WEBVTT

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Mariano Sigman:
So this day is about trust,

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and it happens in a quite peculiar moment
in which, I guess we all know,

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societies have become quite polarized.

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And there are certain topics
that have become very difficult to talk,

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we are very distant with people,

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and it's become really with a feeling

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that's difficult
to talk about these topics.

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And Dan I wanted to think
and to reflect about these,

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but instead of doing
in the traditional way,

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which is on this stage, in which,
like, maybe we think about these,

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we come with a great idea,

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we pack it in a story,
and we give it to you,

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we asked, what if we try to construct
this idea here, together,

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and we began thinking
about this in this place.

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And so we are scientists,

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and so we love to do experiments -

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in the lab, outside, we live,
actually doing experiments;

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I think that's fair to say.

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And so actually the proposal
is let's do one experiment here, now,

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altogether.

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And so to begin the experiment,
this is not really high technology,

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it's based on pencil and paper.

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And if you look just behind your chairs,
if you put your hand,

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you'll see that all of you
should have, I hope,

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one envelope like this.

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Dan Ariely: Don't open it yet.

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MS: Just go like this

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because usually the sound of papers
is very - collective sound of paper

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is very good, so just ... (DA: Yay)

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Very well.

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DA: Very good.

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Anybody doesn't have an envelope?

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MS: Okay.

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DA: Okay.

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MS: We can start.

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DA: So let's start. So ...

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please open the envelope.

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MS: First page.

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Where it says, "TEDxperiments,"
that's the first page.

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That's where we will begin.

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DA: Do they have a pen?

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MS: Well, you should have a pen.

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If you don't have a pen,
then you can ask a pen to your neighbor.

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I mean, I'm sure there are enough pens
that we can do this together.

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Because you were given pens in the bag.

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DA: In the bag there's a pen, yeah?

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MS: As we said, this is a real experiment;
it is not demonstration.

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So we will use the data collected here

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to learn something about
what's going to happen here.

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So for this we need you to sign

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that you're willing
to be part of this experiment.

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This is how science goes.

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So if you're willing to do this,
just say "Yes" here - Sim,

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and if not you say "No" and you write
your age and your gender,

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and we move to page number two.

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DA: Everybody finished?

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Anybody has not finished
with page number one?

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Okay.

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Make sure you get a pen.

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Finish page number one.

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Okay.

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Next page.

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There's some things
written in Portuguese here.

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MS: I should - I'm closer
to Portuguese than you, right?

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DA: Yeah.

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MS: Well, actually,
not geographically, but maybe -

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So I'm going to make
my best effort to read them.

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You see there are five questions.
You can read them yourselves.

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And those are five questions

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where we ask you to say
where you agree with these or not,

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or where you feel you can have an opinion.

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We'll go relatively fast with these.

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So the first question is:

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(Portuguese) "There should be
quotas for women in Parliament."

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I have a bit of a Brazilian,
you know, we're closer to -

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I'm Argentinian, what could I do?

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So either you agree, you don't agree,

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or you just don't want to answer

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or don't feel like
you have an answer for that.

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So as you see, we chose things

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where hopefully there is
some difference between us.

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The second one is:

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(Portuguese) "Drugs
should be decriminalized."

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So (Portuguese) Yes, No,

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(Portuguese) or Not sure / No response.

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DA: So this is something about drugs.

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MS: This, yeah.

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DA: It's a good question.

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MS: We'll see.

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Question number three.

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(Portuguese) "University
should be free for everybody."

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(Portuguese) Yes, No,
or Not sure / No response.

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This is about university.

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DA: Should university
be free for everybody?

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MS: Yeah, that's the question.

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Please don't answer it.

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DA: No.

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MS: Now, question number four.

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(Portuguese) "Everyone should use
public transportation instead of cars."

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DA: Should we all [use]
public transportation instead of cars?

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MS: You know Portuguese, man!
DA: Yeah, yeah.

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MS: (Portuguese) Yes, No, or Not Sure -

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Again - well, you know.

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You want to read the fifth one?

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DA: No.
MS: Okay.

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(Laughter)

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MS: (Portuguese) "Smoking
should be forbidden in all public places."

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DA: Something about smoking.

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MS: (Portuguese) Yes, No,
Not sure / No response.

