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[BLANK_AUDIO]

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So, what were the challenges that led to
the emergence of Turkish nationalism?

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In Turkish nationalism, we are talking
first and

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foremost of the pressure that is coming
from

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Europe and the problem of secession by the

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Christian populated territories in the
European part of [INAUDIBLE].

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Ottomanism failed to keep the Christians
inside the Empire.

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During the [UNKNOWN] read on the about the
equality

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about the law that was passed, and this
equality before

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the law that included Christians and
Muslims; was suppose

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to create a shared Ottoman identity but it
did not.

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In the face of Christian secession,
Sumpana turn to

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[INAUDIBLE] to strengthen the bonds
between the increasingly Muslim empire.

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As Christian seceded, so the Empire became
even more Muslim.

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But this idea of pan-Islam and uniting the
people on the basis of their religion.

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Was becoming less and less acceptable to
the new, Westernizing Turkish elite.

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They believed in Turkish national
solidarity.

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Based on a common langauge, Turkish,
European-style.

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The empire now was almost entirely Turkish
and Arab.

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Therefore, the emphasis on Turkishness
could be a cause of tension with

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the Arabs, especially after 1908 when the
young Turks came to power.

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So, though Turkish nationalists, the young
Turks

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were reluctant to push Turkish nationalism
too far.

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Not create a break with a very large
narrow Muslin population.

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Then who were the young Turks.

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The young Turks were young military
officers and bureaucrats, the graduates

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of the [INAUDIBLE] and not the usual
opponents of the Sultan.

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Not the local [INAUDIBLE] or the unruly
tribes or the Christians.

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And it's the Young Turks who stage a
revolution

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in July 1908, dispose the Sultan in April
of 1909.

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And continued with the process of reform
in the military with German advisers,

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as they continued like their predecessors,
building

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new schools and adding to legal reform.

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The young Turks continued as

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their predecessors, building a modern
infrastructure.

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Telegraph, roads, and railways, generally
modernizing the Ottoman Empire.

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Government became ever more centralized.

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Even the development of an effective
secret police.

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Many of the revolutionaries, those who
came out the revolution of 1908.

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Where military officers organized in an
organization that

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was called The Committee of Union and
Progress.

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In short, the C-U-P.

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They sought the salvation of the empire

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and the restoration of the 1876
Constitution.

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They believed in Turkish nationalism.

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On Westernized education and on the
implementation on the constitution.

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There was very impressive impact amongst
the young

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Turks and others in the Muslim middle
east.

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Of the defeat of Russia in 1905, by the
Japanese.

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This was a defeat of a European power by
an Asian power.

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And in looking for the success of the
Japanese against

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the Russians, many in the Middle East
focused on the fact.

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That Japan had gone in the direction

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of constitutionalism, whereas the Russians
had not.

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And therefore, the idea of a
constitutional government

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was gaining ground as a source of
collective power.

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But also, for the young Turks.

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Constitutions meant, the steady shift of
power into the hands of

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the army at the expense of both the sultan
and the bureaucracy.

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They also believed that the resumption of

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parliamentary life, would ease you to peer
pressure.

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But he did not.

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In the Balkans, the Ottomans continued
losing ground.

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And in 1911 the Italians took Tripoli in
Libya.

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In 1912, '13, the Ottomans lost nearly all
the territory they had left in Europe.

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In 1913, the CUP assumed complete control,

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which they had not enjoyed entirely until
then.

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But they didn't manage to do much before
the outbreak

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of the First World War, and that changed a
great deal.

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Since the second half of the 19th century,
there had been

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a steadily increasing interest in the
history of the Turkish people.

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As well as in the Turkish language, in
Turkish literature.

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Ziya Gokalp, who lived from 1876 to 1924,

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was the most prominent idealogue of
Turkish nationalism.

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He rejected autonism and made theTurkish
nation the basis of his program.

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But as long as the empire continued to
exist.

