0:00:00.605,0:00:02.668
In the middle of my Ph.D.,

0:00:02.668,0:00:06.031
I was hopelessly stuck.

0:00:06.031,0:00:07.730
Every research direction that I tried

0:00:07.730,0:00:09.516
led to a dead end.

0:00:09.516,0:00:11.308
It seemed like my basic assumptions

0:00:11.308,0:00:13.266
just stopped working.

0:00:13.266,0:00:16.315
I felt like a pilot flying through the mist,

0:00:16.315,0:00:19.003
and I lost all sense of direction.

0:00:19.003,0:00:20.491
I stopped shaving.

0:00:20.491,0:00:23.302
I couldn't get out of bed in the morning.

0:00:23.302,0:00:24.955
I felt unworthy

0:00:24.955,0:00:27.978
of stepping across the gates of the university,

0:00:27.978,0:00:30.126
because I wasn't like Einstein or Newton

0:00:30.126,0:00:32.279
or any other scientist whose results

0:00:32.279,0:00:34.066
I had learned about, because in science,

0:00:34.066,0:00:37.192
we just learn about the results, not the process.

0:00:37.192,0:00:41.703
And so obviously, I couldn't be a scientist.

0:00:41.703,0:00:43.827
But I had enough support

0:00:43.827,0:00:45.384
and I made it through

0:00:45.384,0:00:47.504
and discovered something new about nature.

0:00:47.504,0:00:49.977
This is an amazing feeling of calmness,

0:00:49.977,0:00:51.419
being the only person in the world

0:00:51.419,0:00:53.814
who knows a new law of nature.

0:00:53.814,0:00:56.516
And I started the second project in my Ph.D,

0:00:56.516,0:00:57.990
and it happened again.

0:00:57.990,0:01:00.339
I got stuck and I made it through.

0:01:00.339,0:01:01.965
And I started thinking,

0:01:01.965,0:01:03.142
maybe there's a pattern here.

0:01:03.142,0:01:04.863
I asked the other graduate students, and they said,

0:01:04.863,0:01:06.776
"Yeah, that's exactly what happened to us,

0:01:06.776,0:01:09.215
except nobody told us about it."

0:01:09.215,0:01:11.115
We'd all studied science as if it's a series

0:01:11.115,0:01:13.891
of logical steps between question and answer,

0:01:13.891,0:01:17.527
but doing research is nothing like that.

0:01:17.527,0:01:19.551
At the same time, I was also studying

0:01:19.551,0:01:21.788
to be an improvisation theater actor.

0:01:21.788,0:01:23.302
So physics by day,

0:01:23.302,0:01:25.024
and by night, laughing, jumping, singing,

0:01:25.024,0:01:26.712
playing my guitar.

0:01:26.712,0:01:28.261
Improvisation theater,

0:01:28.261,0:01:31.061
just like science, goes into the unknown,

0:01:31.061,0:01:32.532
because you have to make a scene onstage

0:01:32.532,0:01:34.345
without a director, without a script,

0:01:34.345,0:01:36.583
without having any idea what you'll portray

0:01:36.583,0:01:38.889
or what the other characters will do.

0:01:38.889,0:01:41.108
But unlike science,

0:01:41.108,0:01:43.621
in improvisation theater, they tell you from day one

0:01:43.621,0:01:46.246
what's going to happen to[br]you when you get onstage.

0:01:46.246,0:01:48.188
You're going to fail miserably.

0:01:48.188,0:01:49.725
You're going to get stuck.

0:01:49.725,0:01:51.413
And we would practice staying creative

0:01:51.413,0:01:53.176
inside that stuck place.

0:01:53.176,0:01:54.951
For example, we had an exercise

0:01:54.951,0:01:56.763
where we all stood in a circle,

0:01:56.763,0:01:59.388
and each person had to do[br]the world's worst tap dance,

0:01:59.388,0:02:00.934
and everybody else applauded

0:02:00.934,0:02:02.146
and cheered you on,

0:02:02.146,0:02:05.199
supporting you onstage.