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It says, "Smoking should be forbidden
in all public places."

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DA: Great. Everybody finished?

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Great.

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Now comes the tricky part.

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You have a number on your envelope.

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MS: It's also on the first page
if you lost the envelope.

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DA: And somebody else
has the same number on their envelope.

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And what you're supposed to do
is to find that person.

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Let us show you how you find them.

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You say, "290!"

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MS: 290!

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DA and MS: Ahhh!

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DA: Okay, wait. So you find a person -

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Come on! Stand up!

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They should be not too far from you.

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If you don't find that person, stand up.

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If you find the person, sit down.

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If you haven't found the person, stand up

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and show it around
until you find the person.

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If you find the person, sit down.

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You found it?

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MS: Look, please, please, hey, pspsps.

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We need some silence, some silence.

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People! Hey, hey!

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Please, please, silence!

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DA: I have a trick.

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The secret of having good sex ...

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(Laughter)

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MS: People, please, please, please
make some silence here.

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DA: Let me try again.

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A guy goes to the rabbi,

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and he says, "Rabbi,
I think my wife is trying to kill me.

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Would you talk to her
and find out if that's the case?"

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No, it doesn't work.

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MS: No.

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Anal sex!

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(Laughter)

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DA: Okay! Quiet!

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MS: That's always - Okay,
you know, you should - hey!

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People that don't have a partner,
you silently go to the [aisle],

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you find someone else,

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and you just invent a number,

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and you write down the number
for the two envelopes.

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Once you find a partner,

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from now on, you have four minutes
to do the following thing.

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Please pay attention.

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You have to discuss
about these five questions,

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freely.

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You can discuss one of them,
three of them, four of them,

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the one you like the most.

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And you have to write down -
pay attention to this:

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In part three, you have to write down
the opinion, the responses,

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of the person you are talking with.

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So here is part three,

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and you will have to -

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Sorry, in part two -

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no in part two.

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In part two, you will have to respond
the answers of your partners.

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So you have four minutes from now on
to talk with the other person

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and try to choose
the more sensitive issues.

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Your time.

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Now you can talk all what you want. Start!

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DA: Go!

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(Audience chatter)

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Audience member:
(Portuguese) Hey Marcos, which one?

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Marcos: (Portuguese)
Decriminalizing drugs.

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Audience member: Ah!

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(Portuguese) Let's do it.

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Marcos: (Portuguese) How crazy.

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(Laughter)

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Audience member: (Portuguese)
To me, the TED audience will agree on ...

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[3 minutes later ...]

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DA: Ehm, we want to make sure you write
the opinions of the other person

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on part two.

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So in part one,
you write your own opinions.

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In part two, you write
the other person's opinion.

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And once you finish that,

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in the bottom,
there's a short description

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of how you should end your discussion.

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So please follow these instructions
of how to end this discussion,

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and then -

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Follow the instrucitons.

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MS: Let's see two groups.

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(Audience chatter)

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DA: Okay.

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And now, please fill part number three.

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Fill out part number three.

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MS: Part number three is private.

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DA: Private.

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MS: Do it alone. Each one alone.
Groups now are over.

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You do it alone, and you fill part three.

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DA: Part three, please fill it out.

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And once you filled it out,

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take this,

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and put it back in your envelope.

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And please pass the envelopes forward.

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Quietly.

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Okay, so -

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So here is the question:

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No, no, no. Don't seal it.
Don't worry. It's not that secret.

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Okay, so, why did we do this?

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MS: Why did we do it?

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DA: Why did we do it?

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MS: So, as you can see, these questions
are questions where people have hopefully,

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I mean maybe in some of these groups,
you agreed completely;

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in some of these groups,
maybe there were a lot of differences.

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And as you may imagine,
as you may imagine,

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we tend to like, we tend to trust,

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we tend to think
that people that think like us

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are actually better,
more attractive, more trustable.

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So we wanted to ask this question.

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In the very end, you all responded
questions about liking the other person.

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But there was a bit of a trick.

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DA: So wait.

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So the first thing is we wanted
to replicate previous results

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that basically say
when people are more similar to us,

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we like them more.

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And there's actually
quite a few interesting nuances.

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MS: Yeah, so -
DA: What you found?

