1
00:00:00,742 --> 00:00:07,963
So we humans have an extraordinary
potential for goodness,

2
00:00:07,963 --> 00:00:12,363
but also an immense power to do harm.

3
00:00:12,363 --> 00:00:18,029
Any tool can be used to build
or to destroy.

4
00:00:18,036 --> 00:00:21,217
That all depends on our motivation.

5
00:00:21,217 --> 00:00:24,664
Therefore, it is all the more important

6
00:00:24,664 --> 00:00:30,748
to foster an altruistic motivation
rather than a selfish one.

7
00:00:30,748 --> 00:00:37,008
So now, we indeed are facing many
challenges in our times.

8
00:00:37,008 --> 00:00:40,325
Those could be personal challenges.

9
00:00:40,325 --> 00:00:44,481
Our own mind can be our best friend
or our worst enemy.

10
00:00:44,481 --> 00:00:49,775
There's also societal challenges:

11
00:00:49,775 --> 00:00:51,586
poverty in the midst of plenty,

12
00:00:51,586 --> 00:00:54,964
inequalities, conflict, injustice.

13
00:00:54,964 --> 00:00:59,120
And then there are the new challenges,
which we don't expect.

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00:00:59,120 --> 00:01:04,263
Ten thousand years ago, there was
about five million human beings on Earth.

15
00:01:04,263 --> 00:01:06,463
Whatever they could do,
the Earth's resilience

16
00:01:06,463 --> 00:01:11,089
will soon heal human activities.

17
00:01:11,089 --> 00:01:13,775
After the Industrial
and Technological Revolutions,

18
00:01:13,775 --> 00:01:16,178
that's not the same anymore.

19
00:01:16,178 --> 00:01:20,473
We are now the major agent
of impact on our Earth.

20
00:01:20,473 --> 00:01:25,187
We've entered the Anthropocene,
the era of human beings.

21
00:01:25,187 --> 00:01:28,170
So in a way, if we were to say,

22
00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:32,326
"we need to continue this endless growth,

23
00:01:32,326 --> 00:01:35,786
endless use of material resources",

24
00:01:35,786 --> 00:01:38,514
it's like saying if this man was saying,

25
00:01:38,514 --> 00:01:43,866
and I heard the former heads of state,
I won't mention who, saying,

26
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"Five years ago, we were at
the edge of the precipice.

27
00:01:47,395 --> 00:01:49,972
Today we made a big step forward."

28
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So this edge is the same

29
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which have been defined by scientists

30
00:01:57,204 --> 00:01:59,654
as the planetary boundaries.

31
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And within those boundaries,
they can carry a number of factors.

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00:02:03,705 --> 00:02:09,231
We can still prosper, humanity can still
prosper for 150,000 years

33
00:02:09,231 --> 00:02:12,563
if we keep the same stability of climate

34
00:02:12,563 --> 00:02:15,721
as in the Holocene
for the last 10,000 years.

35
00:02:15,721 --> 00:02:21,479
But this depends on choosing
a voluntary simplicity,

36
00:02:21,479 --> 00:02:24,160
growing qualitatively, not quantitatively.

37
00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:26,854
So in 1900, as you can see,

38
00:02:26,854 --> 00:02:30,394
we were well within the limits of safety.

39
00:02:30,394 --> 00:02:35,793
Now, in 1950 came the great acceleration.

40
00:02:35,793 --> 00:02:38,872
Now hold your breath, not too long,

41
00:02:38,872 --> 00:02:40,742
to imagine what comes next.

42
00:02:40,742 --> 00:02:44,917
Now we have vastly overrun

43
00:02:44,917 --> 00:02:47,355
some of the planetary boundaries.

44
00:02:47,355 --> 00:02:49,631
Just to take biodiversity,

45
00:02:49,631 --> 00:02:53,376
at the current rate, in 2050,

46
00:02:53,376 --> 00:02:55,999
30 percent of all species on Earth

47
00:02:55,999 --> 00:02:57,718
will have disappeared.

