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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>[Bernard Walker, instructor]\NNow in the last PowerPoint,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.73,0:00:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked you to answer \Ntwo questions on your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.82,0:00:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm really concerned \Nabout the first question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.07,0:00:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes an action \Nbe right or wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.22,0:00:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not really interested \Nin the second question,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.58,0:00:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when students answer \Nthe first question,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.80,0:00:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they often give an answer \Nthat is adequate or appropriate
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.12,0:00:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the second question,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.27,0:00:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is: Where do you \Nget your beliefs from?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.72,0:00:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The focus of this PowerPoint
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.07,0:00:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will look at mainly \Nthe first question,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.55,0:00:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look at the second question as well
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.60,0:00:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and point out or to reiterate
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.59,0:00:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ethics is basically based \Non what you do to someone
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.91,0:00:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how you affect someone,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.40,0:00:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not based on a \Nmere belief that you may have.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.95,0:00:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the position or the view \Nthat holds that latter claim
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.31,0:00:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called cultural relativism.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.62,0:00:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will discuss it in this PowerPoint,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.57,0:01:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but critique it in the third \NPowerPoint after this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.73,0:01:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at four examples
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.25,0:01:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will illustrate \Nthe distinction between
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.07,0:01:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes something \Nbe right or wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.74,0:01:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the mere belief where \Nyou get your beliefs from.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.64,0:01:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make the point again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.87,0:01:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's look at the two questions \Nfrom the previous PowerPoint:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.99,0:01:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes a belief true, \Nor what makes an action be true?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.30,0:01:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where do you get beliefs from?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.05,0:01:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see these two questions \Non the far left.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.73,0:01:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider four examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.50,0:01:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one: “Oatmeal reduces \Nyour overall cholesterol level.”
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.97,0:01:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can ask: Where did you get \Nthe belief that that's true?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.98,0:02:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many answers you can give.\N(You could perhaps say your doctor.)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what makes the belief true
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.75,0:02:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that oatmeal actually does \Nreduce cholesterol in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.39,0:02:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth of that belief, \Nwhat makes it be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.25,0:02:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what oatmeal does in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.54,0:02:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not your belief but what \Noatmeal does to your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.49,0:02:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second example, suppose it's true:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.75,0:02:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sometimes Hmong patients \Nrefuse surgery and blood draws."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.27,0:02:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we were to ask the question: \NWhere did you get this belief from?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.91,0:02:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supposing it is true, \Nyou can give many answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.43,0:02:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one would be that you have \Na Hmong friend who told you this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.71,0:02:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes the belief true
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.49,0:03:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is simply that this is what \NHmong people sometimes do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.49,0:03:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The belief is made true by what \NHmong people do or do not do
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.98,0:03:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a hospital or medical clinic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.38,0:03:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third example says: "The best way \Nto lose weight is diet, not exercise."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.98,0:03:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's suppose that statement is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.55,0:03:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can ask: Where did you \Nget this particular belief from?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.37,0:03:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do you believe it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.46,0:03:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, that's the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.36,0:03:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, many answers could be given.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could say you came to this belief \Nfrom what you read in the magazine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.72,0:03:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from what a dietitian \Ntold you about certain diets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.64,0:03:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what makes the belief true
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.62,0:03:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what a diet does to you \Nin terms of you losing weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.64,0:03:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the truth of the belief \Nis not based on you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.66,0:04:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or based on your dietitian or a magazine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.24,0:04:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes the belief true is simply\Nthe effect the diet has on your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.54,0:04:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that is happening in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.06,0:04:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, \Nit's not something you're doing;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.49,0:04:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's something that the food that \Nyou're digesting does to your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.24,0:04:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these first three examples \Nare definitely evidence-based,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.77,0:04:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that they are true \Nand you discover they are true
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.62,0:04:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by evidence of things \Nthat they do in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.20,0:04:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the fourth example \Nis quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.31,0:04:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says that it's true that you \Ncannot run with a basketball