0:02:05.199,0:02:06.737
When I became a professor

0:02:06.737,0:02:08.588
and had to guide my own students

0:02:08.588,0:02:10.371
through their research projects,

0:02:10.371,0:02:11.708
I realized again,

0:02:11.708,0:02:13.420
I don't know what to do.

0:02:13.420,0:02:15.294
I'd studied thousands of hours of physics,

0:02:15.294,0:02:16.918
biology, chemistry,

0:02:16.918,0:02:18.970
but not hour, not one concept

0:02:18.970,0:02:21.556
on how to mentor, how to guide someone

0:02:21.556,0:02:23.293
to go together into the unknown,

0:02:23.293,0:02:25.344
about motivation.

0:02:25.344,0:02:27.144
So I turned to improvisation theater,

0:02:27.144,0:02:29.317
and I told my students from day one

0:02:29.317,0:02:32.218
what's going to happen when you start research,

0:02:32.218,0:02:33.944
and this has to do with our mental schema

0:02:33.944,0:02:36.206
of what research will be like.

0:02:36.206,0:02:38.314
Because you see, whenever people do anything,

0:02:38.314,0:02:40.876
for example if I want to touch this blackboard,

0:02:40.876,0:02:42.726
my brain first builds up a schema,

0:02:42.726,0:02:44.575
a prediction of exactly what my muscles will do

0:02:44.575,0:02:46.551
before I even start moving my hand,

0:02:46.551,0:02:48.399
and if I get blocked,

0:02:48.399,0:02:50.274
if my schema doesn't match reality,

0:02:50.274,0:02:52.838
that causes extra stress called cognitive dissonance.

0:02:52.838,0:02:55.707
That's why your schemas had better match reality.

0:02:55.707,0:02:58.832
But if you believe the way science is taught,

0:02:58.832,0:03:00.669
and if you believe textbooks, you're liable

0:03:00.669,0:03:06.813
to have the following schema of research.

0:03:06.813,0:03:09.581
If A is the question,

0:03:09.581,0:03:13.451
and B is the answer,

0:03:14.002,0:03:17.714
then research is a direct path.

0:03:18.677,0:03:21.502
The problem is that if an experiment doesn't work,

0:03:21.502,0:03:25.194
or a student gets depressed,

0:03:25.194,0:03:27.093
it's perceived as something utterly wrong

0:03:27.093,0:03:30.055
and causes tremendous stress.

0:03:30.055,0:03:31.803
And that's why I teach my students

0:03:31.803,0:03:35.665
a more realistic schema.

0:03:39.067,0:03:40.554
Here's an example

0:03:40.554,0:03:43.052
where things don't match your schema.

0:03:46.429,0:03:49.641
(Laughter)

0:03:49.641,0:03:52.840
(Applause)

0:03:55.326,0:03:57.590
You know.

0:04:01.564,0:04:05.003
So I teach my students a different schema.

0:04:05.003,0:04:07.444
If A is the question,

0:04:07.444,0:04:09.385
B is the answer,

0:04:12.940,0:04:14.855
stay creative in the cloud,

0:04:14.855,0:04:16.830
and you start going,

0:04:16.830,0:04:19.193
and experiments don't work, experiments don't work,

0:04:19.193,0:04:21.728
experiments don't work, experiments don't work,

0:04:21.728,0:04:24.754
until you reach a place linked[br]with negative emotions

0:04:24.754,0:04:26.682
where it seems like your basic assumptions

0:04:26.682,0:04:28.228
stop making sense,

0:04:28.228,0:04:31.223
like somebody yanked the carpet beneath your feet.

0:04:31.223,0:04:34.181
And I call this place the cloud.