48
00:02:57,718 --> 00:03:03,545
Even if we keep their DNA in some fridge,
that's not going to be reversible.

49
00:03:03,545 --> 00:03:05,786
So here I am sitting in front

50
00:03:05,786 --> 00:03:10,836
of a 7,000 meters high,
21,000 feet glacier in Bhutan.

51
00:03:10,836 --> 00:03:17,987
At the third pole, two thousand glaciers
are melting fast, faster than the Arctic.

52
00:03:17,987 --> 00:03:21,934
So what can we do in that situation?

53
00:03:21,934 --> 00:03:26,821
Well, however complex,

54
00:03:26,821 --> 00:03:29,983
politically, economically, scientifically

55
00:03:29,983 --> 00:03:32,131
the question of the environment is,

56
00:03:32,131 --> 00:03:38,678
it simply boils down to a question
of altruism versus selfishness.

57
00:03:38,678 --> 00:03:42,537
I'm a Marxist of the Groucho tendency.

58
00:03:42,537 --> 00:03:43,972
(Laughter)

59
00:03:43,972 --> 00:03:47,641
Groucho Marx said, "Why should I care
for future generations?

60
00:03:47,641 --> 00:03:49,301
What did they do for me?"

61
00:03:49,301 --> 00:03:50,997
(Laughter)

62
00:03:50,997 --> 00:03:55,430
Unfortunately, I heard
the billionaire Steven Forbes,

63
00:03:55,430 --> 00:03:59,118
on Fox News, saying exactly the same 
thing, but seriously.

64
00:03:59,118 --> 00:04:01,293
He was told about the rise of the ocean,

65
00:04:01,293 --> 00:04:04,640
and he said, "I find it absurd
to change my behavior today

66
00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:08,165
for something that will happen
in a hundred years."

67
00:04:08,165 --> 00:04:10,593
So if you don't care
for future generations,

68
00:04:10,593 --> 00:04:13,494
just go for it.

69
00:04:13,494 --> 00:04:16,420
So one of the main challenges of our times

70
00:04:16,420 --> 00:04:20,042
is to reconcile three time scales.

71
00:04:20,088 --> 00:04:22,003
The short term of the economy,

72
00:04:22,003 --> 00:04:26,125
the ups and downs of the stock market,
the end of the year accounts.

73
00:04:26,125 --> 00:04:28,621
The midterm of the quality of life:

74
00:04:28,621 --> 00:04:34,205
what is the quality every moment of
our life and over 10 years and 20 years?

75
00:04:34,205 --> 00:04:37,734
And the long term of the environment.

76
00:04:37,734 --> 00:04:39,823
When the environmentalists
speak with economists,

77
00:04:39,823 --> 00:04:42,982
it's like a schizophrenic dialogue,
completely incoherent.

78
00:04:42,982 --> 00:04:45,814
They don't speak the same language.

79
00:04:45,814 --> 00:04:49,354
Now for the last 10 years,
I went around the world

80
00:04:49,354 --> 00:04:53,452
meeting economists, scientists,
neuroscientists, environmentalists,

81
00:04:53,452 --> 00:04:56,262
philosophers, thinkers in the Himalayas,

82
00:04:56,262 --> 00:04:57,910
all over the place.

83
00:04:57,910 --> 00:05:01,834
It seems to be, there's only one concept

84
00:05:01,834 --> 00:05:04,794
that can reconcile
those three time scales.

85
00:05:04,794 --> 00:05:09,368
It is simply having more
consideration for others.

86
00:05:09,368 --> 00:05:11,922
If you have more consideration for others,

87
00:05:11,922 --> 00:05:14,569
you will be having a caring economics,

88
00:05:14,569 --> 00:05:17,051
where finances are the service of society

89
00:05:17,051 --> 00:05:20,319
and not society
at the service of finances.

90
00:05:20,319 --> 00:05:23,447
You will not play at the casino
with the resources that people

91
00:05:23,447 --> 00:05:25,583
have entrusted you with.

