[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we humans have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.57,0:00:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an extraordinary potential for goodness,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.95,0:00:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also an immense power to do harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.36,0:00:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any tool can be used
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.86,0:00:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build or to destroy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.04,0:00:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That all depends on our motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.22,0:00:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, it is all the more important
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.66,0:00:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to foster an altruistic motivation\Nrather than a selfish one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.75,0:00:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, we indeed are facing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.93,0:00:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many challenges in our times.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.99,0:00:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those could be personal challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.32,0:00:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our own mind can be our best friend\Nor our worst enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also societal challenges:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.78,0:00:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poverty in the midst of plenty,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.59,0:00:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inequalities, conflict, injustice.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.96,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there are the new challenges\Nwhich we don't expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.12,0:01:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten thousand years ago, there was\Nabout five million human beings on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.26,0:01:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever they could do,\Nthe Earth's resilience
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.23,0:01:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will soon heal human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.09,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the Industrial\Nand Technological Revolutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.78,0:01:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not the same anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.18,0:01:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now the major agent\Nof impact on our Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.47,0:01:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've entered the Anthropocene,\Nthe era of human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.19,0:01:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in a way, if we were to say
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.17,0:01:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to continue this endless growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.33,0:01:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,endless use of material resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.79,0:01:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like saying if this man was saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.51,0:01:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I heard the former heads of state,\NI won't mention who, saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.87,0:01:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Five years ago, we were at\Nthe edge of the precipice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we made a big step forward."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.02,0:01:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this edge is the same
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.79,0:01:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which have been defined by scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.20,0:01:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the planetary boundaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.65,0:02:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within those boundaries,\Nthey can carry a number of factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.70,0:02:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can still prosper, humanity can still\Nprosper for 150,000 years
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.23,0:02:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we keep the same stability of climate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.56,0:02:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the Holocene\Nfor the last 10,000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.72,0:02:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this depends on choosing\Na voluntary simplicity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.48,0:02:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growing qualitatively, not quantitatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.16,0:02:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 1900, as you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.85,0:02:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were well within the limits of safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.39,0:02:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 1950 came the great acceleration.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.79,0:02:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now hold your breath, not too long,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.54,0:02:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to imagine what comes next, now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.93,0:02:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are vastly overrun
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.92,0:02:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the planetary boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.36,0:02:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to take biodiversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.63,0:02:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the current rate, in 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.38,0:02:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 percent of all species on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.100,0:02:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will have disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.72,0:03:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if we keep their DNA in some fridge,\Nthat's not going to be reversible.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.54,0:03:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here I am sitting in front
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.79,0:03:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a 7,000 meters high,\N21,000 feet glacier in Bhutan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.84,0:03:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[???], two thousand glaciers\Nare melting fast, faster than the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.99,0:03:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do in that situation?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.93,0:03:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, however complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.82,0:03:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politically, economically, scientifically
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.98,0:03:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question of the environment is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.13,0:03:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it simply boils down to a question\Nof altruism versus selfishness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.68,0:03:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a Marxist of the Groucho tendency.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.100,0:03:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.97,0:03:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groucho Marx said, "Why should I care\Nfor future generations?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.64,0:03:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did they do for me?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.30,0:03:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.100,0:03:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, I heard\Nthe billionaire Steven Forbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.43,0:03:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Fox News saying exactly the same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.16,0:03:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.46,0:04:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was told about the rise of the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.29,0:04:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "I find it absurd\Nto change my behavior today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.88,0:04:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something that will happen\Nin a hundred years."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.16,0:04:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you don't care\Nfor future generations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.59,0:04:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just go for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.49,0:04:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the main challenges of our times