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.57,0:04:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you play basketball.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.70,0:04:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the question were posed:\NWhere did you get this belief from?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.80,0:04:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, any number of \Nanswers could be given.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.85,0:05:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can say your high school or middle \Nschool gym teacher told you this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.32,0:05:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your neighborhood friends \Nat the park or your parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.94,0:05:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All kinds of answers could be given \Nas to where you got this belief from.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.81,0:05:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to the question, "What makes it\Nbe true?" would be a simple answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.18,0:05:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inventor of basketball, \Nwho is Dr. James Naismith.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.35,0:05:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the reason why it's true \Nthat you cannot run with a basketball,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.82,0:05:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes that belief true,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.89,0:05:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unlike the other three \Nexamples on this slide here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.04,0:05:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not events in the world, \Nbut internal to Dr. Naismith,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.08,0:05:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his beliefs about how the game \Nof basketball should be played.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.26,0:05:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this last example actually \Nis not evidence-based
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.45,0:06:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's stating something\Ntrue about a person's belief,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.95,0:06:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely what this man, \NDr. James Naismith believes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.46,0:06:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how his game that he \Ninvented should be played.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.64,0:06:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, oatmeal is not in a person's\Nmind and neither is cholesterol.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.05,0:06:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The interaction between those two \Nthings are outside of your mind;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.80,0:06:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether or not oatmeal reduces \Ncholesterol has everything to do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.35,0:06:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the interaction between \Noatmeal and cholesterol.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.89,0:06:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same thing would be true\Nabout Hmong patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.40,0:06:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes it true \Nthat they refuse surgery
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.08,0:06:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, in fact, that they refuse surgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.37,0:06:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes a diet-- what causes \Na diet to make you lose weight
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.97,0:06:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is simply the effect \Na diet has on your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.40,0:07:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with basketball, what makes \Nit wrong to run with a basketball
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.86,0:07:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not something about the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.23,0:07:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because before Dr. James Naismith \Nwas born or invented the game,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.66,0:07:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was nothing called basketball.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.14,0:07:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes it wrong to run \Nwith the ball is simply he said so
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.18,0:07:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the truth of that statement
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.39,0:07:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is based in his mind, \NDr. James Naismith.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.58,0:07:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth of what oatmeal \Ndoes to cholesterol
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.40,0:07:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not in a person's mind \Nbut in its effect on your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.64,0:07:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, the same thing with \Nblood draws with Hmong patients
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.52,0:07:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and diets and losing weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.72,0:07:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point overall \Nthat I want to make here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.99,0:07:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that with ethics, it is evidence-based \Nlike the first three examples here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.42,0:08:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not like the last example \Nwith basketball.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.46,0:08:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes murder be wrong \Nor what makes rape be wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.41,0:08:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not your belief, not my belief, \Nnot the beliefs of a culture or a society.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.91,0:08:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes murder or rape be wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.10,0:08:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what you do to someone \Nthat describes rape or murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.13,0:08:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what you do to another person \Nthat makes those actions wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.55,0:08:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rape is wrong because \Nyou are causing harm
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.24,0:08:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(physical, psychological, emotional, \Nor spiritual) to another person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.76,0:08:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you may say that rape is wrong,\Nand that would be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.46,0:08:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what makes it be wrong \Nis not your belief about rape,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.83,0:08:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what rape actually \Ndoes to another person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.58,0:08:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, ethics is about what you do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.06,0:08:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could discover the evidence \Nfor what people do to other persons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.73,0:08:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at events in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.80,0:09:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like science, medicine, in general, \Nethics is evidence-based.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.66,0:09:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we say ethics \Nis evidence-based,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.61,0:09:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're looking for evidence of events,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.64,0:09:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things you do to\Nother persons or things.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.68,0:09:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So back to Question 1 \Nin the previous PowerPoint,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.69,0:09:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you said society, culture, family, \Npersonal perspective, feelings, religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.24,0:09:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these would not be good \Ncoherent answers to Question 1,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.92,0:09:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rest of this PowerPoint will \Nattempt to show you that that's the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.28,0:09:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give one example \Nwith family and religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.24,0:09:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did your family make \Nan action be right or wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.31,0:09:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure what answer could be given.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.78,0:09:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your family could tell you or inform \Nyou that an action is right or wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.78,0:10:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it couldn't make \Nan action be right or wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.16,0:10:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or consider religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.32,0:10:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A religion can inform you \N(say, through the Bible)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.06,0:10:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an action is wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.41,0:10:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say that it's wrong to murder someone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.40,0:10:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But surely the Bible does \Nnot make murder be wrong;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.88,0:10:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it simply informs you that it is \Nthe case that murder is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.74,0:10:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most popular answer \Npeople give to Question 1
