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你或許有聽說過

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古蘭經裡關於天堂的描述

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那裡有72位處女

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我保證一會兒會回到處女這一部份

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事實上，在美國東北部

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我們的身處之處

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近似於古蘭經裡所描述的天堂

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古蘭經裡對天堂的定義出現了36次

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意為「流水滋養的花園」

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因為我住在聯合湖水流過的船屋裡

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所以要理解這個概念輕而易舉

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但是，為何大部分的人卻是首次聽到這樣的概念

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我了解很多心懷善意的非穆斯林

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開始閱讀古蘭經，但最後放棄了

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對於它的奇異感到困惑

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歷史學家湯瑪斯卡來爾

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認為穆罕默德是世上極為偉大的英雄

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即便如此，對於古蘭經，他曾說道

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「我從沒讀過這麼讓人費解的書，

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乏味不堪、讓人既困惑又混亂」

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（笑聲）

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這裡的問題，我想，一部分是因為

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我們把古蘭經想成是一本

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我們平常就會閱讀的書籍

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彷彿我們可以在一個午後的雨天，抱著它蜷縮於一角閱讀

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同時還有一碗觸手可及的爆米花

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彷彿真主－

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因為古蘭經裡全是真主對穆罕默德的話語－

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彷彿真主就只是某個暢銷書作家

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而事實上，真正讀古蘭經

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的人少之又少

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這正是為什麼古蘭經這麼容易被引用－

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也就是說，誤引。

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詞組與短語被斷章取義

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截出的的版本，我稱它為「標明版本」

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穆斯林基本教義派和反穆斯林的恐伊斯蘭教者

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都偏愛此版本

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所以在這個春天

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當我正準備

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著手撰寫穆罕默德的傳記時

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我意識到自己必須要好好的讀古蘭經

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盡我所能好好讀一讀

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我的阿拉伯語已經退步到

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需要依賴字典的地步

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所以我拿了四本著名的譯本

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決定將它們並排開來同時讀

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一句接著一句

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並且參照音譯本

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和一本七世紀阿拉伯語原版

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我確實有一項優勢

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我最新的一本書

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是有關什葉派和遜尼派分裂的故事

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為了這本書，我鑽研伊斯蘭早期的歷史

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所以古蘭經裡反覆提及的事情

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我都很熟悉

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也就是它的信仰準則

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我已了解夠多，也就是說

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我就像一個旅客在遊歷古蘭經

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是有見地的一位旅客

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更甚是一位經驗豐富的旅客

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但依舊是個局外人

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是一個不可知論的猶太人

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閱讀著其他宗教的聖書

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（笑聲）

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所以我就慢慢的讀。

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（笑聲）

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為了這個計畫，我空出了三星期

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而這在我看來，就是所謂的狂妄自大

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（笑聲）

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因為最終我花了三個月才完成

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我確實止住了跳到書的後半段的誘惑

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因為後面的章節更短，更富神秘性。

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但每當我以為我漸漸

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了解古蘭經的精要時

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那種「我明白了」的感覺－

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在一夜過後便消失無蹤

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當我早上醒來，便會開始納悶

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我是否曾迷失在某個異地

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但是卻又非常熟悉的地方。

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古蘭經聲明它的目的是來

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更新摩西五經和福音書的神訊

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所以裡面有三分之一

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都在重述聖經人物的故事

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像是亞伯拉罕、摩西

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約瑟夫、聖母瑪莉和耶穌

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真主本身是極為熟悉的

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從祂早時以耶和華為化身

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心存嫉妒，堅稱祂是世上唯一的神

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書裡的駱駝、高山

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沙漠水井和泉水

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將我帶回了我在

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西奈沙漠遊走的那年

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再者是書裡的語言

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帶著抑揚頓挫的節奏

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一再讓我想起那些夜晚，聆聽貝都因老人

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吟詠著好幾時長的敘事詩

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他們全部憑著記憶吟詠

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然後我開始了解

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為什麼人們會說

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只有以阿拉伯文書寫的古蘭經

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才是真正的古蘭經。

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拿首章「法諦海」來說

