WEBVTT

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So, we humans have

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an extraordinary potential for goodness,

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but also an immense power to do harm.

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Any tool can be used

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to build or to destroy.

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That all depends on our motivation.

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Therefore, it is all the more important

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to foster an altruistic motivation
rather than a selfish one.

NOTE Paragraph

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So now, we indeed are facing

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many challenges in our times.

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Those could be personal challenges.

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Our own mind can be our best friend
or our worst enemy.

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There's also societal challenges:

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poverty in the midst of plenty,

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inequalities, conflict, injustice.

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And then there are the new challenges,
which we don't expect.

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Ten thousand years ago, there was
about five million human beings on Earth.

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Whatever they could do,
the Earth's resilience

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will soon heal human activities.

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After the Industrial
and Technological Revolutions,

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that's not the same anymore.

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We are now the major agent
of impact on our Earth.

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We've entered the Anthropocene,
the era of human beings.

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So in a way, if we were to say,

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"we need to continue this endless growth,

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endless use of material resources",

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it's like saying if this man was saying,

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and I heard the former heads of state,
I won't mention who, saying,

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"Five years ago, we were at
the edge of the precipice.

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Today we made a big step forward."

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So this edge is the same

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which have been defined by scientists

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as the planetary boundaries,

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and within those boundaries,
they can carry a number of factors.

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We can still prosper, humanity can still
prosper for 150,000 years

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if we keep the same stability of climate

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as in the Holocene
for the last 10,000 years.

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But this depends on choosing
a voluntary simplicity,

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growing qualitatively, not quantitatively.

NOTE Paragraph

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So in 1900, as you can see,

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we were well within the limits of safety.

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Now, in 1950 came the great acceleration.

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Now hold your breath, not too long,

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to imagine what comes next, now.

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We have vastly overrun

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some of the planetary boundaries.

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Just to take biodiversity,

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at the current rate, in 2050,

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30 percent of all species on Earth

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will have disappeared.

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Even if we keep their DNA in some fridge,
that's not going to be reversible.

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So here I am sitting in front

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of a 7,000 meters high,
21,000 feet glacier in Bhutan.

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The third pole, two thousand glaciers
are melting fast, faster than the Arctic.

NOTE Paragraph

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So what can we do in that situation?

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Well, however complex,

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politically, economically, scientifically

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the question of the environment is,

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it simply boils down to a question
of altruism versus selfishness.

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I'm a Marxist of the Groucho tendency.

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(Laughter)

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Groucho Marx said, "Why should I care
for future generations?

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What did they do for me?"

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(Laughter)

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Unfortunately, I heard
the billionaire Steven Forbes,

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on Fox News, saying exactly the same thing,

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but seriously.

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He was told about the rise of the ocean,

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and he said, "I find it absurd
to change my behavior today

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for something that will happen
in a hundred years."

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So if you don't care
for future generations,

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just go for it.

NOTE Paragraph

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So one of the main challenges of our times

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is to reconcile three time scales.

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The short term of the economy,

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the ups and downs of the stock market,
the end of the year accounts.

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The midterm of the quality of life:

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what is the quality every moment of
our life and over 10 years and 20 years?

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And the long term of the environment.

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When the environmentalists
speak with economists,

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it's like a schizophrenic dialogue,
completely incoherent.

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They don't speak the same language.

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Now for the last 10 years,
I went around the world

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meeting economists, scientists,
neuroscientists, environmentalists,

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philosophers, thinkers, in the Himalayas,

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all over the place.

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It seems to be, there's only one concept

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that can reconcile
those three time scales.

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It is simply having more
consideration for others.

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If you have more consideration for others,

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you will be having a caring economics,

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where finances are the service of society

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and not society
at the service of finances.

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You will not play at the casino
with the resources that people

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have entrusted you with.

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If you have more consideration for others,

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you will make sure
that you remedy inequality,

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that you bring some kind of well being
within the society,

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in education, at the workplace.

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Otherwise, a nation that is
the most powerful and the richest,

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everyone is miserable.

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What's the point?

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And if you have more
consideration for others,

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you are not going to ransack
that planet that we have

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and that at the current rate, we don't
have three planets to continue that way.

NOTE Paragraph

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So the question is,

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okay, altruism is the answer,
it's not just a novel ideal,

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but can it be a real, pragmatic solution?

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And first of all, does it exist,

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true altruism, or are we so selfish?

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So some philosophers thought
we were irredeemably selfish.

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You know, but are we really
all just like rascals?

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That's good news, isn't it?

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Many philosophers like Hobbes have said so.

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But not everyone looks like a rascal,

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or is man a wolf for man?

