[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.34,0:00:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifty years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.78,0:00:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanity began the war against cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.56,0:00:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the war against cancer began,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.95,0:00:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were relying on chemotherapy\Nas the main treatment for cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.16,0:00:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, almost fifty years later,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.81,0:00:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are still relying on chemotherapy\Nas the main treatment for cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.37,0:00:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.64,0:00:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we have spent \Nbillions of dollars on cancer research,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.36,0:00:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we don't seem to see\Nthe productive results of this investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.78,0:00:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are still relying on chemotherapy,\Nradiotherapy, and surgery
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.78,0:00:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the main treatments against cancer\Ndespite spending billions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.90,0:01:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and despite all the many years\Nthat have passed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.95,0:01:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is going on with cancer research?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.94,0:01:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it possible that we\Ndon't want to treat cancer?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.60,0:01:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be absurd.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.23,0:01:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it possible that we are approaching\Ncancer research the wrong way?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.89,0:01:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily, the number\Nof cancer survivors is on the rise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.39,0:01:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we still haven't won\Nthe war against cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.53,0:01:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists are now working on\Nthe second generation of cancer treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.04,0:01:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones that are supposed to replace\Nchemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.33,0:01:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, two of these treatments \Nwere approved last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.86,0:01:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is called immunotherapy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.66,0:01:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second one is called gene therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.51,0:01:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now immunotherapy works like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.38,0:01:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take immune cells \Nfrom a cancer patient;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.21,0:02:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are called T cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.97,0:02:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You send them to a lab
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.15,0:02:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they are genetically\Nengineered to fight cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.84,0:02:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you inject them into the patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.34,0:02:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three months later,\Nand the patient is cancer-free.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.04,0:02:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As exciting as it sounds, \Nmany people and many scientists believe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.85,0:02:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that immunotherapy is the future\Nof cancer treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.59,0:02:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't think so.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.28,0:02:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are three problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.56,0:02:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually four problems\Nwith this treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.52,0:02:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first problem is that so far,\Nit only works against one type of cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.21,0:02:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called lymphoblastic leukemia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.88,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all know that we have too many\Ntypes of cancers to deal with:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.42,0:02:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breast cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.70,0:02:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the list goes on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.38,0:02:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second problem with this treatment\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.19,0:02:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it only works on people \Nwho are younger than 25 years old.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.12,0:02:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all know that cancer \Ncan strike at any age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.34,0:02:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third problem, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.70,0:03:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually with the two treatments \Nthat were approved last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.83,0:03:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they are extremely expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.28,0:03:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of immunotherapy is $475,000.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.31,0:03:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's not the telephone number \Nof your health insurance company.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, that's the cost \Nof only treating one patient
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.44,0:03:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against only one type of cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.18,0:03:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it about cancer treatments \Nthat makes them so expensive?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.80,0:03:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Why do people \Nhave to sell an organ to treat another?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.45,0:03:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a devastating future \Nthat we are heading to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.39,0:03:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.85,0:03:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we really need \Nis a cancer treatment that is efficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.76,0:03:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that works for the long run, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.24,0:03:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is available when you need it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.42,0:03:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the other problem \Nwith these treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.16,0:03:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that by the time they are\Ncheap enough for you to afford,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.46,0:03:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they won't be efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.21,0:04:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to take many years
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.10,0:04:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before somebody from the middle class\Ncan afford immunotherapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.01,0:04:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by then, it won't be efficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.41,0:04:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because cancer cells tomorrow \Nwill not respond
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.04,0:04:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the same treatment \Nthey way they do today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.46,0:04:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need something \Nthat also works for the long run.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.96,0:04:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what if I told you\Nthat instead of wasting $475,000
