0:00:00.000,0:00:05.359 [BLANK_AUDIO] 0:00:05.359,0:00:09.720 So, what were the challenges that led to[br]the emergence of Turkish nationalism? 0:00:11.520,0:00:14.712 In Turkish nationalism, we are talking[br]first and 0:00:14.712,0:00:17.524 foremost of the pressure that is coming[br]from 0:00:17.524,0:00:20.184 Europe and the problem of secession by the 0:00:20.184,0:00:24.696 Christian populated territories in the[br]European part of [INAUDIBLE]. 0:00:24.696,0:00:30.987 Ottomanism failed to keep the Christians[br]inside the Empire. 0:00:30.987,0:00:33.980 During the [UNKNOWN] read on the about the[br]equality 0:00:33.980,0:00:37.411 about the law that was passed, and this[br]equality before 0:00:37.411,0:00:41.061 the law that included Christians and[br]Muslims; was suppose 0:00:41.061,0:00:44.240 to create a shared Ottoman identity but it[br]did not. 0:00:46.810,0:00:50.770 In the face of Christian secession,[br]Sumpana turn to 0:00:50.770,0:00:57.370 [INAUDIBLE] to strengthen the bonds[br]between the increasingly Muslim empire. 0:00:57.370,0:01:01.539 As Christian seceded, so the Empire became[br]even more Muslim. 0:01:03.170,0:01:07.880 But this idea of pan-Islam and uniting the[br]people on the basis of their religion. 0:01:07.880,0:01:12.990 Was becoming less and less acceptable to[br]the new, Westernizing Turkish elite. 0:01:14.640,0:01:17.470 They believed in Turkish national[br]solidarity. 0:01:17.470,0:01:21.080 Based on a common langauge, Turkish,[br]European-style. 0:01:22.250,0:01:25.660 The empire now was almost entirely Turkish[br]and Arab. 0:01:27.400,0:01:31.410 Therefore, the emphasis on Turkishness[br]could be a cause of tension with 0:01:31.410,0:01:36.480 the Arabs, especially after 1908 when the[br]young Turks came to power. 0:01:39.160,0:01:41.930 So, though Turkish nationalists, the young[br]Turks 0:01:41.930,0:01:44.509 were reluctant to push Turkish nationalism[br]too far. 0:01:45.590,0:01:50.340 Not create a break with a very large[br]narrow Muslin population. 0:01:51.590,0:01:53.531 Then who were the young Turks. 0:01:53.531,0:01:58.349 The young Turks were young military[br]officers and bureaucrats, the graduates 0:01:58.349,0:02:02.039 of the [INAUDIBLE] and not the usual[br]opponents of the Sultan. 0:02:03.040,0:02:07.260 Not the local [INAUDIBLE] or the unruly[br]tribes or the Christians. 0:02:09.509,0:02:12.410 And it's the Young Turks who stage a[br]revolution 0:02:12.410,0:02:17.911 in July 1908, dispose the Sultan in April[br]of 1909. 0:02:19.270,0:02:24.350 And continued with the process of reform[br]in the military with German advisers, 0:02:24.350,0:02:27.270 as they continued like their predecessors,[br]building 0:02:27.270,0:02:30.050 new schools and adding to legal reform. 0:02:31.530,0:02:33.020 The young Turks continued as 0:02:33.020,0:02:36.770 their predecessors, building a modern[br]infrastructure. 0:02:36.770,0:02:41.900 Telegraph, roads, and railways, generally[br]modernizing the Ottoman Empire. 0:02:43.980,0:02:46.820 Government became ever more centralized. 0:02:46.820,0:02:49.170 Even the development of an effective[br]secret police. 0:02:50.870,0:02:55.610 Many of the revolutionaries, those who[br]came out the revolution of 1908. 0:02:55.610,0:02:59.140 Where military officers organized in an[br]organization that 0:02:59.140,0:03:02.740 was called The Committee of Union and[br]Progress. 0:03:02.740,0:03:05.730 In short, the C-U-P. 0:03:05.730,0:03:07.970 They sought the salvation of the empire 0:03:07.970,0:03:10.910 and the restoration of the 1876[br]Constitution. 0:03:12.000,0:03:13.910 They believed in Turkish nationalism. 0:03:13.910,0:03:19.730 On Westernized education and on the[br]implementation on the constitution. 0:03:23.110,0:03:27.480 There was very impressive impact amongst[br]the young 0:03:27.480,0:03:30.959 Turks and others in the Muslim middle[br]east. 0:03:32.110,0:03:36.580 Of the defeat of Russia in 1905, by the[br]Japanese. 0:03:38.220,0:03:43.160 This was a defeat of a European power by[br]an Asian power. 