who lived from 1876 to 1924,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.13,0:05:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the most prominent idealogue of\NTurkish nationalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.51,0:05:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He rejected autonism and made theTurkish\Nnation the basis of his program.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.55,0:05:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as long as the empire continued to\Nexist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.73,0:05:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turkish nationalism, as a practical,\Npolitical program, had little
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.62,0:05:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appeal to the leadership and to the\Ngeneral public.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.38,0:05:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CUP, those sympathetic and supportive\Nof Turkish nationals, continued like
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.43,0:05:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their predecessors with autonism,\Ncentralization and modernization.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.63,0:05:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would take the end of empire for\N[INAUDIBLE]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.04,0:05:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideology to become the policy of the new\NTurkish republic.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.04,0:06:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This emergence of Turkishness, and Turkish\Nnationalism, gives
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.15,0:06:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rise to a question of how this all\Nrelates.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.17,0:06:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the notorious Armenian tragedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.99,0:06:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we turn to this so called Armenian\Nproblem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.58,0:06:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the Empire was losing territory all\Nthe time, what was
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.51,0:06:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left of the Empire which essentially was\Nthe area of Anatolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.42,0:06:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Faced increasing nationalist challenges by\Nothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.56,0:06:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that served to reinforce Turkish identity\Nand nationalist fashions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.91,0:06:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the loss of the European province.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.35,0:06:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anatolia was established as the heartland\Nof the Turkish speaking people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.36,0:07:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was its zone of their prospective\Nself-determination.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.21,0:07:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this allowed for the emergence of the\NArmenian problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.57,0:07:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a potential threat to the Turkish\N[INAUDIBLE].
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.88,0:07:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anatolia developed, impressively like the\Nrest of the empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.61,0:07:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in the west of Anatolia during\Nthe 19th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.55,0:07:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eastern Anatolia remained less developed\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.32,0:07:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was considerable social and\Npolitical tension.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.99,0:07:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the Armenians who are Christians,\Nand the [INAUDIBLE]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.59,0:07:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are Saudi Muslims in the eastern part\Nof Anatolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.43,0:07:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were Armenians in all of Anatolia,\Nbut especially in the eastern provinces.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.92,0:07:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And during the 19th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.21,0:07:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Armenian National Consciousness\Ndeveloped very much under the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.49,0:07:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence of western sources, especially
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.04,0:08:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the American partisan missionaries\Nwho were active amongst the Armenians.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.05,0:08:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Armenians engaged in provocations\Nagainst the [INAUDIBLE].
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.13,0:08:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To attract European intervention on their\Nbehalf.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.73,0:08:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cooperation with Russia, men's cooperation\Nof the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.72,0:08:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Armenians, with the traditional enemy of\Nthe Armenians.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.79,0:08:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tensions between the Turkish speaking\Nmuslims and the Armenians rose.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.33,0:08:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the last quarter the nineteenth\Nthere were massacres of Armenians,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.84,0:08:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Kurdish irregulars of the Ottoman army\Nin the eastern part of Anatolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.09,0:08:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A combination of a lack of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.07,0:08:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government control, with suspicion towards\Nthe Armenians
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.28,0:08:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a national move threatened what the\NTurks had left of their Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.73,0:08:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two came together to allow for a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.12,0:09:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrible massacre of the Armenians to take\Nplace.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.28,0:09:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This terrible massacre took place in the\Nmidst of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.18,0:09:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World War One, in the early years of the\Nwar.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.85,0:09:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[BLANK_AUDIO]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.13,0:09:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Armenians in Eastern Anatolia had fought\Nwith the Russians against the Ottomans.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.06,0:09:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other Armenians had engaged in guerrilla\Noperations and some
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.44,0:09:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Armenians populations rose against the\NOttomans during the war.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.01,0:09:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spring of 1915, with the British\Nattacking at the Dardanelles.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.57,0:09:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Russians attacking in the East and the\NBritish apparently advancing on Baghdad,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.69,0:09:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ottomans decided on the deportation of\Nthe Armenians in Eastern Anatolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.57,0:09:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the process of this deportation,\Nhundreds of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.90,0:09:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands, maybe even one million\NArmenians or even more.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.65,0:09:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perished because of the harsh conditions,\Ndying of hunger, disease and exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.98,0:10:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many were murdered by local, mainly\NKurdish, tribesman and villagers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.69,0:10:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Armenian tragedy is part of.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.87,0:10:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A general transition that is taking place\Nin the Ottoman Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.23,0:10:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transition from commoner identity to\Nterritorial self-determination.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.38,0:10:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this had some very unfortunate\Nconsequences on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.78,0:10:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transition from communal co-existence,\Nwhere religious
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.39,0:10:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communities lead side by side Ottoman\Nstyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.14,0:10:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To territorial nationalism, European\Nstyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.87,0:10:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Required some degree of territorial\Ncontinuity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.02,0:10:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The need for communities now to acquire\Nterritorial continuity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.70,0:10:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the name of self-determination, rather\Nthan communities just living side
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.62,0:10:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by side, created unavoidable clashes\Nbetween the mosaic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.65,0:11:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of minorities within the Ottoman Empire,\Naccompanied by horrific bloodshed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.60,0:11:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Balkans of those days.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.99,0:11:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And latter-day Yugoslavia of the 1990s\Nwere one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.21,0:11:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Armenians in Anatolia was another.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.63,0:11:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not all parts of modernity and change had\Npositive results.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.32,0:11:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some were quite catastrophic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.73,0:11:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, the Turkish-Armenian clash.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.51,0:11:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was the worst example of this unfortunate\Nreality.