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.88,0:04:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on treating only one patient \Nagainst only one type of cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.33,0:04:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could, at the same cost,\Nprevent almost all types of cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.79,0:04:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 15 individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.22,0:04:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human body is equipped \Nwith a natural defense mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.15,0:04:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which protects us against cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.06,0:04:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's working in your body right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.01,0:04:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is called DNA repair mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.05,0:04:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When DNA makes copies of itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.11,0:04:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are chances of errors \Ncalled mutations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.89,0:05:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these mutations can be accelerated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.31,0:05:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you expose yourself \Nto chemicals, radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.02,0:05:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you adopt unhealthy lifestyles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.54,0:05:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes family history\Nand genetics also play a role.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.78,0:05:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are proteins that are tasked \N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.34,0:05:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with repairing these mutations \Nas soon as they happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.99,0:05:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is happening\Nin your cells right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.73,0:05:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if there is a way by which\Nwe could enhance the cell's ability
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.22,0:05:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to repair DNA at a maximum efficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.31,0:05:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we could do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.47,0:05:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know which proteins are involved \Nin the DNA repair mechanism,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.47,0:05:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know how to control them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.41,0:05:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the help of a gene editing\Ntechnique called CRISPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.13,0:05:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you have heard about in the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.68,0:05:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CRISPR is the most precise\Ngene editing technique
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.97,0:05:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever invented in human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.16,0:05:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is proving to be very efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.70,0:06:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we could use this technique \Nto enhance the cell's ability
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.42,0:06:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to repair its DNA\Nat all times, at all costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.50,0:06:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is one problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.88,0:06:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to protect you \Nagainst all types of cancers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.64,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we have to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that your entire body\Nis genetically engineered,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.49,0:06:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every cell is\Nprogrammed to resist cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.33,0:06:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can't do it in adult humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.78,0:06:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because your body \Nconsists of 37 trillion cells, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.48,0:06:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is impossible to engineer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.12,0:06:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there isn't any technology \Nor gene delivery technique
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.13,0:06:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can deliver genes \Nto this massive number of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.15,0:06:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if we could do it \Nwith human embryos instead?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.08,0:06:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.04,0:06:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because human embryos \Nonly have eight cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.97,0:06:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the third day after fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.37,0:06:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can manage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.15,0:06:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, we can engineer\Neight cells in human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.10,0:07:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we are\Nalready doing it right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.72,0:07:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at these remarkable results.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.14,0:07:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists genetically\Nengineer human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.26,0:07:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They manage to correct a mutation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.47,0:07:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsible for a serious\Nheart condition in human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.23,0:07:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also manage to treat a condition\Nresponsible for a blood disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.03,0:07:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more amazing, also,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.90,0:07:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they manage to introduce\NHIV resistance to human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.64,0:07:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So technically speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.22,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if these embryos were allowed \Nto develop into adult humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.52,0:07:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the chances of getting\NHIV infection in these humans
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.86,0:07:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are so slim they may never happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.99,0:07:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we can do it with these diseases \Nby engineering human embryos,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.80,0:07:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we can also do it with cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.43,0:07:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is called embryonic cancer therapy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.67,0:07:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I believe could be \Nthe ultimate cure for cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.83,0:08:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's beautiful about\Nembryonic cancer therapy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.32,0:08:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we only have to engineer \Neight cells in human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.90,0:08:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These embryos will grow to be adult humans
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.21,0:08:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 37 trillion \Ngenetically engineered cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.27,0:08:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we only have to do it once \Nwith one generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.18,0:08:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because future generations \Nwill already, by default,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.97,0:08:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get this genetic change as we pass it on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.73,0:08:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they will pass it on \Nto the next generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.59,0:08:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's also beautiful about this treatment\Nis that it's cost efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.98,0:08:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are already doing \Npart of the treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.25,0:08:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know about in-vitro fertilization:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.57,0:08:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take sperms, eggs, \Nyou fuse them in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.24,0:08:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you create embryos, \Nand you implant them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.41,0:08:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a procedure \Nfor people who can't conceive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.43,0:08:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's very much the same procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.68,0:08:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except that we are adding \None additional step,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.07,0:08:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is genetic engineering.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.01,0:09:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are engineering the human embryo \Nbefore implantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.92,0:09:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cost is really not so much -\NI mean, in comparison to $475,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.71,0:09:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of in-vitro fertilization \Nis not more than $15,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.56,0:09:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, you can get it cheaper \Nin some countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.42,0:09:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cost of genetically\Nengineering human embryos