0:04:47.685,0:04:50.583
Now you can be lost in the cloud

0:04:50.583,0:04:52.791
for a day, a week, a month, a year,

0:04:52.791,0:04:54.689
a whole career,

0:04:54.689,0:04:56.851
but sometimes, if you're lucky enough

0:04:56.851,0:04:58.627
and you have enough support,

0:04:58.627,0:05:00.767
you can see in the materials at hand,

0:05:00.767,0:05:03.625
or perhaps meditating on the shape of the cloud,

0:05:03.625,0:05:05.627
a new answer,

0:05:07.565,0:05:10.969
C, and you decide to go for it.

0:05:10.969,0:05:13.338
And experiments don't work, experiments don't work,

0:05:13.338,0:05:14.807
but you get there,

0:05:14.807,0:05:16.257
and then you tell everyone about it

0:05:16.257,0:05:19.869
by publishing a paper that reads A arrow C,

0:05:19.869,0:05:21.918
which is a great way to communicate,

0:05:21.918,0:05:23.832
but as long as you don't forget the path

0:05:23.832,0:05:25.631
that brought you there.

0:05:25.631,0:05:27.606
Now this cloud is an inherent part

0:05:27.606,0:05:30.007
of research, an inherent part of our craft,

0:05:30.007,0:05:33.420
because the cloud stands guard at the boundary.

0:05:38.321,0:05:40.032
It stands guard at the boundary

0:05:40.032,0:05:42.962
between the known

0:05:45.795,0:05:49.399
and the unknown,

0:05:53.011,0:05:55.525
because in order to discover something truly new,

0:05:55.525,0:05:59.322
at least one of your basic[br]assumptions has to change,

0:05:59.322,0:06:00.826
and that means that in science,

0:06:00.826,0:06:02.548
we do something quite heroic.

0:06:02.548,0:06:03.999
Every day, we try to bring ourselves

0:06:03.999,0:06:06.331
to the boundary between[br]the known and the unknown

0:06:06.331,0:06:08.122
and face the cloud.

0:06:08.122,0:06:09.337
Now notice that I put B

0:06:09.337,0:06:10.360
in the land of the known,

0:06:10.360,0:06:12.221
because we knew about it in the beginning,

0:06:12.221,0:06:15.930
but C is always more interesting

0:06:15.930,0:06:18.603
and more important than B.

0:06:18.603,0:06:20.976
So B is essential in order to get going,

0:06:20.976,0:06:22.564
but C is much more profound,

0:06:22.564,0:06:27.231
and that's the amazing thing about resesarch.

0:06:27.231,0:06:29.259
Now just knowing that word, the cloud,

0:06:29.259,0:06:31.784
has been transformational in my research group,

0:06:31.784,0:06:33.384
because students come to me and say,

0:06:33.384,0:06:35.162
"Uri, I'm in the cloud,"

0:06:35.162,0:06:38.448
and I say, "Great, you must be feeling miserable."

0:06:38.448,0:06:40.810
(Laughter)

0:06:40.810,0:06:42.523
But I'm kind of happy,

0:06:42.523,0:06:44.111
because we might be close to the boundary

0:06:44.111,0:06:45.927
between the known and the unknown,

0:06:45.927,0:06:47.323
and we stand a chance of discovering

0:06:47.323,0:06:49.374
something truly new,

0:06:49.374,0:06:50.836
since the way our mind works,

0:06:50.836,0:06:53.574
it's just knowing that the cloud, you know,

0:06:53.574,0:06:58.092
is normal, it's essential,

0:06:58.092,0:06:59.755
and in fact beautiful,

0:06:59.755,0:07:02.928
we can join the Cloud Appreciation Society,

0:07:02.928,0:07:04.856
and it detoxifies the feeling that something

0:07:04.856,0:07:07.758
is deeply wrong with me.