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.60,0:10:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the top of this list here: \Nculture or society,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.60,0:10:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I will use interchangeably.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.89,0:10:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also is like religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.47,0:10:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cultures and society cannot \Nmake murder be right or wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.23,0:10:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are just not good answers \Nto Question number 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.86,0:10:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among those answers \Nthat I just talked about,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.33,0:11:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture turns out to be \Nthe most popular answer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.14,0:11:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people give to Question 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.01,0:11:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's focus our attention on culture
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.15,0:11:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we try to figure out what makes \Nethics be what it is, what it's about.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.01,0:11:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't want to beat this \Ninto the ground with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.24,0:11:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's important\Nthat you really get this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.18,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Going back to Questions 1 and 2,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a big difference between, \Nif we're talking culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.96,0:11:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying a culture makes \Nan action right or wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.98,0:11:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying that a culture informs you \Nthat an action is right or wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.94,0:11:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at another example \Nof this distinction between 1 and 2
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.84,0:11:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we focus on the issue of culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.50,0:11:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this slide here, Statement number I
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.56,0:11:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is answering Question number 2 \Nfrom the previous PowerPoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.61,0:11:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, it’s answering the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.55,0:12:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do you get \Nyour ethical beliefs from?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.29,0:12:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you come to believe what you \Nbelieve about murder, rape, so forth?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.98,0:12:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Statement number 2 below
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.01,0:12:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is answering Question 1 \Nfrom the PowerPoint:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.76,0:12:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes an action right or wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.07,0:12:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.26,0:12:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, number 1, it says:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.25,0:12:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My cultural upbringing taught \Nthat murder and rape are wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.83,0:12:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that people should\Nbe treated fairly."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.85,0:12:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very good answer to the question\N"Where do you get your beliefs from?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.62,0:12:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, \Nsince we're talking about culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.01,0:12:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can say culture informed you \Nthat murder and rape are wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.11,0:12:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now let's look at \Nthe second statement here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.98,0:12:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“My cultural upbringing makes\Nmurder and rape be wrong.”
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.03,0:12:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes treating people fairly, right."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.46,0:12:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the second statement \Nis rather incoherent.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.90,0:12:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.82,0:13:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would it mean \Nto say that your culture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.61,0:13:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes murder be right or wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.36,0:13:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just not informative.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.50,0:13:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first statement here is that culture \Nteaches you what's right or wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.59,0:13:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it would not make any sense to say \Nthat your culture has a magic ability
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.03,0:13:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make murder be right or wrong \Nor [rape] be right or wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.66,0:13:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example about culture:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.71,0:13:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Rosebud Sioux Tribe \Nsays it is ethically wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.26,0:13:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build the Keystone XL \Npipeline on its reservation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.12,0:13:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is not saying Number 1 here,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.51,0:13:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely, “it is ethically wrong \Nfor the Keystone XL pipeline
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.88,0:13:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be built on the Rosebud \N[Sioux] Tribe’s reservation
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.05,0:13:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we believe it's ethically wrong.”
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.27,0:13:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That statement is simply saying it's wrong,\Nmerely because that's what they believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.93,0:14:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, that's sort of like \Nthe example of basketball.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.16,0:14:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes it wrong to run with the ball
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.18,0:14:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is simply what Dr. James Naismith believed \Nabout how the game should be played.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.48,0:14:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't want to say that about ethics.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.60,0:14:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, the second statement \Nis more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.38,0:14:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what a representative of \Nthe Sioux Tribe would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.72,0:14:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely that it's ethically wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.64,0:14:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the pipeline to be built \Non the reservation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.07,0:14:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because doing so will cause \Nharm to the people there,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.56,0:14:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they could even add \N“to cause problems with sacred ground.”