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.50,0:09:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also not more than $10,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.91,0:09:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, you can buy\Na CRISPR kit for $1,500,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.14,0:09:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can use it \Nto engineer at least 100 embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.96,0:09:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of the possibilities here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.43,0:09:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, maybe we have to rely on\Nin-vitro fertilization at the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.35,0:09:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but eventually, we will find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.36,0:09:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which we could engineer the embryos \Nright on the spot, inside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.05,0:09:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there are many ways
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.22,0:09:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which we can enhance\Nhuman embryos to fight cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.11,0:10:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can tweak molecular processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.02,0:10:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a great deal of knowledge \N
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.93,0:10:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the molecules \Nthat are involved with cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.75,0:10:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we could manipulate them\Nlong before birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.19,0:10:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could also manipulate human cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.69,0:10:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of immunotherapy after birth, \Nwe could do it before birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.48,0:10:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more fascinating is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.50,0:10:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could adopt certain traits \Nfrom other creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.34,0:10:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you have heard of the tardigrades, \Nthe toughest animals on earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.56,0:10:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tardigrades:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.54,0:10:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can survive in space radiation, \Nin the vacuum of space;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.08,0:10:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can survive extreme radiation;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.04,0:10:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can turn into glass,\Nunder dehydrated conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.63,0:10:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's fascinating\Nis that they can survive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.51,0:10:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extreme radiations\Nwhich could cause cancer in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.20,0:10:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What scientists did is\Nthey studied what causes this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.82,0:10:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are they protected against radiation?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.16,0:11:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they found a gene \Nresponsible for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.86,0:11:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took that gene \Nand added it to human cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.06,0:11:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you have a human cell \Nbut with a gene from another creature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.54,0:11:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took these engineered cells \Nand exposed them to UV radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.12,0:11:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.70,0:11:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The immune cells \Nwere resistant to radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.80,0:11:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They gained 40% resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.68,0:11:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we could acquire this trait.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.29,0:11:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could add it to human embryos,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.10,0:11:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would definitely \Nbe helpful against cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.10,0:11:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are many other creatures \Nthat have incredible super strength
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.22,0:11:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we could also add \Nto the human genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.30,0:11:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's imagine a future \N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.83,0:11:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have eradicated cancer,\Nand it no longer exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.37,0:11:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know how much money \Nwe spend on cancer medication?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.10,0:11:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, the world spent \N107 billion dollars on cancer medication.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.84,0:12:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 2020 it is expected to be \N150 billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.03,0:12:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is just on cancer medication.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.04,0:12:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are still billions of dollars \Nthat are spent on cancer research.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.04,0:12:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are flooding a lot of money \Ninto cancer research,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.04,0:12:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are ignoring other diseases \Nthat are also as important:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.92,0:12:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, \Nheart failure, spinal cord injuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.77,0:12:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the list goes on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.03,0:12:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These diseases also kill people. \NThey make them terminally ill as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.48,0:12:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we just keep flooding\Nall the resources that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.21,0:12:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into cancer research, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.95,0:12:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we are not heading\Ninto the right future.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.27,0:12:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, imagine a world
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.09,0:12:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we don't have to spend that money\Non cancer research anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.38,0:12:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cancer has been eradicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.42,0:12:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody is born\Nwith a built-in mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.85,0:12:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that protects them against cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.56,0:13:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now use that money \Nto study other diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.06,0:13:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learn about their genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.12,0:13:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a few short years, we will use \Nwhat we learned about their genetics
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.52,0:13:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to apply the same technique \Nand treat them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.85,0:13:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this will be our gate \Nnot only to treating cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.89,0:13:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also other diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.36,0:13:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have the knowledge\Nand the technology
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.04,0:13:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do something as remarkable as this, \Nthen what is stopping us?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.82,0:13:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there are a number of challenges \Nthat we have to overcome
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.16,0:13:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we can make this a reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.99,0:13:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first challenge is bioethics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.18,0:13:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I said, we're working\Nwith embryos here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.53,0:13:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of the countries, now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.66,0:13:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not allow research on human embryos