0:07:07.758,0:07:10.178
And as a mentor, I know what to do,

0:07:10.178,0:07:12.240
which is to step up my support for the students,

0:07:12.240,0:07:13.741
because research in psychology shows

0:07:13.741,0:07:17.089
that if you're feeling fear and despair,

0:07:17.089,0:07:18.277
your mind narrows down

0:07:18.277,0:07:20.928
to very safe and conservative ways of thinking.

0:07:20.928,0:07:22.503
If you'd like to explore the risky paths

0:07:22.503,0:07:24.151
needed to get out of the cloud,

0:07:24.151,0:07:25.602
you need other emotions

0:07:25.602,0:07:27.853
—solidarity, support, hope—

0:07:27.853,0:07:29.590
that come with your connection from somebody else,

0:07:29.590,0:07:31.014
so like in improvisation theater,

0:07:31.014,0:07:33.401
in science, it's best to walk into the unknown

0:07:33.401,0:07:35.440
together.

0:07:35.440,0:07:37.852
So knowing about the cloud,

0:07:37.852,0:07:40.416
you also learn from improvisation theater

0:07:40.416,0:07:43.778
a very effective way to have conversations

0:07:43.778,0:07:45.538
inside the cloud.

0:07:45.538,0:07:47.515
It's based on the central principle

0:07:47.515,0:07:49.282
of improvisation theater,

0:07:49.282,0:07:50.775
so here improvisation theater

0:07:50.775,0:07:52.451
came to my help again.

0:07:52.451,0:07:53.982
It's called saying "yes and"

0:07:53.982,0:07:57.427
to the offers made by other actors.

0:08:04.677,0:08:07.191
That means accepting the offers

0:08:07.191,0:08:09.702
and building on them, saying "yes and."

0:08:09.702,0:08:11.141
For example, if one actor says,

0:08:11.141,0:08:12.256
"Here is a pool of water,"

0:08:12.256,0:08:13.241
and the other actor says,

0:08:13.241,0:08:15.041
"No, that's just a stage,"

0:08:15.041,0:08:16.878
the improvisation is over.

0:08:16.878,0:08:20.052
It's dead, and everybody feels frustrated.

0:08:20.052,0:08:22.128
That's called blocking.

0:08:22.128,0:08:23.715
If you're not mindful of communications,

0:08:23.715,0:08:26.792
scientific conversations can have a lot of blocking.

0:08:26.792,0:08:28.938
Saying "yes and" sounds like this.

0:08:28.938,0:08:31.426
"Here is a pool of water."[br]"Yeah, let's jump in."

0:08:31.426,0:08:34.165
"Look, there's a whale! Let's grab it by its tail.

0:08:34.165,0:08:36.656
It's pulling us to the moon!"

0:08:36.656,0:08:38.796
So saying "yes and" bypasses our inner critic.

0:08:38.796,0:08:40.980
We all have an inner critic

0:08:40.980,0:08:42.531
that kind of guards what we say,

0:08:42.531,0:08:44.144
so people don't think that we're obscene

0:08:44.144,0:08:45.569
or crazy or unoriginal,

0:08:45.569,0:08:46.679
and science is full of the fear

0:08:46.679,0:08:48.416
of appearing unoriginal.

0:08:48.416,0:08:50.243
Saying "yes and" bypasses the critic

0:08:50.243,0:08:52.855
and unlocks the hidden voices of creativity

0:08:52.855,0:08:54.380
you didn't even know that you had,

0:08:54.380,0:08:56.680
and they often carry the answer

0:08:56.680,0:08:59.105
about the cloud.

0:08:59.105,0:09:01.416
So you see, knowing about the cloud

0:09:01.416,0:09:03.042
and about saying "yes and"

0:09:03.042,0:09:05.679
made my lab very creative.

0:09:05.679,0:09:08.207
Students started playing off of each others' ideas,

0:09:08.207,0:09:10.321
and we made surprising discoveries

0:09:10.321,0:09:13.094
in the interface between physics and biology.