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.46,0:14:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite all of this, some of you \Nmight be getting a little irritated
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.20,0:14:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say something like the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.06,0:14:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is culture not a good answer \Nfor making actions be right or wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.37,0:15:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are we to say culture is wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.68,0:15:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, isn't it a bit arrogant to say\Nthat another culture is wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.23,0:15:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they disagree with us?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.50,0:15:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The short answer here is not about\Ndisagreeing with you or anyone else
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.01,0:15:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it is that no one makes \Nany action right or wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.90,0:15:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's again, what you do in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.50,0:15:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even if your belief is correct \Nabout murder being wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.42,0:15:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your belief is not what \Nmakes murder wrong;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.57,0:15:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's what someone is \Ndoing to another person
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.09,0:15:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an act like murder occurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.61,0:15:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me try to finally \Nsummarize this point
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.83,0:15:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by simply making a distinction
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.100,0:15:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what culture \Nreally addresses,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.26,0:15:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not going to be ethics.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.88,0:15:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is the focus of culture?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.71,0:15:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This requires us to make \Nsome definition distinctions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.60,0:16:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we were to focus \Nonly on culture now.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.87,0:16:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in doing so, you will see
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.60,0:16:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it really would be \Nunrelated to ethics,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.04,0:16:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's first define culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.14,0:16:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking here at the free dictionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.82,0:16:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the definition \Nfound in a dictionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.27,0:16:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says culture is the integrated system
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.77,0:16:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of socially acquired values, \Nbeliefs, and rules of conduct
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.33,0:16:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which delimit the range of accepted \Nbehaviors in any given society.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.67,0:16:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you want to know \Nwhat culture you belong to,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.53,0:16:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a set of socially set values
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.45,0:16:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(values being things that are \Nimportant to a group of people),
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.07,0:16:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a set of beliefs that those \Npeople identify with,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.78,0:16:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a certain way of behaving.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.37,0:17:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you value these things, \Nbelieve these beliefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.15,0:17:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and act a certain way within a certain \Nrange that that group has decided,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.47,0:17:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you're part of that group.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.66,0:17:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's basically what a culture is.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.79,0:17:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It includes things like what food is \Nidentified with a particular culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.80,0:17:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clothes, greetings, things of that sort.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.74,0:17:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't adopt these values,\Nthese beliefs, and ways of behaving,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.68,0:17:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't mean you're \Ndoing anything wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.01,0:17:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're just not identified \Nwith that particular culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.44,0:17:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the definition of culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.42,0:17:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at \Nsome examples here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.52,0:17:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider customs \Nwithin cultures like weddings.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.64,0:17:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.41,0:18:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a typical wedding time-wise\Nis about 45 minutes to an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.33,0:18:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In India, it lasts several days.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.28,0:18:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neither time the culture of India \Nor the United States is right or wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.98,0:18:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is because customs and \Ncultures are not true or false.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.15,0:18:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just don't use words like true or false
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.16,0:18:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even correct or incorrect\Nor wrong or right.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.100,0:18:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not wrong to have a wedding \N45 minutes or several days.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.87,0:18:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just different ways that different\Ncultures perform wedding ceremonies.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.04,0:18:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what they do is not based on \Nanything out there in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.29,0:18:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just simply made a decision
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.89,0:18:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a wedding will be \N(in the case of the United States)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.52,0:18:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,45 minutes to an hour;
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.80,0:18:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in India, over several days.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.72,0:19:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's shift from weddings to clothing,\Nanother custom within cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.48,0:19:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The clothes from the 1970s
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.59,0:19:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is definitely not what most people on \Nplanet Earth wear in the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.70,0:19:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.88,0:19:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing wrong \Nabout wearing leisure suits,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.47,0:19:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what these models are wearing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.97,0:19:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The culture of the 1970s had \Na preference for leisure suits,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.73,0:19:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was neither right nor wrong \Nfor them having this preference.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.88,0:19:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leisure suits were simply \Nthe taste at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.21,0:19:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an important point.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.07,0:19:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tastes of any sort are \Nnot true, they're not false;
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.36,0:19:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not right, they're not wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.27,0:19:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do change over time, however.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.50,0:19:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know this \Nbecause more than likely,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.96,0:19:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of you have a taste or \Npreference for a leisure suit.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.15,0:19:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another instance of clothing \Nas a custom of a culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.80,0:19:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, of course, the 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.52,0:20:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cheesy '80s clothes \Ndisplayed above in these photos
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.19,0:20:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not better, more correct \Nthan the clothes of the 1970s.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.26,0:20:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big hairdo and the pastel colors \Nare the essence of the 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.80,0:20:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're from that time, \Nyou would recognize that.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.07,0:20:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that said, they are simply \Ndifferent ways of wearing clothes,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.70,0:20:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the clothes you that you see \Nthese people are wearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.100,0:20:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these actors and actresses.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.93,0:20:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these clothes simply \Nexpress the various tastes
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.98,0:20:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people had at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.100,0:20:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These tastes are not true, \Nthey're not false.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.14,0:20:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could, if not use the word “taste,”\Nwe could say "preference."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.16,0:20:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But preferences and tastes \Nare not true, they're not false.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.20,0:20:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not right, they're not wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.50,0:21:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just what we had in the 1980s
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.02,0:21:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we no longer have a taste or a\Npreference for these kinds of clothes.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.14,0:21:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The clothes haven't changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.55,0:21:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has changed is our taste for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.81,0:21:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a final example of clothing\Nwithin various cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.25,0:21:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see on the left