0:03:44.410,0:03:46.900 And in looking for the success of the[br]Japanese against 0:03:46.900,0:03:50.955 the Russians, many in the Middle East[br]focused on the fact. 0:03:50.955,0:03:52.950 That Japan had gone in the direction 0:03:52.950,0:03:56.190 of constitutionalism, whereas the Russians[br]had not. 0:03:56.190,0:04:00.220 And therefore, the idea of a[br]constitutional government 0:04:00.220,0:04:03.680 was gaining ground as a source of[br]collective power. 0:04:05.500,0:04:08.420 But also, for the young Turks. 0:04:11.240,0:04:16.800 Constitutions meant, the steady shift of[br]power into the hands of 0:04:16.800,0:04:21.029 the army at the expense of both the sultan[br]and the bureaucracy. 0:04:22.740,0:04:25.200 They also believed that the resumption of 0:04:25.200,0:04:27.910 parliamentary life, would ease you to peer[br]pressure. 0:04:29.270,0:04:29.940 But he did not. 0:04:31.060,0:04:34.810 In the Balkans, the Ottomans continued[br]losing ground. 0:04:36.560,0:04:40.541 And in 1911 the Italians took Tripoli in[br]Libya. 0:04:40.541,0:04:44.919 In 1912, '13, the Ottomans lost nearly all[br]the territory they had left in Europe. 0:04:46.450,0:04:49.610 In 1913, the CUP assumed complete control, 0:04:49.610,0:04:53.040 which they had not enjoyed entirely until[br]then. 0:04:53.040,0:04:55.940 But they didn't manage to do much before[br]the outbreak 0:04:55.940,0:04:59.170 of the First World War, and that changed a[br]great deal. 0:05:00.540,0:05:03.520 Since the second half of the 19th century,[br]there had been 0:05:03.520,0:05:07.310 a steadily increasing interest in the[br]history of the Turkish people. 0:05:07.310,0:05:09.620 As well as in the Turkish language, in[br]Turkish literature. 0:05:10.790,0:05:14.130 Ziya Gokalp, who lived from 1876 to 1924, 0:05:14.130,0:05:19.510 was the most prominent idealogue of[br]Turkish nationalism. 0:05:19.510,0:05:25.550 He rejected autonism and made theTurkish[br]nation the basis of his program. 0:05:25.550,0:05:28.730 But as long as the empire continued to[br]exist. 0:05:28.730,0:05:32.620 Turkish nationalism, as a practical,[br]political program, had little 0:05:32.620,0:05:36.380 appeal to the leadership and to the[br]general public. 0:05:36.380,0:05:41.430 The CUP, those sympathetic and supportive[br]of Turkish nationals, continued like 0:05:41.430,0:05:46.614 their predecessors with autonism,[br]centralization and modernization. 0:05:47.630,0:05:51.038 It would take the end of empire for[br][INAUDIBLE] 0:05:51.038,0:05:54.880 ideology to become the policy of the new[br]Turkish republic. 0:05:57.040,0:06:02.150 This emergence of Turkishness, and Turkish[br]nationalism, gives 0:06:02.150,0:06:06.100 rise to a question of how this all[br]relates. 0:06:07.170,0:06:09.750 To the notorious Armenian tragedy. 0:06:12.990,0:06:17.290 And now we turn to this so called Armenian[br]problem. 0:06:19.580,0:06:24.510 Since the Empire was losing territory all[br]the time, what was 0:06:24.510,0:06:28.699 left of the Empire which essentially was[br]the area of Anatolia. 0:06:31.420,0:06:37.560 Faced increasing nationalist challenges by[br]others, 0:06:37.560,0:06:42.350 that served to reinforce Turkish identity[br]and nationalist fashions. 0:06:43.910,0:06:45.739 With the loss of the European province. 0:06:47.350,0:06:53.360 Anatolia was established as the heartland[br]of the Turkish speaking people. 0:06:53.360,0:07:01.210 And it was its zone of their prospective[br]self-determination. 0:07:01.210,0:07:04.459 But this allowed for the emergence of the[br]Armenian problem. 0:07:05.570,0:07:09.882 As a potential threat to the Turkish[br][INAUDIBLE]. 0:07:09.882,0:07:14.610 Anatolia developed, impressively like the[br]rest of the empire, 0:07:14.610,0:07:18.480 especially in the west of Anatolia during[br]the 19th century. 0:07:19.550,0:07:23.320 Eastern Anatolia remained less developed[br]and 0:07:23.320,0:07:26.990 there was considerable social and[br]political tension. 0:07:26.990,0:07:31.590 Between the Armenians who are Christians,[br]and the [INAUDIBLE] 0:07:31.590,0:07:35.500 who are Saudi Muslims in the eastern part[br]of Anatolia. 