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.42,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to reconcile three time scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.09,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The short term of the economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ups and downs of the stock market,\Nthe end of the year accounts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.12,0:04:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The midterm of the quality of life:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.62,0:04:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the quality every moment of\Nour life and over 10 years and 20 years?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.20,0:04:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the long term of the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.73,0:04:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the environmentalists\Nspeak with economists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.82,0:04:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like a schizophrenic dialogue,\Ncompletely incoherent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.19,0:04:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't speak the same language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.81,0:04:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for the last 10 years,\NI went around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.35,0:04:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting economists, scientists,\Nneuroscientists, environmentalists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.45,0:04:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophers, thinkers, in the Himalayas,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.26,0:04:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.91,0:05:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to be, there's only one concept
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.83,0:05:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can reconcile\Nthose three time scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.79,0:05:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is simply having more\Nconsideration for others.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.37,0:05:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have more consideration for others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.92,0:05:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will be having a caring economics,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.57,0:05:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where finances are the service of society
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.05,0:05:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not society\Nat the service of finances.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.72,0:05:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will not play at the casino\Nwith the resources that people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.45,0:05:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have entrusted you with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.58,0:05:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have more consideration for others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.51,0:05:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will make sure\Nthat you remedy inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.81,0:05:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you bring some kind of well being\Nwithin the society,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.35,0:05:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in education, at the workplace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.81,0:05:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, a nation that is\Nthe most powerful and the richest,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.28,0:05:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone is miserable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.78,0:05:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the point?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.15,0:05:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you have more\Nconsideration for others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.36,0:05:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are not going to ransack\Nthat planet that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.65,0:05:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that at the current rate, we don't\Nhave three planets to continue that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.08,0:05:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.56,0:06:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, altruism is the answer,\Nit's not just a novel ideal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.39,0:06:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can it be a real, pragmatic solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.02,0:06:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And first of all, does it exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.65,0:06:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,true altruism, or are we so selfish?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.21,0:06:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some philosophers thought\Nwe were irredeemably selfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.62,0:06:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, but are we really\Nall just like rascals?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.20,0:06:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's good news, isn't it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.82,0:06:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many philosophers like Hobbes have said so
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.34,0:06:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not everyone looks like a rascal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.10,0:06:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is man a wolf for man?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.57,0:06:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this guy doesn't seem too bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.15,0:06:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's one of my friends in Tibet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.49,0:06:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's very kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.65,0:06:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, we love cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.94,0:06:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no better joy than work together.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.26,0:06:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.61,0:06:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then not only humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.35,0:06:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, of course, there's\Nthe struggle for life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.59,0:06:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the survival of the fittest,\NSocial Darwinism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.77,0:07:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in evolution, cooperation,\Nthough competition exists, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.02,0:07:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooperation is much more creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.38,0:07:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To go to increased level of complexity,\Nwe are super cooperators,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.03,0:07:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we should even go further.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.40,0:07:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, on top of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.43,0:07:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quality of human relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.70,0:07:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, the OECD did a survey
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.06,0:07:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among 10 factors,\Nincluding income, everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.96,0:07:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first one that people said\Nthat's the main thing for my happiness
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.21,0:07:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quality of social relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.62,0:07:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.91,0:07:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at those great grandmothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.84,0:07:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.39,0:07:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this idea that we go deep within,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.59,0:07:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are irredeemably selfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.89,0:07:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is armchair science.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.60,0:07:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is not a single sociological study,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.18,0:07:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychological study,\Nthat's ever shown that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.32,0:07:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.98,0:08:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend [Daniel Batthson??]\Nspent a whole life
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.36,0:08:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting people in the lab\Nin very complex situations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.12,0:08:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course we are sometimes selfish
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.64,0:08:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some people more than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.47,0:08:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he found that systematically,\Nno matter what,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.69,0:08:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a significant number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.15,0:08:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who do behave altruistically,\Nno matter what.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.50,0:08:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you see someone\Ndeeply wounded, great suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.70,0:08:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might just help\Nout of empathic distress.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.96,0:08:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't stand it,\Nso it's better to help
