0:00:08.290,0:00:12.839
Whether it’s being chained to a burning [br]wheel, turned into a spider,

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or having an eagle eat one’s liver,

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Greek mythology is filled [br]with stories of the gods

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inflicting gruesome horrors [br]on mortals who angered them.

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Yet one of their most famous [br]punishments is not remembered

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for its outrageous cruelty, [br]but for its disturbing familiarity.

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Sisyphus was the first king of Ephyra, [br]now known as Corinth.

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Although a clever ruler who made his city [br]prosperous, he was also a devious tyrant

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who seduced his niece and [br]killed visitors to show off his power.

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This violation of the sacred hospitality [br]tradition greatly angered the gods.

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But Sisyphus may still have [br]avoided punishment

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if it hadn’t been for his [br]reckless confidence.

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The trouble began when Zeus [br]kidnapped the nymph Aegina,

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carrying her away in the form [br]of a massive eagle.

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Aegina’s father, the river god Asopus, [br]pursued their trail to Ephyra,

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where he encountered Sisyphus.

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In exchange for the god making[br]a spring inside the city,

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the king told Asopus which way [br]Zeus had taken the girl.

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When Zeus found out, he was so furious[br]that he ordered Thanatos, or Death,

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to chain Sisyphus in the underworld [br]so he couldn’t cause any more problems.

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But Sisyphus lived up to [br]his crafty reputation.

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As he was about to be imprisoned,

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the king asked Thanatos to show him [br]how the chains worked

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– and quickly bound him instead, [br]before escaping back among the living.

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With Thanatos trapped, no one could die, [br]and the world was thrown into chaos.

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Things only returned to normal [br]when the god of war Ares,

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upset that battles were no longer fun, [br]freed Thanatos from his chains.

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Sisyphus knew his reckoning was at hand.

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But he had another trick up his sleeve.

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Before dying, he asked his wife Merope[br]to throw his body in the public square,

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from where it eventually washed up on [br]the shores of the river Styx.

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Now back among the dead, [br]Sisyphus approached Persephone,

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queen of the Underworld, and complained

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that his wife had disrespected him [br]by not giving him a proper burial.

0:02:44.034,0:02:48.438
Persephone granted him permission to go[br]back to the land of living

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and punish Merope, on the condition that [br]he would return when he was done.

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Of course, Sisyphus refused [br]to keep his promise,

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now having twice escaped death[br]by tricking the gods.

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There wouldn’t be a third time,

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as the messenger Hermes dragged[br]Sisyphus back to Hades.

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The king had thought he was [br]more clever than the gods,

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but Zeus would have the last laugh.

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Sisyphus’s punishment was [br]a straightforward task

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– rolling a massive boulder up a hill.

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But just as he approached the top, the [br]rock would roll all the way back down,

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forcing him to start over

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…and over, and over, for all eternity.

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Historians have suggested that the tale [br]of Sisyphus may stem from ancient myths

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about the rising and setting sun, [br]or other natural cycles.

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But the vivid image of someone condemned [br]to endlessly repeat a futile task

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has resonated as an allegory [br]about the human condition.

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In his classic essay[br]The Myth of Sisyphus,

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existentialist philosopher Albert Camus [br]compared the punishment

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to humanity’s futile search [br]for meaning and truth

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in a meaningless and [br]indifferent universe.

0:04:14.676,0:04:19.490
Instead of despairing, Camus imagined [br]Sisyphus defiantly meeting his fate

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as he walks down the hill to begin [br]rolling the rock again.

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And even if the daily [br]struggles of our lives

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sometimes seem equally [br]repetitive and absurd,

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we still give them significance and value [br]by embracing them as our own.