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.54,0:13:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond 14 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.82,0:13:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after 14 days,\Nthe human embryos are destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.12,0:13:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not allowed \Nfor scientific research.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.98,0:14:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how are we supposed to understand \Nthe potential of this treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.55,0:14:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we aren't less strict with the rules?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.82,0:14:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with bioethics \N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.21,0:14:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the rules that we established \Nagainst scientific research do not change.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.85,0:14:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science and technology continue to evolve,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.81,0:14:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the rules that we established \N50 years ago do not change;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.64,0:14:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't revisit them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.98,0:14:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is a big problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.14,0:14:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is why I believe \N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.92,0:14:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the rule of 14 days\Non embryonic therapy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.62,0:14:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be revisited,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.36,0:14:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should discuss it more,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.95,0:14:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we should be less strict
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.55,0:14:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can understand the potential \Nof embryonic treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.72,0:14:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will unlock unlimited potential\Nof such treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.92,0:14:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we become less strict with the rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.03,0:14:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second challenge is business interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.69,0:14:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite clear that cancer \Nis a stable source of income.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.49,0:15:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a problem, and as long as\Nthe problem exists,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.19,0:15:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some people will continue\Nto profit from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.58,0:15:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is those people who invest\Ntheir money in cancer research.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.98,0:15:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why would they invest it\Ninto the area of research
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.59,0:15:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could eradicate cancer \Nonce and for all?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.98,0:15:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that is a big problem.\NBusiness interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.13,0:15:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we eradicated cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.61,0:15:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to destroy \Nmany business interests
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.55,0:15:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for companies and individuals \Nwho profit from the condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.68,0:15:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But luckily, part of the money \Nthat is spent on cancer research
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.21,0:15:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also comes from \Npublic funding: governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.42,0:15:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do they get their money? \N
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.02,0:15:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From you, the taxpayer.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.57,0:15:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of your money \Ngoes to cancer research.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.12,0:15:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have control over that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.57,0:15:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we spend that money \Non new areas of cancer research,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.59,0:15:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we might be onto something,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.08,0:15:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of having the monopoly \Nof only focusing on the same areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.97,0:16:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I said, for almost 50 years,\Nwe haven't seen remarkable progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.60,0:16:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last challenge is public awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.16,0:16:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the problem with society today \Nis that we keep our minds shut.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.58,0:16:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not open-minded when it comes\Nto a new revolution in technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.94,0:16:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just don't accept it -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.08,0:16:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if we haven't learned \Na great deal about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.28,0:16:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if we didn't educate ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.95,0:16:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is a big problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.15,0:16:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have seen in online forums, \Nthe rise of ignorance,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.82,0:16:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comments,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.76,0:16:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who are objecting\Nscientific knowledge, rise of technology
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.16,0:16:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply because \Nthey don't understand it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.50,0:16:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply because they don't learn about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.22,0:16:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe we're not doing a good job\Nof educating them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.86,0:16:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very important
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.91,0:17:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to keep open minds \Ntowards technology and science.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.24,0:17:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learn more about these available options \Nbefore saying yes or no.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.42,0:17:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is your responsibility,\Nsince you know about this now,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.12,0:17:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring this discussion \Nto other people who don't know about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.80,0:17:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More people will know.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.75,0:17:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can influence the decision makers \Nto break the rule of 14 days
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.15,0:17:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so scientists can now study embryos,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.04,0:17:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can unlock the potential \Nof embryonic treatments,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.64,0:17:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can defeat cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.86,0:17:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The applications of science are endless,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.62,0:17:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibilities are limitless,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.25,0:17:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the choice is only ours now.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.17,0:17:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Either to keep cancer as a friend \Nby embracing ignorance and greed,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.44,0:17:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or defeat our enemy once and for all \N
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.63,0:17:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by embracing selflessness\Nand rational thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.02,0:18:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.41,0:18:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)