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.69,0:08:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than keep on looking at that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.78,0:08:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we tested all that, and in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.48,0:08:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, clearly people\Ncan be altruistic, so that's good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.81,0:08:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even further, we should look\Nat the banality of goodness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.90,0:08:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look at here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.73,0:08:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we come out, we are going to say,\N"That's so nice, there was no fistfight
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.13,0:08:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while this mob\Nwas thinking about altruism."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.07,0:08:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, we expect that, don't we.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.10,0:08:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there was a fistfight,\Nwe would speak of that for months.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.85,0:08:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the banality of goodness is something\Nthat doesn't attract your attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.03,0:08:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.81,0:09:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, look at this. Look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.11,0:09:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.66,0:09:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some psychologists said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.05,0:09:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I tell them I run\N140 humanitarian projects
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.03,0:09:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Himalayas\Nthat give me so much joy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.88,0:09:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said, oh, I see,\Nyou work for the warm glow.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.01,0:09:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not altruistic.\NYou just feel good.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.06,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think this guy,\Nwhen he jumped in front of the train,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he thought, "I'm going to feel\Nso good when this is over?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.84,0:09:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.85,0:09:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say, well, but when\Nyou interviewed him, he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.39,0:09:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I had no choice,\NI had to jump of course."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.53,0:09:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has no choice. Automatic behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.95,0:09:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's neither selfish nor altruistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.65,0:09:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.66,0:09:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, of course, this guy's\Nnot going to think for half an hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.62,0:09:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should I give my hand, not give my hand?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.84,0:09:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He does it. There is a choice,\Nbut it's obvious, it's immediate.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.06,0:09:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, also, here they have a choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.70,0:10:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, there are people who had choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.08,0:10:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Pastor André Trocmé and his wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.26,0:10:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole village\Nof Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.71,0:10:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the whole Second World War,\Nthey saved 3,500 Jews,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.22,0:10:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave them shelter,\Nbrought them to Switzerland,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.87,0:10:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against all odds, at the risk\Nof their lives and that of their family.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.52,0:10:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So altruism does exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.73,0:10:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is altruism?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.28,0:10:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the wish, may others be happy\Nand find the cause of happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.12,0:10:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now empathy is the effective resonance\Nor cognitive resonance that tells you,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.79,0:10:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this personality is joyful,\Nthis person suffers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.54,0:10:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But empathy enough is not sufficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.46,0:10:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you keep on being\Nconfronted with suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.80,0:10:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have empathic distress, burnout,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.73,0:10:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need the greater sphere\Nof loving kindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.98,0:10:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Daniel Singer at the\N[??] Institute of Leipzig,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.32,0:10:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we showed that the brain network
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.80,0:10:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for empathy and loving kindness\Nare different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.38,0:10:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's all well done,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.42,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we got that from evolution,\Nfrom maternal care, parental love,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to extend that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.62,0:11:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we extend it to other species?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.97,0:11:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we want a more altruistic society,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.54,0:11:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.86,0:11:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual change and societal change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.93,0:11:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is individual change possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.15,0:11:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two thousand years\Nof contemplative study said yes, it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.54,0:11:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 15 years of collaboration\Nwith neuroscience and epigeneticists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.64,0:11:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said yes, our brains change\Nwhen you train in altruism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.44,0:11:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.71,0:11:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the first time I went\Nafter two and a half hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.77,0:11:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, the result
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.10,0:11:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- I've been published\Nin many scientific papers --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.49,0:11:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shows without ambiguity\Nthat there are structural change
