[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.54,0:00:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They blamed high wages.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With one in ten men away fighting
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.43,0:00:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able adult workers came at a premium
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.78,0:00:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cut into profits.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.34,0:00:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pit's advice was short and simple
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.88,0:00:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was supposed to have told them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.98,0:00:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yoke up the children.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.59,0:00:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily for Pit and for Great Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.54,0:00:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and PLC for the first time in it's history
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.30,0:00:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country was awash with children.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.04,0:00:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid 1700s the population of Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.68,0:00:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was small and stationary around 5.7 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.15,0:00:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by the end of the century it had shot up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.48,0:00:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by more than 50 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.09,0:00:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 8.7 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.92,0:00:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what changed?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.06,0:00:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer's in here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.51,0:01:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Sir Michael's in Shropshire
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.18,0:01:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built by that great man of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.04,0:01:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the industrial age,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.30,0:01:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Telford in 1796.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.68,0:01:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's been a church on this site
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.13,0:01:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since Norman times.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.53,0:01:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The marriage registers are long.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.67,0:01:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And very well maintained.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.39,0:01:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah now these are beautiful records.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.51,0:01:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see here somebody's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.92,0:01:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not been able to sign their name,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.54,0:01:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they put their mark.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And elsewhere they struggle to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.40,0:01:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,write their signatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.95,0:01:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now study of these and other records
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.70,0:01:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have shown that as the 18th century
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.50,0:01:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progressed more people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.11,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were marrying younger.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.59,0:01:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now why was that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.38,0:01:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Previously men and women were
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.93,0:01:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,employed to work the land
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.37,0:01:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lived in with their employer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.10,0:01:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually a farmer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.30,0:01:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a big local land owner.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.18,0:01:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These men liked to keep their
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.50,0:01:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young employees single,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.88,0:01:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because married employees
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.89,0:02:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had children
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.77,0:02:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were more of a burden.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.73,0:02:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But advances in farming practice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.72,0:02:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meant less people were needed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.92,0:02:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow food.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.21,0:02:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So fewer people lived in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.70,0:02:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more were kicked out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.30,0:02:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course that meant that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.59,0:02:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was no master to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.84,0:02:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ask for permission to wed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.34,0:02:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These liberated workers began traveling
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.34,0:02:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earning their wages in new industries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.87,0:02:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pay wasn't great,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.51,0:02:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't based on the sliding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.34,0:02:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scales of farmwork.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.88,0:02:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They reached their peak
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.97,0:02:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potential earnings at younger ages
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.88,0:02:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so attempted to marry
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.31,0:02:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start families sooner.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.26,0:02:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women with jobs found their earnings
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.79,0:02:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could shore up new families,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.56,0:02:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adding again to the temptation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.18,0:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to marry younger.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.03,0:02:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for those women who
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.06,0:02:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couldn't find work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.67,0:02:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well they were eager to marry young
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.24,0:02:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gain financial protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.39,0:02:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result in the early 1700s
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.59,0:02:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average age of British brides
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.22,0:02:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been nearly 27.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.31,0:02:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1800 it had fallen to 23 and a half.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.92,0:02:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those 3 additional years of married life
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:02:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were crucial.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.45,0:03:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Girls were at their most fertile
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.46,0:03:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could produce 2 additional babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.95,0:03:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[babies crying]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.17,0:03:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the very moment that Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.95,0:03:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was prepared to take the giant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.51,0:03:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technological leap into the machine age,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.41,0:03:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had it's largest, youngest population.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.01,0:03:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a mobile population.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.04,0:03:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to adapt to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.45,0:03:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every thing was tailored towards
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.48,0:03:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delivering the industrial future.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that industrial future
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.43,0:03:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needed feeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.96,0:03:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children played a role in that too.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.84,0:03:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to think of children
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.77,0:03:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this time as working
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.26,0:03:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in mines and factories.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.12,0:03:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.26,0:03:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child labor was ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.34,0:03:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost every work place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.93,0:03:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have had children in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.51,0:03:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the biggest employer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.26,0:03:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.93,0:04:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agriculture accounted for about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.28,0:04:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a third of children's jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.67,0:04:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often on small setups like this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.79,0:04:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This farm was attached to the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.09,0:04:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,local rectory