0:09:13.094,0:09:16.081
For example, we were stuck for a year

0:09:16.081,0:09:17.819
trying to understand the intricate

0:09:17.819,0:09:19.982
biochemical networks inside our cells,

0:09:19.982,0:09:22.619
and we said, "We are deeply in the cloud,"

0:09:22.619,0:09:24.419
and we had a playful conversation

0:09:24.419,0:09:26.207
where my student [??] said,

0:09:26.207,0:09:29.081
"Let's just draw this on a[br]piece of paper, this network,"

0:09:29.081,0:09:30.843
and instead of saying,

0:09:30.843,0:09:32.864
"But we've done that so many times

0:09:32.864,0:09:34.228
and it doesn't work,"

0:09:34.228,0:09:35.841
I said, "Yes and

0:09:35.841,0:09:38.952
let's use a very big piece of paper,"

0:09:38.952,0:09:40.514
and then Ron Milo said,

0:09:40.514,0:09:42.264
"Let's use a gigantic architect's

0:09:42.264,0:09:44.160
blueprint kind of paper, and I know where to print it,"

0:09:44.160,0:09:46.028
and we printed out the network and looked at it,

0:09:46.028,0:09:48.789
and that's where we made[br]our most important discovery,

0:09:48.789,0:09:50.990
that this complicated network is just made

0:09:50.990,0:09:54.453
of a handful of simple repeating interaction patterns

0:09:54.453,0:09:57.616
like motifs in a stained glass window.

0:09:57.616,0:09:59.664
We call them network motifs,

0:09:59.664,0:10:01.816
and they're the elementary circuits

0:10:01.816,0:10:03.201
that help us understand

0:10:03.201,0:10:05.901
the logic of the way cells make decisions

0:10:05.901,0:10:09.002
in all organisms, including our body.

0:10:09.002,0:10:10.865
Soon enough, after this,

0:10:10.865,0:10:12.615
I started being invited to give talks

0:10:12.615,0:10:15.306
to thousands of scientists across the world,

0:10:15.306,0:10:17.539
but the knowledge about the cloud

0:10:17.539,0:10:18.551
and saying "yes and"

0:10:18.551,0:10:20.180
just stayed within my own lab,

0:10:20.180,0:10:21.301
because you see, in science,

0:10:21.301,0:10:22.551
we don't talk about the process,

0:10:22.551,0:10:24.674
anything subjective or emotional.

0:10:24.674,0:10:26.967
We talk about the results.

0:10:26.967,0:10:28.986
So there was no way to talk about it in conferences.

0:10:28.986,0:10:31.003
That was unthinkable.

0:10:31.003,0:10:32.966
And I saw scientists in other groups get stuck

0:10:32.966,0:10:34.380
without even having a word to describe

0:10:34.380,0:10:36.351
what they're seeing,

0:10:36.351,0:10:37.406
and their ways of thinking

0:10:37.406,0:10:38.924
narrowed down to very safe paths,

0:10:38.924,0:10:40.524
their science didn't reach its full potential,

0:10:40.524,0:10:42.577
and they were miserable.

0:10:42.577,0:10:43.936
I thought, that's the way it is.

0:10:43.936,0:10:45.957
I'll try to make my lab as creative as possible,

0:10:45.957,0:10:47.637
and if everybody else does the same,

0:10:47.637,0:10:49.137
science will eventually become

0:10:49.137,0:10:52.491
more and more better and better.

0:10:52.491,0:10:54.961
That way of thinking got turned on its head

0:10:54.961,0:10:57.300
when by chance I went to hear Evelyn Fox Keller

0:10:57.300,0:10:58.658
give a talk about her experiences

0:10:58.658,0:11:00.349
as a woman in science.

0:11:00.349,0:11:02.172
And she asked,

0:11:02.172,0:11:04.100
"Why is it that we don't talk about the subjective

0:11:04.100,0:11:06.586
and emotional aspects of doing science?

0:11:06.586,0:11:11.028
It's not by chance. It's a matter of values."