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But this guy doesn't seem too bad.

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He's one of my friends in Tibet.

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He's very kind.

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So now, we love cooperation.

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There's no better joy than work together.

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Isn't it?

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And then not only humans.

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Then, of course, there's
the struggle for life,

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the survival of the fittest,
Social Darwinism.

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But in evolution, cooperation,
though competition exists, of course.

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Cooperation is much more creative

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to go to increased level of complexity.

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We are super cooperators and we 
should even go further.

NOTE Paragraph

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So now, on top of that,

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the quality of human relationships,

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you know, the OECD did a survey

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among 10 factors,
including income, everything,

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the first one that people said
that's the main thing for my happiness

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is quality of social relationships.

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Not only in humans.

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And look at those great grandmothers.

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So now,

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this idea that we go deep within,

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we are irredeemably selfish,

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this is armchair science.

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There is not a single sociological study,

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psychological study,
that's ever shown that.

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Rather, the opposite.

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My friend [Daniel Batthson??]
spent a whole life

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putting people in the lab
in very complex situations,

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and of course we are sometimes selfish

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and some people more than others.

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But he found that systematically,
no matter what,

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there's a significant number of people

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who do behave altruistically,
no matter what.

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Now if you see someone
deeply wounded, great suffering,

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you might just help
out of empathic distress.

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You can't stand it,
so it's better to help

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than keep on looking at that person.

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So we tested all that, and in the end,

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he said, "clearly people
can be altruistic", so that's good news.

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And even further, we should look
at the banality of goodness.

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Now look at here.

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When we come out, we are going to say,
"That's so nice, there was no fistfight

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while this mob
was thinking about altruism."

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No, we expect that, isn't it?

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If there was a fistfight,
we would speak of that for months.

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So the banality of goodness is something
that doesn't attract your attention,

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but it exists.

NOTE Paragraph

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Now, look at this. Look at this.

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Okay.

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So some psychologists said,

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when I tell them I run
140 humanitarian projects

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in the Himalayas
that give me so much joy,

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they said, "oh, I see,
you work for the warm glow."

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That is not altruistic.
You just feel good.

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You think this guy,
when he jumped in front of the train,

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he thought, "I'm going to feel
so good when this is over?"

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(Laughter).

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But that's not the end of it.

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They say, well, but when
you interviewed him, he said,

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"I had no choice,
I had to jump, of course."

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He has no choice. Automatic behavior.

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It's neither selfish nor altruistic.

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No choice.

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Well, of course, this guy's
not going to think for half an hour,

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should I give my hand, not give my hand?

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He does it. There is a choice,
but it's obvious, it's immediate.

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And then, also, here they have a choice.

NOTE Paragraph

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So now, there are people who had choice,

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like Pastor André Trocmé and his wife,

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and the whole village
of Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.

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For the whole Second World War,
they saved 3,500 Jews,

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gave them shelter,
brought them to Switzerland,

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against all odds, at the risk
of their lives and that of their family.

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So altruism does exist.

NOTE Paragraph

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So what is altruism?

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It is the wish "may others be happy
and find the cause of happiness.

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Now empathy is the effective resonance
or cognitive resonance that tells you,

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this personality is joyful,
this person suffers.

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But empathy enough is not sufficient.

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If you keep on being
confronted with suffering,

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you might have empathic distress, burnout,

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so you need the greater sphere
of loving kindness.

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With Daniel Singer at the
[??] Institute of Leipzig,

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we showed that the brain network

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for empathy and loving kindness
are different.

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Now, that's all well done,

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so we got that from evolution,
from maternal care, parental love,

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but we need to extend that.

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Can we extend it to other species?

NOTE Paragraph

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Now, if we want a more altruistic society,

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we need two things:

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individual change and societal change.

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So is individual change possible?

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Two thousand years
of contemplative study said yes, it is.

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Now, 15 years of collaboration
with neuroscience and epigeneticists

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said yes, our brains change
when you train in altruism.

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So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.

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This is the first time I went
after two and a half hours.

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And then, the result

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-- I've been published
in many scientific papers --

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it shows without ambiguity
that there are structural change

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and functional change in the brain

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when you train the altruistic love.

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Just to give you an idea:

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this is the meditator at rest on the left,

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meditation in compassion meditation,
you see all the activity,

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and then the control group at rest,

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nothing happened,
in meditation, nothing happened.

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They have not been trained.

NOTE Paragraph

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So, do you need 50,000
hours of meditation?

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No, you don't.

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Four weeks, 20 minutes a day,

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of caring, mindfulness meditation

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already brings a structural change
in the brain compared to a control group.

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That's only 20 minutes a day
for four weeks.