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MS: So we've done - I mean, this is
the second time we did this experiment.

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We did the first in Argentina
with 10,000 people,

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and now we are doing it again
here in Portugal.

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And what we are trying
to show, the first thing -

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There are two things about this experiment
that we are trying to test -

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there are questions, there are hypotheses
that we would like to respond.

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The first one is you may have seen

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that some of you,
when you finished the discussion,

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you did something like this.

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And some of you did something

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like this.

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And it happens to be not quite the same.

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We asked -

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and we ask this question
as always in science

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because we have reason to believe
that if we hug the other person,

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can this make us immune to this bias

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by which we do not accept
so much the differences?

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And it seems to be,
this is what we are finding,

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this is what we would like
to confirm here -

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DA: Too much for me,
let's get a little far.

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MS: This is what
we are trying to confirm here,

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that once we hug the other person,

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we're more open,

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and we're willing to trust
the people that think like us

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but also the people
that think differently for us.

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DA: So the question is whether the hug -

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it basically bonds us
and can bridge differences.

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Now, lots of those things
about our differences

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are nothing that are explicit.

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Before the session, there was
this beautiful video from Denmark.

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Right? About all the people
with the differences and so on.

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I was in Denmark a couple of months ago,

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and there's a very funny thing
happening in Denmark,

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which is kids start learning Danish
about two years slower

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than they learned 20 years ago.

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For some reason,
Danish kids are slower now

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picking up language.

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And the question is why.
Why does it happen?

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It doesn't happen in Norway.

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It only happens in Denmark.

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And what they found is that the reason

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is that the parents are speaking faster
and swallow their words.

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They make it harder
for the kids to learn language.

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Again, why would parents do that?

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And the current theory

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is that it's a barrier against immigrants.

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So what the Danish
are doing - not explicitly,

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it's not that the Danish say explicitly,
"We hate foreigners; let's do it,"

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but as a society,
they created a mechanism

00:15:48.254 --> 00:15:51.147
that creates barrier for new people.

00:15:51.147 --> 00:15:54.451
And the barrier is that
it's harder to learn Danish -

00:15:54.451 --> 00:15:56.587
they also make it harder
for their own kids

00:15:56.587 --> 00:15:58.439
to learn Danish in the process -

00:15:58.439 --> 00:16:01.009
and it's an implicit barrier.

00:16:01.009 --> 00:16:05.842
So the question we wanted to ask here,
and we'll figure out the results,

00:16:05.842 --> 00:16:09.199
is whether some kind
of physical connection

00:16:09.609 --> 00:16:11.606
helps us bridge the gaps.

00:16:11.606 --> 00:16:14.620
We've tried all kinds of things
in the past about bridging gaps,

00:16:14.620 --> 00:16:17.488
including the four-minute
discussion that you have

00:16:17.488 --> 00:16:20.039
and the results
were very impressive, right?

00:16:20.039 --> 00:16:23.143
The results show that
even a four-minute diuscussion

00:16:23.143 --> 00:16:26.889
on things that people really disagree with
helps bridge the gaps.

00:16:26.889 --> 00:16:28.620
Now we're going to try to figure out

00:16:28.620 --> 00:16:31.371
whether it's also about
physical proximity,

00:16:31.371 --> 00:16:32.367
whether it helps.

00:16:32.367 --> 00:16:34.280
MS: So again, this seems to be the case.

00:16:34.280 --> 00:16:37.481
And sometimes, you know, science
does not have to be rocket science.

00:16:37.481 --> 00:16:40.644
I mean, giving a hug
is not a lot of technology,

00:16:40.644 --> 00:16:42.081
but maybe it's quite powerful,

00:16:42.081 --> 00:16:43.953
and this is what we are trying to show,

00:16:43.953 --> 00:16:46.860
that people become much more tolerant
once they've done so.

00:16:46.860 --> 00:16:50.090
And to me, you know,
I watch a lot of football; this is -

00:16:50.090 --> 00:16:52.065
I mean, what can I do, I'm Argentinian.

00:16:52.065 --> 00:16:55.061
And people that watch a lot of football,

00:16:55.061 --> 00:16:57.316
of course, there is not
a lot of good football.