0:11:11.028,0:11:12.806
You see, science seeks knowledge

0:11:12.806,0:11:14.591
that's objective and rational.

0:11:14.591,0:11:16.739
That's the beautiful thing about science.

0:11:16.739,0:11:18.555
But we also have a cultural myth

0:11:18.555,0:11:20.179
that the doing of science,

0:11:20.179,0:11:21.979
what we do every day to get that knowledge,

0:11:21.979,0:11:24.419
is also only objective and rational,

0:11:24.419,0:11:26.341
like Mr. Spock.

0:11:26.341,0:11:28.745
And when you label something

0:11:28.745,0:11:30.368
as objective and rational,

0:11:30.368,0:11:32.005
automatically, the other side,

0:11:32.005,0:11:33.707
the subjective and emotional,

0:11:33.707,0:11:35.809
become labeled as non-science

0:11:35.809,0:11:37.630
or anti-science or threatening to science,

0:11:37.630,0:11:39.481
and we just don't talk about it.

0:11:39.481,0:11:41.385
And when I heard that,

0:11:41.385,0:11:43.182
that science has a culture,

0:11:43.182,0:11:44.869
everything clicked into place for me,

0:11:44.869,0:11:46.593
because if science has a culture,

0:11:46.593,0:11:48.119
culture can be changed,

0:11:48.119,0:11:49.542
and I can be a change agent

0:11:49.542,0:11:52.154
working to change the culture[br]of science wherever I could.

0:11:52.154,0:11:55.203
And so the very next lecture I gave in a conference,

0:11:55.203,0:11:56.905
I talked about my science,

0:11:56.905,0:11:58.467
and then I talked about the importance

0:11:58.467,0:12:00.489
of the subjective and emotional[br]aspects of doing science

0:12:00.489,0:12:01.979
and how we should talk about them,

0:12:01.979,0:12:03.523
and I looked at the audience,

0:12:03.523,0:12:05.343
and they were cold.

0:12:05.343,0:12:08.334
They couldn't hear what I was saying

0:12:08.334,0:12:10.105
in the context of a 10 back-to-back

0:12:10.105,0:12:11.704
PowerPoint presentation conference.

0:12:11.704,0:12:13.906
And I tried again and again,[br]conference after conference,

0:12:13.906,0:12:16.699
but I wasn't getting through.

0:12:16.699,0:12:19.595
I was in the cloud.

0:12:19.595,0:12:22.209
And eventually I managed to get out the cloud

0:12:22.209,0:12:25.088
using improvisation and music.

0:12:25.088,0:12:28.249
Since then, every conference I go to,

0:12:28.249,0:12:31.111
I give a science talk and a second, special talk

0:12:31.111,0:12:33.334
called "Love and Fear in the Lab,"

0:12:33.334,0:12:35.321
and I start it off by doing a song

0:12:35.321,0:12:38.243
about scientists' greatest fear,

0:12:38.243,0:12:40.805
which is that we work hard,

0:12:40.805,0:12:43.407
we discovered something new,

0:12:43.407,0:12:46.504
and somebody else publishes it before we do.

0:12:46.504,0:12:49.004
We call it being scooped,

0:12:49.004,0:12:52.724
and being scooped feels horrible.

0:12:52.724,0:12:54.907
It makes us afraid to talk to each other,

0:12:54.907,0:12:56.340
which is no fun,

0:12:56.340,0:12:58.077
because we came to science to share our ideas

0:12:58.077,0:12:59.981
and to learn from each other,

0:12:59.981,0:13:02.940
and so I do a blues song,

0:13:05.540,0:13:10.544
which — (Applause) —

0:13:10.544,0:13:13.767
called "Scooped Again,"

0:13:13.767,0:13:16.425
and I ask the audience to be my backup singers,

0:13:16.425,0:13:20.405
and I tell them, "Your text is 'Scoop, Scoop.'"