92
00:05:25,583 --> 00:05:28,379
If you have more consideration for others,

93
00:05:28,379 --> 00:05:31,806
you will make sure
that you remedy inequality,

94
00:05:31,806 --> 00:05:35,346
that you bring some kind of well being
within the society,

95
00:05:35,346 --> 00:05:37,176
in education, at the workplace.

96
00:05:37,176 --> 00:05:40,599
Otherwise, a nation that is
the most powerful and the richest,

97
00:05:40,599 --> 00:05:42,246
everyone is miserable.

98
00:05:42,246 --> 00:05:44,146
What's the point?

99
00:05:44,146 --> 00:05:46,363
And if you have more
consideration for others,

100
00:05:46,363 --> 00:05:49,649
you are not going to ransack
that planet that we have

101
00:05:49,649 --> 00:05:54,083
and that at the current rate, we don't
have three planets to continue that way.

102
00:05:54,083 --> 00:05:56,556
So the question is,

103
00:05:56,556 --> 00:06:00,387
okay, altruism is the answer,
it's not just a novel ideal,

104
00:06:00,387 --> 00:06:04,021
but can it be a real, pragmatic solution?

105
00:06:04,021 --> 00:06:06,649
And first of all, does it exist,

106
00:06:06,649 --> 00:06:10,213
true altruism, or are we so selfish?

107
00:06:10,213 --> 00:06:15,594
So some philosophers thought
we were irredeemably selfish.

108
00:06:15,594 --> 00:06:21,195
You know, but are we really
all just like rascals?

109
00:06:21,195 --> 00:06:23,819
That's good news, isn't it?

110
00:06:23,819 --> 00:06:26,548
Many philosophers like Hobbes have said so.

111
00:06:26,548 --> 00:06:29,429
But not everyone looks like a rascal,

112
00:06:29,429 --> 00:06:32,572
or is man a wolf for man?

113
00:06:32,572 --> 00:06:35,150
But this guy doesn't seem too bad.

114
00:06:35,150 --> 00:06:38,493
He's one of my friends in Tibet.

115
00:06:38,493 --> 00:06:40,652
He's very kind.

116
00:06:40,652 --> 00:06:43,937
So now, we love cooperation.

117
00:06:43,937 --> 00:06:47,265
There's no better joy than work together.

118
00:06:47,265 --> 00:06:48,611
Isn't it?

119
00:06:48,611 --> 00:06:52,350
And then not only humans.

120
00:06:52,350 --> 00:06:54,837
Then, of course, there's
the struggle for life,

121
00:06:54,837 --> 00:06:59,768
the survival of the fittest,
Social Darwinism.

122
00:06:59,768 --> 00:07:05,015
But in evolution, cooperation,
though competition exists, of course.

123
00:07:05,015 --> 00:07:08,382
Cooperation is much more creative

124
00:07:08,382 --> 00:07:10,723
to go to increased level of complexity.

125
00:07:10,723 --> 00:07:15,414
We are super cooperators and we 
should even go further.

126
00:07:15,414 --> 00:07:19,153
So now, on top of that,

127
00:07:19,153 --> 00:07:21,697
the quality of human relationships.

128
00:07:21,697 --> 00:07:23,655
You know, the OECD did a survey

129
00:07:23,655 --> 00:07:25,958
among 10 factors,
including income, everything,

130
00:07:25,958 --> 00:07:29,208
the first one that people said
that's the main thing for my happiness

131
00:07:29,208 --> 00:07:32,621
is quality of social relationships.

132
00:07:32,621 --> 00:07:35,908
Not only in humans.

133
00:07:35,908 --> 00:07:38,844
And look at those great grandmothers.

134
00:07:38,844 --> 00:07:41,386
So now,

135
00:07:41,386 --> 00:07:44,590
this idea that we go deep within,

136
00:07:44,590 --> 00:07:46,890
we are irredeemably selfish,

137
00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:49,224
this is armchair science.