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.05,0:21:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be what's best \Ndescribed as hipster culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.91,0:21:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's on the right would \Nbe best described as hip-hop.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.26,0:21:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just different \Nways of wearing clothes,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.90,0:21:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflecting different tastes in clothes.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.90,0:21:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, these clothes are neither \Nright nor wrong, true or false.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.36,0:21:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are simply expressing \Nthe taste that people living today
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.32,0:21:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(as opposed in the 1980s and ‘70s)
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.35,0:22:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have about what looks good \Nto wear in the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.99,0:22:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it would be incorrect to say\Nthat the clothes that the hipsters wear
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.100,0:22:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more correct, better than what \Npeople wore in the ‘70s or ‘80s
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.69,0:22:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what hip-hop wears in distinction\Nfrom what hipsters wear.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.94,0:22:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just two different ways \Nof how people prefer to wear clothes.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.13,0:22:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing right or wrong \Nabout any of these examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.85,0:22:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because they simply are \Nexpressing tastes and preferences
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.08,0:22:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people have within a culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.91,0:22:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a side note here,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.23,0:22:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you do wear your pants \Nas low as the hip hop culture does,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.54,0:22:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a period of time, \Nyour spinal— your skeletal system,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.22,0:22:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should say your backbone will be \Nelongated as this illustration shows.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.22,0:22:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(That's a little comedy there for you.)
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.83,0:23:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our last example here is about greetings.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.82,0:23:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some parts of the world \N(in Asia, in particular), people bow.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.66,0:23:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing right\Nor wrong about bowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.01,0:23:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's just what people \Nin Asia have decided to do
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.04,0:23:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they express greeting someone.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.07,0:23:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have various levels of bowing
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.75,0:23:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the respect they \Nhave for the other person.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.76,0:23:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, that's just what they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.46,0:23:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no right way about greeting,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.92,0:23:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's what they chose in their \Nculture as a way of greeting people.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.96,0:23:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other cultures \N(like in the United States),
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.44,0:23:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people shake hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.76,0:23:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the way of greeting people \Nin this country in particular.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.92,0:23:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing right or \Nwrong about shaking hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.75,0:23:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's interesting here, \Nwhether you bow or shake hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.35,0:23:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could do both and there's nothing \Nethically wrong or right about either one,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.91,0:24:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just different preferences or different \Nconduct behavior, I should say,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.99,0:24:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people adopted that identify \Nthem within a given culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.20,0:24:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ethics is not that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.32,0:24:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about what we believe we \Nshould do for some arbitrary reason
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.89,0:24:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we just made that decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.56,0:24:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like inventing a sport \Nor a game like chess.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.39,0:24:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about what we do in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.19,0:24:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the consequences of our \Naction and behavior toward others.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.41,0:24:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what ethics is going to be about\Nin a large sense, in a broad sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.30,0:24:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It won't be based on our \Nmere beliefs about the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.43,0:24:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact, what we do \Nout there in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.13,0:24:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toward others and other living beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.93,0:24:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I have tried in several ways \Nto describe what culture is
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.18,0:24:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indirectly make the claim
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.66,0:25:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that culture and ethics are not \Nrelated in any significant way.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.14,0:25:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with that said, there \Nare those people in society
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.16,0:25:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who believe that culture \Nis the foundation of ethics,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.44,0:25:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this view is called \Ncultural or ethical relativism.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.38,0:25:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so I'm going to let you know now
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.31,0:25:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is a view that I will be \Ncritiquing as we move along.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.93,0:25:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really holds no place in ethics,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.48,0:25:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's very common, \Nas I've been trying to point out.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.07,0:25:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cultural relativism has two premises, \NI guess you could say.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.87,0:25:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is that not only is it true
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.18,0:25:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ethical beliefs vary\Nfrom culture to culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.53,0:25:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that there's a set of \Nethical beliefs for each culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.01,0:25:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but each culture’s set of beliefs \Nis normative and true.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.23,0:26:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so let's unpack that.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.99,0:26:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first claim is not controversial.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.92,0:26:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, if you go to a given culture\Nin some country somewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.73,0:26:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the ethical beliefs of that \Nculture would be likely different
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.21,0:26:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the ethical beliefs \Nof another culture
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.95,0:26:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in another country somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.14,0:26:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is not radical.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.52,0:26:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a mysterious \Nor problematic claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.23,0:26:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we have a name for Number I,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.10,0:26:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we call \Ndescriptive relativism.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.79,0:26:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Descriptive relativism basically says
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.89,0:26:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you go to a culture \Nor investigate a culture
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.100,0:26:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an anthropologist or as a sociologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.16,0:26:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would discover that various\Ncultures have different beliefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.58,0:27:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they be ethical beliefs or \Nbeliefs about any number of issues, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.85,0:27:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the person who proposes\Ndescriptive relativism
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.11,0:27:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is simply, as the phrase is stated here,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.52,0:27:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply describing the relativism \Nthat exists among different cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.58,0:27:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.58,0:27:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if an anthropologist or a sociologist\Nsaid something like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.76,0:27:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“In culture X, they believe in honor killing,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.38,0:27:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the family could \Nstone to death their daughter.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.16,0:27:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just what they believe in culture X.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.65,0:27:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But culture Y has a \Ntotally different view
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.25,0:27:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that says people should not be killed \Nbecause they dishonor the family.”