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Turkish nationalism, as a practical,
political program, had little

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appeal to the leadership and to the
general public.

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The CUP, those sympathetic and supportive
of Turkish nationals, continued like

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their predecessors with autonism,
centralization and modernization.

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It would take the end of empire for
[INAUDIBLE]

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ideology to become the policy of the new
Turkish republic.

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This emergence of Turkishness, and Turkish
nationalism, gives

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rise to a question of how this all
relates.

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To the notorious Armenian tragedy.

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And now we turn to this so called Armenian
problem.

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Since the Empire was losing territory all
the time, what was

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left of the Empire which essentially was
the area of Anatolia.

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Faced increasing nationalist challenges by
others,

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that served to reinforce Turkish identity
and nationalist fashions.

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With the loss of the European province.

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Anatolia was established as the heartland
of the Turkish speaking people.

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And it was its zone of their prospective
self-determination.

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But this allowed for the emergence of the
Armenian problem.

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As a potential threat to the Turkish
[INAUDIBLE].

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Anatolia developed, impressively like the
rest of the empire,

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especially in the west of Anatolia during
the 19th century.

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Eastern Anatolia remained less developed
and

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there was considerable social and
political tension.

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Between the Armenians who are Christians,
and the [INAUDIBLE]

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who are Saudi Muslims in the eastern part
of Anatolia.

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There were Armenians in all of Anatolia,
but especially in the eastern provinces.

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And during the 19th century.

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An Armenian National Consciousness
developed very much under the

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influence of western sources, especially

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through the American partisan missionaries
who were active amongst the Armenians.

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The Armenians engaged in provocations
against the [INAUDIBLE].

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To attract European intervention on their
behalf.

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Cooperation with Russia, men's cooperation
of the

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Armenians, with the traditional enemy of
the Armenians.

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Tensions between the Turkish speaking
muslims and the Armenians rose.

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And in the last quarter the nineteenth
there were massacres of Armenians,

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by Kurdish irregulars of the Ottoman army
in the eastern part of Anatolia.

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A combination of a lack of

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government control, with suspicion towards
the Armenians

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as a national move threatened what the
Turks had left of their Empire.

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These two came together to allow for a

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terrible massacre of the Armenians to take
place.

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This terrible massacre took place in the
midst of

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World War One, in the early years of the
war.

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[BLANK_AUDIO]

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Armenians in Eastern Anatolia had fought
with the Russians against the Ottomans.

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Other Armenians had engaged in guerrilla
operations and some

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Armenians populations rose against the
Ottomans during the war.

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In the spring of 1915, with the British
attacking at the Dardanelles.

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The Russians attacking in the East and the
British apparently advancing on Baghdad,

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the Ottomans decided on the deportation of
the Armenians in Eastern Anatolia.

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In the process of this deportation,
hundreds of

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thousands, maybe even one million
Armenians or even more.

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Perished because of the harsh conditions,
dying of hunger, disease and exposure.

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Many were murdered by local, mainly
Kurdish, tribesman and villagers.

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The Armenian tragedy is part of.

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A general transition that is taking place
in the Ottoman Empire.

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The transition from commoner identity to
territorial self-determination.

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And this had some very unfortunate
consequences on the ground.

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The transition from communal co-existence,
where religious

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communities lead side by side Ottoman
style.

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To territorial nationalism, European
style.

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Required some degree of territorial
continuity.

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The need for communities now to acquire
territorial continuity.

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In the name of self-determination, rather
than communities just living side

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by side, created unavoidable clashes
between the mosaic

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of minorities within the Ottoman Empire,
accompanied by horrific bloodshed.

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The Balkans of those days.

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And latter-day Yugoslavia of the 1990s
were one example.

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The Armenians in Anatolia was another.

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Not all parts of modernity and change had
positive results.

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Some were quite catastrophic.

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Indeed, the Turkish-Armenian clash.

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Was the worst example of this unfortunate
reality.