138
00:07:49,224 --> 00:07:51,491
There is not a single sociological study,

139
00:07:51,491 --> 00:07:54,737
psychological study,
that's ever shown that.

140
00:07:54,737 --> 00:07:56,977
Rather, the opposite.

141
00:07:56,977 --> 00:08:00,355
My friend, Daniel Batson, 
spent a whole life

142
00:08:00,355 --> 00:08:03,118
putting people in the lab
in very complex situations,

143
00:08:03,118 --> 00:08:05,637
and of course we are sometimes selfish

144
00:08:05,637 --> 00:08:07,472
and some people more than others.

145
00:08:07,472 --> 00:08:10,149
But he found that systematically,
no matter what,

146
00:08:10,149 --> 00:08:13,149
there's a significant number of people

147
00:08:13,149 --> 00:08:16,504
who do behave altruistically,
no matter what.

148
00:08:16,504 --> 00:08:19,696
Now if you see someone
deeply wounded, great suffering,

149
00:08:19,696 --> 00:08:22,318
you might just help
out of empathic distress.

150
00:08:22,318 --> 00:08:24,688
You can't stand it,
so it's better to help

151
00:08:24,688 --> 00:08:26,448
than keep on looking at that person.

152
00:08:26,448 --> 00:08:28,484
So we tested all that, and in the end,

153
00:08:28,484 --> 00:08:34,284
he said, "clearly people
can be altruistic." So that's good news.

154
00:08:34,284 --> 00:08:39,896
And even further, we should look
at the banality of goodness.

155
00:08:39,896 --> 00:08:41,730
Now look at here.

156
00:08:41,730 --> 00:08:46,130
When we come out, we are going to say,
"That's so nice, there was no fistfight

157
00:08:46,130 --> 00:08:49,067
while this mob
was thinking about altruism."

158
00:08:49,067 --> 00:08:51,099
No, we expect that, isn't it?

159
00:08:51,099 --> 00:08:54,848
If there was a fistfight,
we would speak of that for months.

160
00:08:54,848 --> 00:08:58,029
So the banality of goodness is something
that doesn't attract your attention,

161
00:08:58,029 --> 00:08:59,807
but it exists.

162
00:08:59,807 --> 00:09:04,913
Now, look at this. Look at this.

163
00:09:07,757 --> 00:09:09,663
Okay.

164
00:09:09,663 --> 00:09:12,054
So some psychologists said,

165
00:09:12,054 --> 00:09:15,031
when I tell them I run
140 humanitarian projects

166
00:09:15,031 --> 00:09:17,875
in the Himalayas, 
that gives me so much joy,

167
00:09:17,875 --> 00:09:21,009
they said, "oh, I see,
you work for the warm glow.

168
00:09:21,009 --> 00:09:24,063
That is not altruistic.
You just feel good."

169
00:09:24,063 --> 00:09:26,991
You think this guy,
when he jumped in front of the train,

170
00:09:26,991 --> 00:09:29,277
he thought, "I'm going to feel
so good when this is over?"

171
00:09:29,277 --> 00:09:31,563
(Laughter).

172
00:09:31,563 --> 00:09:33,849
But that's not the end of it.

173
00:09:33,849 --> 00:09:36,391
They say, well, but when
you interviewed him, he said,

174
00:09:36,391 --> 00:09:39,526
"I had no choice,
I had to jump, of course."

175
00:09:39,526 --> 00:09:41,947
He has no choice. Automatic behavior.

176
00:09:41,947 --> 00:09:44,342
It's neither selfish nor altruistic.

177
00:09:44,342 --> 00:09:45,572
No choice.

178
00:09:45,572 --> 00:09:47,624
Well, of course, this guy's
not going to think for half an hour,

179
00:09:47,624 --> 00:09:49,841
"should I give my hand, not give my hand?"

180
00:09:49,841 --> 00:09:54,056
He does it. There is a choice,
but it's obvious, it's immediate.

181
00:09:54,056 --> 00:09:56,037
And then, also, here he had a choice.