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.31,0:04:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worked by a small team
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.60,0:04:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including boys and girls.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.71,0:04:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[cows moo]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.80,0:04:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course agriculture is one
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.03,0:04:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,area where we still see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.41,0:04:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children working today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.09,0:04:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ushered into the life of the farm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.81,0:04:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the watchful eye of their parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.92,0:04:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The children of the industrial revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.75,0:04:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rarely enjoyed such a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.05,0:04:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gentle introduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.22,0:04:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike the factory apprentices,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.79,0:04:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child farm workers were often
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.26,0:04:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only children employed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.66,0:04:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an establishment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.51,0:04:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were also housed with
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.01,0:04:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their master or another
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.15,0:04:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adult worker.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.63,0:04:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was no one looking
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.50,0:04:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the shoulders of these
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.82,0:04:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men to see how they were
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.91,0:04:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treating their child employees.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.31,0:04:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result these children
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.84,0:04:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were often more vulnerable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.43,0:04:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the children who worked
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.42,0:04:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in factories.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.87,0:05:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.14,0:05:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men's reminisces tiptoe around
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.01,0:05:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the topic of child's sexual abuse
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.68,0:05:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the testimonies I've read,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.44,0:05:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are 2 cases where boys were
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.26,0:05:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably molested.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.82,0:05:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And both involved lonely little farm
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.22,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,workers consigned to the care
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of other adults,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.95,0:05:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far from the protection
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.34,0:05:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of friends and family.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.84,0:05:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like the heavy industries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.26,0:05:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agriculture had a job for
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.57,0:05:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every age group.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.24,0:05:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the entry level into farm
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.81,0:05:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work began at 6 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.70,0:05:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when children could be employed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.43,0:05:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as human scarecrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.84,0:05:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was 6 and 2 months old,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.42,0:05:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sent off to work
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.22,0:05:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not think I shall ever forget
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.84,0:05:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those long hungry days
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.19,0:05:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the fields scaring crows.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.51,0:06:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine the feeling
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.92,0:06:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of loneliness.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.76,0:06:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hours and hours passed without
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.37,0:06:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a living creature coming near.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.51,0:06:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I cried most of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.84,0:06:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in desperation I would shout
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.87,0:06:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as loud as I could.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.24,0:06:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother, mother, mother!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.98,0:06:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But mother could not hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.32,0:06:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was working in the hay fields
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.95,0:06:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who knows where.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.84,0:06:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By my 7th birthday
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.92,0:06:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was driving the plow,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.09,0:06:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any repairs to plow or harness
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.75,0:06:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to be taken to tradesmen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.50,0:06:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once after working all day long
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.84,0:06:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to carry a plow horse collar
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.08,0:06:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that required whittling
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.100,0:06:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the plow coulter
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.73,0:06:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that needed repairs at the blacksmith.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.23,0:06:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These 2 heavy things made a burden
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.11,0:06:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far too much for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.75,0:06:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had to trudge with them
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.81,0:06:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as best I could,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.90,0:06:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mile and a half
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.95,0:06:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the fields to Evidon.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.84,0:06:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Arnold was just 6 years old
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.50,0:06:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he went to work
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.62,0:06:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that farm in North Hamptonshire
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.78,0:06:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a horse collar
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.70,0:07:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the one he carried.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.12,0:07:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you just
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.22,0:07:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how heavy this is...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.100,0:07:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[grunting]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we need the coulter
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.99,0:07:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cuz he also carried that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.17,0:07:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is part of the plow.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.71,0:07:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 pounds!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.37,0:07:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That probably weighs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.22,0:07:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.63,0:07:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.59,0:07:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crow scarers and the children
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.68,0:07:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fetching and carrying for farm
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.51,0:07:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laborers were on the lowest rung
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.37,0:07:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the employment ladder.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.40,0:07:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many testimonies tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.46,0:07:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even at that level
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.88,0:07:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at a young age