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.75,0:11:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and functional change in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.43,0:11:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you train the altruistic love.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.64,0:11:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to give you an idea:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.25,0:11:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the meditator at rest on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.07,0:11:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meditation in compassion meditation,\Nyou see all the activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.78,0:11:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the control group at rest,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.89,0:11:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing happened,\Nin meditation, nothing happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.51,0:11:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have not been trained.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.44,0:12:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, do you need 50,000\Nhours of meditation?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.40,0:12:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, you don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.41,0:12:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four weeks, 20 minutes a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.66,0:12:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of caring, mindfulness meditation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.84,0:12:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already brings a structural change\Nin the brain compared to a control group.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.14,0:12:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's only 20 minutes a day\Nfor four weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.88,0:12:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even with preschoolers,\Nwe showed in Madison,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.97,0:12:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight weeks program, gratitude,\Nloving kindness, cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.48,0:12:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mindful breathing, you would say,\N"Oh, they're just preschoolers."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.58,0:12:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look after eight weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.51,0:12:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pro-social behavior,\Nthat's the blue line,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.96,0:12:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then come the ultimate\Nscientific test, the stickers test.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.61,0:12:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before, you determine for each child\Nwho is their best friend in the class,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.35,0:12:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their least favorite child,\Nthe unknown child, and the sick child,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.42,0:12:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have to give stickers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.13,0:12:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So before the intervention,\Nthey give most of it to their best friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.18,0:12:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four, five years old, 20 minutes,\Nthree times a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.64,0:13:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the intervention,\Nno more discrimination.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.12,0:13:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same amount of stickers\Nto their best friend
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.42,0:13:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the least favorite child.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.49,0:13:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, that's something we should do\Nin all the schools in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.87,0:13:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, where do we go from there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.55,0:13:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.100,0:13:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Dalai Lama heard that,\Nhis solution, he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.53,0:13:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You go to 10 schools, 100 schools,\Nthe U.N., the whole world."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.96,0:13:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now where do we go from there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.65,0:13:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individual change is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.76,0:13:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, do we have to wait\Nfor an altruistic gene
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.77,0:13:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be in the human race?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.95,0:13:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That will take 50,000 years,\Ntoo much for the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.13,0:13:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, there is\Nthe evolution of culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.57,0:13:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cultures, as specialists have shown,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.98,0:13:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change faster than genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.66,0:13:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.16,0:13:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at attitudes towards war\Nhas dramatically changed over the years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.19,0:13:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, individual change\Nand cultural change
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.30,0:13:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mutually fashion each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.13,0:13:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yes, we can achieve\Na more altruistic society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.76,0:13:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where do we go from there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.36,0:14:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Myself, I will go back to the East.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.52,0:14:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we treat 100,000 patients\Na year in our projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.98,0:14:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 25,000 kids in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.92,0:14:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four percent overhead.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.77,0:14:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people say, "Well,\Nyour stuff works in practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.92,0:14:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but does it work in theory?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.18,0:14:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's always the positive deviance.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.81,0:14:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I will also go back to my hermitage\Nto find the inner resources
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.27,0:14:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better serve others.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.42,0:14:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the more global level,\Nwhat can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.36,0:14:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.82,0:14:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enhancing cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.64,0:14:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooperative learning in the school\Ninstead of competitive learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.36,0:14:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unconditional cooperation\Nwithin corporations.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.61,0:14:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There can be some competition\Nbetween corporations, but not within.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.21,0:14:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need sustainable harmony.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.88,0:14:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love this term.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.41,0:14:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not sustainable growth anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.52,0:14:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sustainable harmony means now\Nwe will reduce inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.03,0:14:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the future, we do more with less,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.83,0:14:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we continue to grow qualitatively,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.20,0:14:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not quantitatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.82,0:15:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need caring economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.98,0:15:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old economics cannot deal\Nwith poverty in the midst of plenty,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.77,0:15:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot deal with the problem\Nof the common goods
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.01,0:15:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the atmosphere, of the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.10,0:15:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a caring economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.78,0:15:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you say economics\Nshould be compassionate,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.79,0:15:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they say, "That's not our job."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.19,0:15:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you say they don't care,\Nthat looks bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.84,0:15:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need local commitment,\Nglobal responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.97,0:15:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to extend altruism\Nto the other 1.6 million other species,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.31,0:15:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentient beings who are\Nco-citizens in this world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.73,0:15:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to dare altruism.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.06,0:15:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So long life to the altruistic revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.60,0:15:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Viva la revolucion de altruismo.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.16,0:15:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.66,0:15:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.12,0:15:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)