00:16:57.316 --> 00:17:00.279
So if you watch a lot of football,
you watch some good football

00:17:00.279 --> 00:17:01.579
and a lot of bad football.

00:17:01.579 --> 00:17:03.316
DA: Argentianian, you say.

00:17:03.316 --> 00:17:04.858
MS: Yeah, Argentinian football -

00:17:04.858 --> 00:17:06.036
bad football.

00:17:06.036 --> 00:17:11.814
And so, often, I'm watching this game
which is completely irrelevant,

00:17:11.814 --> 00:17:16.487
like a second division game
in the Luxembourg League.

00:17:16.487 --> 00:17:18.913
I mean, imagine something
more irrelevant than that.

00:17:18.913 --> 00:17:21.540
And it's like a game
in the middle of the championship -

00:17:21.540 --> 00:17:24.153
irrelevant because it's in
the middle of a championship.

00:17:24.153 --> 00:17:25.700
And the game is already closed -

00:17:25.700 --> 00:17:27.563
there's nothing that will change.

00:17:27.563 --> 00:17:28.924
And there is a goal there.

00:17:28.924 --> 00:17:30.969
So you see how irrelevant this is.

00:17:30.969 --> 00:17:33.678
It's the most irrelevant league,
the most irrelevant game,

00:17:33.678 --> 00:17:34.973
the most irrelevant moment.

00:17:34.973 --> 00:17:37.385
But the players, they hug each other

00:17:37.385 --> 00:17:40.496
like it would be the most important
moment in the universe.

00:17:40.496 --> 00:17:42.909
It's like you see them
and you go, What's going on?

00:17:42.909 --> 00:17:44.797
And so when I saw that, I reflected,

00:17:44.797 --> 00:17:46.878
I know how it's for you
in your professions.

00:17:46.878 --> 00:17:49.137
I'm a scientist;
I've done science for 20 years,

00:17:49.137 --> 00:17:51.599
and I think I've never hugged
any of my colleagues.

00:17:51.599 --> 00:17:54.429
I mean, I've had very good moments,
good discoveries, good -

00:17:54.429 --> 00:17:57.495
I mean, moments of thought,
good moments of enthusiasm.

00:17:57.495 --> 00:17:59.177
But I've never said, You know what,

00:17:59.177 --> 00:18:00.189
this is so important

00:18:00.189 --> 00:18:03.160
that we should hug each other
in this moment of intense bonding

00:18:03.160 --> 00:18:04.813
that actually football players do.

00:18:04.813 --> 00:18:07.903
And so maybe what we should hear
is that this is quite important,

00:18:07.903 --> 00:18:10.868
and so we proposed here
maybe to change that.

00:18:10.868 --> 00:18:14.438
After 20 years, with one
of my friends and colleagues,

00:18:14.438 --> 00:18:17.561
we're going to change that,
and we invite you to actually hug -

00:18:17.561 --> 00:18:19.503
DA: Let's demonstrate.
Let's demonstrate.

00:18:19.503 --> 00:18:21.451
MS: Physical contact can be like this ...

00:18:21.451 --> 00:18:23.124
or it can be ... like this.

00:18:23.124 --> 00:18:26.304
So you choose [Inaudible]

00:18:26.304 --> 00:18:28.096
Both: Oooooh.

00:18:29.241 --> 00:18:30.664
Rrrrghhhhh.

00:18:30.664 --> 00:18:31.725
(Laughter)

00:18:31.725 --> 00:18:33.244
(Applause)

00:18:34.888 --> 00:18:36.451
DA: Okay, now -

00:18:36.451 --> 00:18:38.122
MS: Everybody do the same.

00:18:39.599 --> 00:18:40.668
Strong hug. Come on.

00:18:40.668 --> 00:18:41.691
DA: Real hug.

00:18:41.691 --> 00:18:43.507
A real hug.

00:18:44.673 --> 00:18:46.890
(Audience chatter)

00:18:50.084 --> 00:18:52.714
DA: I can feel the oxytocin.

00:19:03.610 --> 00:19:04.833
Thank you very much,

00:19:04.833 --> 00:19:08.136
and we will report the result
of the experiment soon.

00:19:08.136 --> 00:19:09.999
MS: (Portuguese) Thank you! Bye!

00:19:09.999 --> 00:19:11.633
(Applause) (Cheers)