NOTE Paragraph

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Even with preschoolers,
we showed in Madison,

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eight weeks program, gratitude,
loving kindness, cooperation,

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mindful breathing, you would say,
"Oh, they're just preschoolers."

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Look after eight weeks.

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The pro-social behavior,
that's the blue line,

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and then come the ultimate
scientific test, the stickers test.

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Before, you determine for each child
who is their best friend in the class,

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their least favorite child,
the unknown child, and the sick child,

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and they have to give stickers away.

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So before the intervention,
they give most of it to their best friend.

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Four, five years old, 20 minutes,
three times a week.

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After the intervention,
no more discrimination.

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The same amount of stickers
to their best friend

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and the least favorite child.

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You know, that's something we should do
in all the schools in the world.

NOTE Paragraph

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Now, where do we go from there?

NOTE Paragraph

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(Applause)

NOTE Paragraph

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When the Dalai Lama heard that,
his solution, he said,

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"You go to 10 schools, 100 schools,
the U.N., the whole world."

NOTE Paragraph

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So now where do we go from there?

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Individual change is possible.

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Now, do we have to wait
for an altruistic gene

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to be in the human race?

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That will take 50,000 years,
too much for the environment.

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Fortunately, there is
the evolution of culture.

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Cultures, as specialists have shown,

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change faster than genes.

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That's the good news.

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Look at attitudes towards war
has dramatically changed over the years.

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So now, individual change
and cultural change

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mutually fashion each other,

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and yes, we can achieve
a more altruistic society.

NOTE Paragraph

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So where do we go from there?

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Myself, I will go back to the East.

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Now, we treat 100,000 patients
a year in our projects.

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We have 25,000 kids in school,

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four percent overhead.

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Some people say, "Well,
your stuff works in practice,

00:14:09.921 --> 00:14:12.185
but does it work in theory?"

00:14:12.185 --> 00:14:15.807
So there's always the positive deviance.

00:14:15.807 --> 00:14:19.266
So I will also go back to my hermitage
to find the inner resources

00:14:19.266 --> 00:14:21.425
to better serve others.

NOTE Paragraph

00:14:21.425 --> 00:14:24.362
But on the more global level,
what can we do?

00:14:24.362 --> 00:14:26.823
We need three things.

00:14:26.823 --> 00:14:28.635
Enhancing cooperation,

00:14:28.635 --> 00:14:32.361
cooperative learning in the school
instead of competitive learning,

00:14:32.361 --> 00:14:35.612
unconditional cooperation
within corporations.

00:14:35.612 --> 00:14:40.209
There can be some competition
between corporations, but not within.

00:14:40.209 --> 00:14:42.879
We need sustainable harmony.

00:14:42.879 --> 00:14:44.411
I love this term.

00:14:44.411 --> 00:14:46.524
Not sustainable growth anymore.

00:14:46.524 --> 00:14:50.030
Sustainable harmony means now
we will reduce inequality.

00:14:50.030 --> 00:14:53.826
In the future, we do more with less,

00:14:53.826 --> 00:14:57.200
and we continue to grow qualitatively,

00:14:57.200 --> 00:14:58.825
not quantitatively.

00:14:58.825 --> 00:15:00.985
We need caring economics.

00:15:00.985 --> 00:15:06.766
The old economics cannot deal
with poverty in the midst of plenty,

00:15:06.766 --> 00:15:09.008
cannot deal with the problem
of the common goods

00:15:09.008 --> 00:15:11.096
of the atmosphere, of the oceans.

00:15:11.096 --> 00:15:12.779
We need a caring economics.

00:15:12.779 --> 00:15:14.788
If you say economics
should be compassionate,

00:15:14.788 --> 00:15:16.193
they say, "That's not our job."

00:15:16.193 --> 00:15:19.838
But if you say they don't care,
that looks bad.

00:15:19.838 --> 00:15:22.967
We need local commitment,
global responsibility.

00:15:22.967 --> 00:15:28.307
We need to extend altruism
to the other 1.6 million other species,

00:15:28.307 --> 00:15:31.732
sentient beings who are
co-citizens in this world.

00:15:31.732 --> 00:15:35.064
and we need to dare altruism.

NOTE Paragraph

00:15:35.064 --> 00:15:38.605
So long life to the altruistic revolution.

00:15:38.605 --> 00:15:43.155
Viva la revolucion de altruismo.

NOTE Paragraph

00:15:43.155 --> 00:15:51.665
(Applause)

NOTE Paragraph

00:15:51.665 --> 00:15:53.116
Thank you.

NOTE Paragraph

00:15:53.116 --> 00:15:54.688
(Applause)