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.48,0:07:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children saw these punishing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.07,0:07:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labors as an opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.41,0:07:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were proper workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.88,0:07:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they wanted to get on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.51,0:08:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I our village there was...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.89,0:08:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and justice of the peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.56,0:08:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to draw up a pair of horses
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.17,0:08:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that plow for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.19,0:08:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after a bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.13,0:08:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking I suppose
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.36,0:08:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a small likely lad
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.40,0:08:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he made me a sort of stable boy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.64,0:08:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave me 8 shillings a week
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.31,0:08:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start with.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.67,0:08:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here was a... lad
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.09,0:08:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was set on rising
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.97,0:08:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as fast and as much as he could.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.38,0:08:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no slack off hours for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.51,0:08:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No taking it easy with
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.75,0:08:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other lads,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.62,0:08:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make more money,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.71,0:08:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do more,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.91,0:08:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to know more,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.11,0:08:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a somebody in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.01,0:08:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my little world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.08,0:08:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was my ambition.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.64,0:09:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might not have had much choice
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.90,0:09:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about their employment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.60,0:09:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many children were determined
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.98,0:09:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to seize what opportunities came along
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.12,0:09:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a level of determination
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.44,0:09:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enthusiasm that's astonishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.18,0:09:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If sometimes hard to imagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.15,0:09:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For some jobs really did require
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.82,0:09:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge amounts of courage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.51,0:09:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a view of immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.38,0:09:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testing my capablitiies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.42,0:09:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my new master persuaded me
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.94,0:09:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to climb a chimney on my
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.52,0:09:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very first morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.04,0:09:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the feet standing up on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.08,0:09:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the grate,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.85,0:09:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body would nearly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.69,0:09:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fill up the width of a chimney.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.50,0:09:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I climbed with my right arm
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.11,0:09:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifted above the head,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.28,0:09:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the left arm by my side.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.72,0:09:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The elbows were pressed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.10,0:09:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard against the brick work
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.65,0:09:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hold the body suspended,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.92,0:09:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the knees were drawn up.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.74,0:09:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the knees on one side
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.96,0:09:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bare heels on the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.75,0:09:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,held me secure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.59,0:09:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the right hand held the scraper
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.09,0:09:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring down the soot
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.09,0:09:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the knees and elbows
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.96,0:09:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the constant pressing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.20,0:09:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the friction with the brick work
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.87,0:10:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became peeled, thus allowing soot to penetrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.81,0:10:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It caused open, festering sores.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.34,0:10:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which took several weeks to heal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.21,0:10:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breathing was always more or less
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.81,0:10:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a difficulty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.34,0:10:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A hood, called a climbing cap
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was drawn over the head
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.26,0:10:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tucked in at the neck.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.84,0:10:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even with that protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.25,0:10:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was subject to the taste
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.72,0:10:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inhalation of every kind of soot,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.89,0:10:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into my throat and lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.39,0:10:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where fires had only just been put out,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.36,0:10:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sulfurous fumes were sufficient
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.50,0:10:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stifle them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.10,0:10:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the fumes were so strong
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.18,0:10:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I fell from top to bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.85,0:10:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[boy screams]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.08,0:10:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lying sensible.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.14,0:10:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Mary Poppins song: Chim Chim Chiree.]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.76,0:10:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes they really did put
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.01,0:10:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kids up chimneys
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.68,0:10:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a kind of normal chimney
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.50,0:10:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that George Elson would have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.57,0:10:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been dealing with.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.33,0:10:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that one's so wide
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.72,0:10:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would have no
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.76,0:11:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,challenge from that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.83,0:11:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd have been up and down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.03,0:11:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there like grease lightning.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.63,0:11:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What really tested boy's metals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.07,0:11:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were chimneys that measured
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.21,0:11:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,9 inches by 9 inches,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.97,0:11:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is this size.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.64,0:11:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so ...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.25,0:11:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wriggle through
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.10,0:11:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clean something like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.14,0:11:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seems practically impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.74,0:11:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martin is president of the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.42,0:11:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Association of British Chimney Sweeps.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.13,0:11:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Martin, here's a very old chimney