182
00:09:56,037 --> 00:09:58,738
(Laughter).

183
00:09:58,738 --> 00:10:01,080
So now, there are people who had choice,

184
00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:03,258
like Pastor André Trocmé and his wife,

185
00:10:03,258 --> 00:10:05,457
and the whole village
of Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.

186
00:10:05,457 --> 00:10:09,225
For the whole Second World War,
they saved 3,500 Jews,

187
00:10:09,225 --> 00:10:11,872
gave them shelter,
brought them to Switzerland,

188
00:10:11,872 --> 00:10:15,517
against all odds, at the risk
of their lives and that of their family.

189
00:10:15,517 --> 00:10:17,734
So altruism does exist.

190
00:10:17,734 --> 00:10:19,279
So what is altruism?

191
00:10:19,279 --> 00:10:23,121
It is the wish "may others be happy
and find the cause of happiness."

192
00:10:23,121 --> 00:10:28,786
Now empathy is the effective resonance
or cognitive resonance that tells you,

193
00:10:28,786 --> 00:10:31,537
this personality is joyful,
this person suffers.

194
00:10:31,537 --> 00:10:34,463
But empathy enough is not sufficient.

195
00:10:34,463 --> 00:10:36,686
If you keep on being
confronted with suffering,

196
00:10:36,686 --> 00:10:39,447
you might have empathic distress, burnout,

197
00:10:39,447 --> 00:10:43,507
so you need the greater sphere
of loving kindness.

198
00:10:43,507 --> 00:10:46,324
With Daniel Singer at the
Max Planck Institute of Leipzig,

199
00:10:46,324 --> 00:10:48,797
we showed that the brain network

200
00:10:48,797 --> 00:10:52,385
for empathy and loving kindness
are different.

201
00:10:52,385 --> 00:10:54,416
Now, that's all well done,

202
00:10:54,416 --> 00:11:00,000
so we got that from evolution,
from maternal care, parental love,

203
00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:01,625
but we need to extend that.

204
00:11:01,625 --> 00:11:04,968
Can we extend it to other species?

205
00:11:04,968 --> 00:11:09,375
Now, if we want a more altruistic society,
we need two things:

206
00:11:09,375 --> 00:11:12,932
individual change and societal change.

207
00:11:12,932 --> 00:11:15,150
So is individual change possible?

208
00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:18,349
Two thousand years
of contemplative study said yes, it is.

209
00:11:18,349 --> 00:11:21,641
Now, 15 years of collaboration
with neuroscience and epigeneticists

210
00:11:21,641 --> 00:11:26,435
said yes, our brains change
when you train in altruism.

211
00:11:26,435 --> 00:11:30,707
So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.

212
00:11:30,707 --> 00:11:33,773
This is the first time I went
after two and a half hours.

213
00:11:33,773 --> 00:11:35,095
And then, the result

214
00:11:35,095 --> 00:11:37,487
-- I've been published
in many scientific papers --

215
00:11:37,487 --> 00:11:40,749
it shows without ambiguity
that there are structural change

216
00:11:40,749 --> 00:11:42,432
and functional change in the brain

217
00:11:42,432 --> 00:11:44,638
when you train the altruistic love.

218
00:11:44,638 --> 00:11:46,252
Just to give you an idea:

219
00:11:46,252 --> 00:11:49,073
this is the meditator at rest on the left,

220
00:11:49,073 --> 00:11:52,776
meditation in compassion meditation,
you see all the activity,

221
00:11:52,776 --> 00:11:54,890
and then the control group at rest,

222
00:11:54,890 --> 00:11:57,512
nothing happened,
in meditation, nothing happened.

223
00:11:57,512 --> 00:11:59,440
They have not been trained.

224
00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:02,551
So, do you need 50,000
hours of meditation?

225
00:12:02,551 --> 00:12:03,657
No, you don't.

226
00:12:03,657 --> 00:12:05,657
Four weeks, 20 minutes a day,

227
00:12:05,657 --> 00:12:07,838
of caring, mindfulness meditation

228
00:12:07,838 --> 00:12:14,141
already brings a structural change
in the brain compared to a control group.