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.01,0:27:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person who reports this information
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.40,0:27:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not taking a side or a position.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.16,0:27:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're simply describing \Ntwo different viewpoints
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.84,0:28:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about, say, marriage,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.57,0:28:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one believes that the daughter \Nshould marry who the parents have selected;
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.08,0:28:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in another culture, \Nthey don't hold that same view.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.51,0:28:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So descriptive relativism does not \Nfavor a certain ethical position.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.03,0:28:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It simply describes the variation
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.06,0:28:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is out there in the world \Namong different cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.49,0:28:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the first premise \Nof cultural relativism,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.11,0:28:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that there are \Nvarious beliefs in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.20,0:28:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are held by various cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.96,0:28:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ethical beliefs vary\Nfrom culture to culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.05,0:28:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, again, not problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.84,0:28:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Premise number 2 is \Nwhere we have problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.54,0:28:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, cultural relativism says\Nthat each culture's ethical beliefs
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.25,0:28:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are normative and true,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.93,0:29:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning [that] this is \Nhow things out to be done
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.74,0:29:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these beliefs are true \Nwithin the context of that culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.17,0:29:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's like saying that if Hitler believed \Nthat Aryans were the superior race,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.70,0:29:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be true within his culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.49,0:29:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning, not because they just believe it,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.89,0:29:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually true that Aryans are \Nthe superior race within that culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.58,0:29:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.55,0:29:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Premise number 2 \Nis what's problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.50,0:29:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is making a claim that not only \Ndo beliefs vary from culture to culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.48,0:29:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these beliefs are actually true \Nand they have a normative status,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.26,0:29:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that you should honor and \Nbe bounded to them or obey them.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.82,0:29:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.26,0:29:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Descriptive relativism, again,\Ndoes not make that claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.07,0:29:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just simply says that ethical \Nbeliefs vary from place to place.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.71,0:30:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cultural relativism says \Nthe mere belief of a claim
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.60,0:30:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what makes it be true.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.01,0:30:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not considered true;
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.65,0:30:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it actually is true within \Nthat particular culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.58,0:30:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cultural relativism is problematic. \NDescriptive relativism isn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.33,0:30:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in conclusion, what I've tried to do here
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.49,0:30:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is point out that cultures consist of \Nnormative beliefs, values, and actions
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.62,0:30:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are neither true nor false,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.29,0:30:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning there's a certain expectation
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.45,0:30:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how you ought to \Nbelieve within a culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.33,0:30:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you ought to see things.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.61,0:30:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a certain way \Nthat you ought to value,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.90,0:30:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are certain values you ought to have,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.36,0:30:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are certain things \Nyou ought to do within a culture
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.30,0:30:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are neither true nor false, \Nvia things like customs, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.65,0:31:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ethics, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.48,0:31:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consists of beliefs, values, \Nand actions that are objective
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.98,0:31:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and involve things about \Nwhat we do to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.15,0:31:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things we do in the real world,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.36,0:31:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are true,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.44,0:31:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of the culture \Nthat they are expressed in.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.66,0:31:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The culture does not determine ethics.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.67,0:31:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a view \Nthat denies what I just said,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.15,0:31:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is called cultural relativism,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.39,0:31:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will destruct and \Ncritique cultural relativism
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.82,0:31:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the next PowerPoint.