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開篇的七節經文

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是由主禱文和伊斯蘭猶太施瑪篇所組成

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在阿拉伯文裡只有29個字

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但翻譯後的版本卻變成65到72個字

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而你加進去的字義越多

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本意似乎也流失越多

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阿拉伯語有一種咒語般

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幾近催眠的特色

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它邀人聆聽，而非閱讀它

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感受它，而非解析它

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它希望你大聲吟詠它

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發出它的音樂聲，繚繞於耳並且停於舌尖

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所以英文版的古蘭經

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是原版的影子

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或者如同亞瑟阿伯理形容他的版本為

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「一種詮釋」。

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但並非所有含意都會在翻譯中流失

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一如古蘭經所許諾，耐心將會有所回報

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其中有許多的驚喜之處－

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例如對於環境保護的認知

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或者，人類僅僅只是真主造物的幫手

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與聖經所言有過之而無不及。

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相較於聖經裡單單只針對男性敘述

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使用第二和第三人稱的陽性詞彙

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古蘭經的敘述則包含了女人

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例如

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講到信男信女－

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可敬的男女。

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那句惡名昭彰的句子

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談及的是屠殺異教徒

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沒錯，古蘭經裡真的這麼說

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不過是在某個特定的脈絡下

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對麥加聖城的

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入侵計畫 －

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聖城通常是禁止打鬥的。

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而屠殺的許可卻附帶著限制條件

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不是說，你必須殺死麥加城裡的異教徒

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而是說，你可以這麼做，並且受到允許

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不過僅能在寬限期結束之後

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並且不存在任何其他條約的時候

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只能在他們試圖阻止你去卡巴聖堂朝觀的時候

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只有在他們首先發動攻擊的時候

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即便在這個時候－真主還是慈悲的

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寬恕至上－

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所以，根本上而言

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你最好別殺

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（笑聲）

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這或許是最大的驚喜－

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古蘭經是多麼的靈活彈性

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至少對於那些並非

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完全固不可化的人來說是如此

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「有些語句意義很明確。」它說

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「而有些則含混不清。」

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心術不正者

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會找尋有歧義之處

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藉由自己所闡述的解釋

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企圖製造矛盾

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只有真主知道真義

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「真主難以捉摸」的詞句

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一再的出現

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誠然，整部古蘭經更是難以捉摸

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其程度超過我們原本所盲目相信的一切

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例如

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有關於

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處女和天堂這一小部份

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老派的東方主義在此發揮了作用

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有個字出現了四次

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就是「天堂女神」(Houris)

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譯文作解為

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擁有豐胸的黑眼少女

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或者是，白皙挺乳的處女

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然而在阿拉伯文原版中，卻僅僅那個一個字

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那就是：天堂女神(Houris)

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根本沒有豐胸、挺乳這樣的形容詞

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（笑聲）

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這或許是用來描述純潔生物

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的一種方式－像是形容天使－

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或者像是希臘語中的Kouros或Kórē

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意指長生不老的青年

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但事實在於，沒有人知道真正的釋義

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而這就是重點所在

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因為古蘭經明確表述

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你將會

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「在天堂獲得新生」

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你將會被

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「重新創造成你未知的形式」

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比起成為一個處女，這個觀點對我而言

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更具有吸引力

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（笑聲）

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而72這個數字從未出現過

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72個處女從沒有出現在

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古蘭經裡。

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這個說法在300年後才開始出現

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而大多數的伊斯蘭學者視其等同於

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坐在雲端上

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彈奏豎琴的翼人。

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天堂的景象則大不相同

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它和處女無關

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它是豐饒

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是富庶

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它是一處花園

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被潺潺流水滋養著

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謝謝

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（掌聲）