0:13:20.405,0:13:23.250
It sounds like this. Scoop, scoop!

0:13:23.250,0:13:24.633
Sounds like this.

0:13:24.633,0:13:26.232
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:26.232,0:13:28.245
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:28.245,0:13:29.633
And then we go for it.

0:13:29.633,0:13:31.498
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:31.498,0:13:32.684
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:32.684,0:13:34.469
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:34.469,0:13:35.975
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:35.975,0:13:37.918
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:37.918,0:13:39.317
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:39.317,0:13:41.275
♪ I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:41.275,0:13:42.637
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪

0:13:42.637,0:13:45.912
♪ Oh mama, can't you feel my pain ♪

0:13:45.912,0:13:49.698
♪ Heavens help me, I've been scooped again ♪

0:13:50.925,0:13:57.316
(Applause)

0:13:57.555,0:13:59.475
Thank you.

0:13:59.475,0:14:00.844
Thank you for your backup singing.

0:14:00.844,0:14:02.818
So everybody starts laughing, starts breathing,

0:14:02.818,0:14:04.560
notices that there's other scientists around them

0:14:04.560,0:14:05.887
with shared issues,

0:14:05.887,0:14:07.672
and we start talking about the emotional

0:14:07.672,0:14:09.832
and subjective things that go on in research.

0:14:09.832,0:14:11.706
It feels like a huge taboo has been lifted.

0:14:11.706,0:14:14.505
Finally, we can talk about[br]this in a scientific conference.

0:14:14.505,0:14:16.691
And scientists have gone on to form peer groups

0:14:16.691,0:14:18.301
where they meet regularly

0:14:18.301,0:14:20.028
and create a space to talk about the emotional

0:14:20.028,0:14:22.231
and subjective things that[br]happen as they're mentoring,

0:14:22.231,0:14:23.594
as they're going into the unknown,

0:14:23.594,0:14:25.164
and even started courses

0:14:25.164,0:14:26.839
about the process of doing science,

0:14:26.839,0:14:28.734
about going into the unknown together,

0:14:28.734,0:14:30.046
and many other things.

0:14:30.046,0:14:31.864
So my vision is that,

0:14:31.864,0:14:34.946
just like every scientist knows the word "atom,"

0:14:34.946,0:14:36.913
that matter is made out of atoms,

0:14:36.913,0:14:38.727
every scientist would know the words

0:14:38.727,0:14:41.251
like "the cloud," saying "yes and,"

0:14:41.251,0:14:43.820
and science will become much more creative,

0:14:43.820,0:14:46.824
make many, many more unexpected discoveries

0:14:46.824,0:14:49.099
for the benefit of us all,

0:14:49.099,0:14:51.316
and would also be much more playful.

0:14:51.316,0:14:54.366
And what I might ask you to remember from this talk

0:14:54.366,0:14:56.702
is that next time you face

0:14:56.702,0:14:58.588
a problem you can't solve

0:14:58.588,0:15:01.064
in work or in life,

0:15:01.064,0:15:03.226
there's a word for what you're going to see:

0:15:03.226,0:15:04.763
the cloud.

0:15:04.763,0:15:06.186
And you can go through the cloud

0:15:06.186,0:15:07.644
not alone but together

0:15:07.644,0:15:09.212
with someone who is your source of support

0:15:09.212,0:15:11.007
to say "yes and" to your ideas,

0:15:11.007,0:15:13.577
to help you say "yes and" to your own ideas,

0:15:13.577,0:15:15.464
to increase the chance that,

0:15:15.464,0:15:17.090
through the wisps of the cloud,

0:15:17.090,0:15:18.688
you'll find that moment of calmness

0:15:18.688,0:15:20.551
where you get your first glimpse

0:15:20.551,0:15:23.991
of your unexpected discovery,

0:15:23.991,0:15:26.675
your C.

0:15:26.675,0:15:28.785
Thank you.

0:15:28.785,0:15:32.785
(Applause)