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.09,0:11:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.23,0:11:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the kind of thing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.33,0:11:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those boys would have to clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.03,0:11:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So tell us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.84,0:11:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they go about doing it?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.80,0:11:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the little boys were known
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.99,0:11:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as climbing boys.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.40,0:11:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apprentice to the trade
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.33,0:11:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 7 years old in some cases
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.64,0:11:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they used to use their
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.67,0:11:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elbows and knees to scamper
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.76,0:11:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up inside the chimney.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.45,0:11:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, in many cases they
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.10,0:11:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stripped naked
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.60,0:11:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they had some sort of early uniform
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.28,0:11:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the soot used to fill the pockets
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.75,0:11:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because the chimney design
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.26,0:11:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was so small they became wedged,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.93,0:12:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they stripped naked so they could
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.28,0:12:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,escape back down the chimney
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.72,0:12:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after cleaning it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.92,0:12:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what equipment did they have?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.29,0:12:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The little climbing boys
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.42,0:12:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some cases girls,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.88,0:12:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they used to use a small scraper
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.08,0:12:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as this,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.79,0:12:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little metal scraper
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.17,0:12:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a wooden handle
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.92,0:12:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the traditional sweep's hand brush.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.23,0:12:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would literally,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.20,0:12:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would scrape the soot away
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.38,0:12:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brush with the hand brush.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.99,0:12:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The exploitation of climbing boys
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.89,0:12:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and girls was rightly seen
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.67,0:12:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time as a national scandal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.76,0:12:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However even when new
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.09,0:12:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology was introduced
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.46,0:12:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of jointed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.42,0:12:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chimney brushes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.59,0:12:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sweeps no longer needed children,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.24,0:12:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't mean boys and girls
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.26,0:12:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were spared.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.42,0:12:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was still a great reluctance
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.55,0:12:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the master sweeps of the day
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.80,0:12:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do away with boys,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.25,0:12:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was far cheaper to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.38,0:12:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purchase a small boy from a family
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.57,0:12:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a guinea or 2
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.16,0:12:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few shillings for the poorer families,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.42,0:12:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.44,0:12:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little girls as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.72,0:12:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So boys and girls were cheaper
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.02,0:12:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than brushes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.62,0:13:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.82,0:13:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one horrible incident in Dover
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.92,0:13:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a master had sent a boy
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.95,0:13:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up the chimney with a wet towel
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.01,0:13:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to extinguish a chimney fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.92,0:13:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And apparently he climbed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.68,0:13:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the flue
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.36,0:13:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very reluctantly, the master threatened
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.16,0:13:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to beat him.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.61,0:13:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He attempted to climb
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.70,0:13:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further into the chimney
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.80,0:13:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then got stuck in the chimney wedged
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.75,0:13:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And apparently they heard
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.55,0:13:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his screams for over 2 miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.43,0:13:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not exactly Chim Chimney Cheree
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.84,0:13:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Mary Poppins is it now?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.28,0:13:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows how hard life was
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.29,0:13:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how few opportunities there were.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.96,0:13:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The many climbing boys
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.42,0:13:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quit the trade and went off
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.06,0:13:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to serve in the armed forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.73,0:13:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scandal of boy soldiers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.97,0:13:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something today that we associate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.84,0:13:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the most
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.41,0:13:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,callous regimes in the developing world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.59,0:13:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But putting boys into war zones
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.09,0:14:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually an old British tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.95,0:14:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, there were 13 of them
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.68,0:14:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who fought in the Battle of Trafalgar
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.59,0:14:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this ship, HMS Victory.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.12,0:14:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them was a 16 year old
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.85,0:14:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,midshipmen Lieutenant William Rivers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.67,0:14:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His father was also on board
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.20,0:14:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and William first went to sea
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.75,0:14:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with him on Victory age 6 and a half.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.22,0:14:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he immediately saw action
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.76,0:14:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was wounded off....
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.84,0:14:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the honor of serving
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.01,0:14:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 3 general actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.78,0:14:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.05,0:14:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I received 2 wounds in my right arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.79,0:14:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the latter while I was
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.91,0:14:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,receiving orders from his late lordship
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.68,0:14:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Admiral Nelson,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.28,0:14:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I received a wound on my face.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.82,0:14:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was shortly followed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.16,0:14:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a gun shot wound
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.48,0:14:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which carried away my left leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.40,0:14:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both William the father
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.50,0:14:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and William the son...