0:07:37.430,0:07:42.110 There were Armenians in all of Anatolia,[br]but especially in the eastern provinces. 0:07:43.920,0:07:46.210 And during the 19th century. 0:07:46.210,0:07:51.490 An Armenian National Consciousness[br]developed very much under the 0:07:51.490,0:07:57.040 influence of western sources, especially 0:07:57.040,0:08:01.770 through the American partisan missionaries[br]who were active amongst the Armenians. 0:08:04.050,0:08:06.844 The Armenians engaged in provocations[br]against the [INAUDIBLE]. 0:08:08.130,0:08:11.480 To attract European intervention on their[br]behalf. 0:08:12.730,0:08:16.720 Cooperation with Russia, men's cooperation[br]of the 0:08:16.720,0:08:20.210 Armenians, with the traditional enemy of[br]the Armenians. 0:08:21.790,0:08:28.010 Tensions between the Turkish speaking[br]muslims and the Armenians rose. 0:08:29.330,0:08:33.840 And in the last quarter the nineteenth[br]there were massacres of Armenians, 0:08:33.840,0:08:38.840 by Kurdish irregulars of the Ottoman army[br]in the eastern part of Anatolia. 0:08:41.090,0:08:43.070 A combination of a lack of 0:08:43.070,0:08:47.280 government control, with suspicion towards[br]the Armenians 0:08:47.280,0:08:51.010 as a national move threatened what the[br]Turks had left of their Empire. 0:08:52.730,0:08:57.120 These two came together to allow for a 0:08:57.120,0:09:00.140 terrible massacre of the Armenians to take[br]place. 0:09:01.280,0:09:05.175 This terrible massacre took place in the[br]midst of 0:09:05.175,0:09:08.848 World War One, in the early years of the[br]war. 0:09:08.848,0:09:11.129 [BLANK_AUDIO] 0:09:11.129,0:09:17.063 Armenians in Eastern Anatolia had fought[br]with the Russians against the Ottomans. 0:09:17.063,0:09:20.443 Other Armenians had engaged in guerrilla[br]operations and some 0:09:20.443,0:09:24.180 Armenians populations rose against the[br]Ottomans during the war. 0:09:26.010,0:09:30.529 In the spring of 1915, with the British[br]attacking at the Dardanelles. 0:09:31.570,0:09:35.690 The Russians attacking in the East and the[br]British apparently advancing on Baghdad, 0:09:35.690,0:09:41.930 the Ottomans decided on the deportation of[br]the Armenians in Eastern Anatolia. 0:09:44.570,0:09:47.900 In the process of this deportation,[br]hundreds of 0:09:47.900,0:09:51.319 thousands, maybe even one million[br]Armenians or even more. 0:09:52.650,0:09:57.900 Perished because of the harsh conditions,[br]dying of hunger, disease and exposure. 0:09:58.980,0:10:03.688 Many were murdered by local, mainly[br]Kurdish, tribesman and villagers. 0:10:03.688,0:10:10.870 The Armenian tragedy is part of. 0:10:10.870,0:10:13.820 A general transition that is taking place[br]in the Ottoman Empire. 0:10:15.230,0:10:21.380 The transition from commoner identity to[br]territorial self-determination. 0:10:21.380,0:10:28.470 And this had some very unfortunate[br]consequences on the ground. 0:10:29.780,0:10:32.390 The transition from communal co-existence,[br]where religious 0:10:32.390,0:10:36.140 communities lead side by side Ottoman[br]style. 0:10:36.140,0:10:38.600 To territorial nationalism, European[br]style. 0:10:39.870,0:10:43.430 Required some degree of territorial[br]continuity. 0:10:45.020,0:10:48.469 The need for communities now to acquire[br]territorial continuity. 0:10:49.700,0:10:54.620 In the name of self-determination, rather[br]than communities just living side 0:10:54.620,0:10:59.650 by side, created unavoidable clashes[br]between the mosaic 0:10:59.650,0:11:04.720 of minorities within the Ottoman Empire,[br]accompanied by horrific bloodshed. 0:11:06.600,0:11:08.990 The Balkans of those days. 0:11:08.990,0:11:13.210 And latter-day Yugoslavia of the 1990s[br]were one example. 0:11:13.210,0:11:16.980 The Armenians in Anatolia was another. 0:11:18.630,0:11:23.320 Not all parts of modernity and change had[br]positive results. 0:11:23.320,0:11:24.726 Some were quite catastrophic. 0:11:24.726,0:11:29.510 Indeed, the Turkish-Armenian clash. 0:11:29.510,0:11:32.550 Was the worst example of this unfortunate[br]reality.