229
00:12:14,141 --> 00:12:17,879
That's only 20 minutes a day
for four weeks.

230
00:12:17,879 --> 00:12:20,967
Even with preschoolers,
we showed in Madison,

231
00:12:20,967 --> 00:12:26,482
eight weeks program: gratitude,
loving kindness, cooperation,

232
00:12:26,482 --> 00:12:28,157
mindful breathing, you would say,


233
00:12:28,157 --> 00:12:29,832
"Oh, they're just preschoolers."

234
00:12:29,832 --> 00:12:31,508
Look after eight weeks.

235
00:12:31,508 --> 00:12:33,958
The pro-social behavior,
that's the blue line,

236
00:12:33,958 --> 00:12:39,612
and then comes the ultimate
scientific test, the stickers test.

237
00:12:39,612 --> 00:12:43,350
Before, you determine for each child
who is their best friend in the class,

238
00:12:43,350 --> 00:12:47,425
their least favorite child,
the unknown child, and the sick child,

239
00:12:47,425 --> 00:12:50,129
and they have to give stickers away.

240
00:12:50,129 --> 00:12:54,181
So before the intervention,
they give most of it to their best friend.

241
00:12:54,181 --> 00:12:57,640
Four, five years old, 20 minutes,
three times a week.

242
00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:01,123
After the intervention,
no more discrimination.

243
00:13:01,123 --> 00:13:03,422
The same amount of stickers
to their best friend

244
00:13:03,422 --> 00:13:05,488
and the least favorite child.

245
00:13:05,488 --> 00:13:08,866
You know, that's something we should do
in all the schools in the world.

246
00:13:08,866 --> 00:13:10,430
Now where do we go from there?

247
00:13:10,430 --> 00:13:14,998
(Applause)

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When the Dalai Lama heard that,
his solution, he said,

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"You go to 10 schools, 100 schools,
the U.N., the whole world."

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So now where do we go from there?

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Individual change is possible.

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Now do we have to wait
for an altruistic gene

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to be in the human race?

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That will take 50,000 years,
too much for the environment.

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Fortunately, there is
the evolution of culture.

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Cultures, as specialists have shown,

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change faster than genes.

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That's the good news.

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Look at attitudes towards war
has dramatically changed over the years.

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So now, individual change
and cultural change

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mutually fashion each other,

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and yes, we can achieve
a more altruistic society.

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So where do we go from there?

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Myself, I will go back to the East.

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Now, we treat 100,000 patients
a year in our projects.

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We have 25,000 kids in school,

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four percent overhead.

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Some people say, "Well,
your stuff works in practice,

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but does it work in theory?"

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So there's always the positive deviance.

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So I will also go back to my hermitage
to find the inner resources

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to better serve others.

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But on the more global level,
what can we do?

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We need three things.

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Enhancing cooperation:

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cooperative learning in the school
instead of competitive learning,

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Unconditional cooperation
within corporations.

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There can be some competition
between corporations, but not within.

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We need sustainable harmony.

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I love this term.

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Not sustainable growth anymore.

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Sustainable harmony means now
we will reduce inequality.

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In the future, we do more with less,

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and we continue to grow qualitatively,

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not quantitatively.

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We need caring economics.

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The old economics cannot deal
with poverty in the midst of plenty,

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cannot deal with the problem
of the common goods

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of the atmosphere, of the oceans.

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We need a caring economics.

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00:15:12,779 --> 00:15:14,788
If you say economics
should be compassionate,

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they say, "That's not our job."

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But if you say they don't care,
that looks bad.

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We need local commitment,
global responsibility.

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We need to extend altruism
to the other 1.6 million other species.

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Sentient beings who are
co-citizens in this world.

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and we need to dare altruism.

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So long life to the altruistic revolution.

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Viva la revolucion de altruismo.

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(Applause)

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Thank you.

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(Applause)