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this video is about learning styles what

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kind of learner are you oh yeah i'm a

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visual person so like accessing things

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yeah i think visual learning

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visual i mean like i remember formulas

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like auditory

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i need to be like interacting with the

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material i like to learn by doing myself

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very hands-on hands-on learner hands-on

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so like if i have a model

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i'd like to look at that and look it

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over part of this video was sponsored by

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google search

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there is this idea in education that

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everyone has their own preferred way of

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learning their so-called

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learning style if information is

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presented in accordance with the

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learning style

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well then they'll learn better now there

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are dozens of different learning style

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theories

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but the most common one identifies four

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main learning styles

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visual auditory reading writing and

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kinesthetic

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or vark for short visual learners learn

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best from images demonstrations and

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pictures

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people may say things but i can't really

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like take it in i just gotta see them

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act it out or write it or something

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auditory learners learn best from

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listening to an explanation

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like in school i was always engaged in a

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lecture

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and that was usually good enough to pass

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a test reading writing learners learn

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best from reading and writing

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like i can get pretty much anything out

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of reading a textbook or something

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and kinesthetic learners learn best by

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doing physically interacting with the

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world

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hands-on you have to touch things you

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have to play with things

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uh you know yeah it's a contact sport

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you have to do it yourself

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i want to try something with you a

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little experiment i want to show you 10

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pictures of things

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and i don't want you to say anything

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while you're looking at them and at the

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end of the 10

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you tell me how many you can remember

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okay okay okay

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okay now learning styles make

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intuitive sense because we know everyone

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is different

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some people have better spatial

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reasoning others have better

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listening comprehension we know some

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people are better readers while others

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are good with their hands it's sort of

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very much fits with

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um a broad strain of thought in sort of

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what the

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recent western tradition is like we're

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all unique we're all different and so

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you don't want to say like everybody

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learns the same way that sort of

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conflicts with

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our feelings about what it means to be

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human so

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doesn't it make sense that people should

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learn better in their own preferred

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learning style

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well teachers certainly seem to think so

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a survey of nearly 400 teachers from the

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uk and the netherlands found that

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over 90 percent believed that

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individuals learn better when they

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receive

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information in their preferred learning

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style just like every professor has a

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different style of teaching

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you have a different style of learning

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but when his teacher starts using

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visuals

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jonathan finds it easier to focus and

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understand the material so he might be

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a visual learner can you tell me what

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that means to you like what does it mean

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to be a visual learner

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to me it means that for me to learn

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something sometimes i need to draw it

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or i need to write it down or i need to

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see a picture

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or a movie for example science classes i

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get bored easily just listening and i

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think it

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it's more interesting for me to actually

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be able to do it how do you know that

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you're a visual learner i don't

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i just assume to take advantage of

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learning styles then teachers

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need to do two things first identify the

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learning style of each of their students

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and second teach each student in

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accordance with their learning style

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on the varc website it says once you

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know about vark

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its power to explain things will be a

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revelation

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but before you take an online learning

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styles quiz it's a good idea to ask

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do learning styles even exist i mean do

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you have one

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and if you're taught in accordance with

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it would you learn better

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well you could test this by running a

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randomized control trial

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where first you would identify learners

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with at least two different learning

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styles

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say visual and auditory and then

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randomly assign the learners to one of

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two educational presentations

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one visual one auditory so for half of

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the students the experience will match

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their learning style

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and for the other half it won't and then

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you give everyone the same test

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if the learning style hypothesis is

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correct the results should show

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better performance when the presentation

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matches the learning style

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than when they're mismatched i tried a

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very unscientific version of this

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experiment on the street

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for some people i matched their learning

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style so i showed

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visual learners pictures of 10 items

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but for other visual learners i read out

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the items instead

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bell penguin

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sun okay i'm maxed out how many can you

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remember i don't know

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hair uh knife duck

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heart uh butterfly

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apple bicycle guitar

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there's a spider did i say eye already

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trumpet pear butterfly knife knife

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boat heart knife heart i couldn't tell

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you the rest that's all i got

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most people could remember only about

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five or six

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things yeah six yeah this is not bad all

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right six

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six out of ten which is not bad right oh

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all right pass and score

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handle but a few

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could remember substantially more say

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eight or nine items

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bug i don't know if i said bug guitar

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bike eye

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bell spoon sun chair i'm forgetting the

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last two

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that's pretty good eight is really good

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oh cool nine nine out of ten

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nine very impressive but the reason

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didn't seem to be because the

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presentation matched their preferred

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learning style

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but because they employed a memory

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strategy

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so like as you were showing i was like

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making an order in my head

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so as i saw more i would just add it to

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the list and i was repeating the list as

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i was looking at them

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so i could just say it out loud did you

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try a strategy while you were

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looking at those pictures yeah so i

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guess uh

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i tried like creating a story because

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it's easier to remember a story than

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just

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individual objects so i try to like tie

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it all into one story

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this is obviously anecdotal evidence but

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rigorous studies

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like the one i outlined have been

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conducted for example

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one looked at visualizers versus

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verbalizers instead of visual versus

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auditory learners

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the study was computer-based so first

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students learning styles were assessed

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using questions like

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would you rather read a paragraph or see

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a diagram describing an atom

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the researchers also provided some

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challenging explanations with

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two buttons visual help or verbal help

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the visual one played a short animation

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whereas the verbal help

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gave a written explanation from these

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measures combined the researchers

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categorized the students as either

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visualizers or verbalizers and then the

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students were randomly assigned

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to go through a text-based or

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picture-based

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lesson on electronics when a student

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hovered their mouse over keywords in the

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lesson

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in the text-based group a definition and

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clarification came up

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but in the picture group an annotated

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diagram was shown instead

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and after the lesson the students did a

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test to assess their learning

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the students whose preferred learning

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style matched their instruction

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performed no better on the tests than

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those whose instruction was

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mismatched the researchers ran the test

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again with

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61 non-college-educated adults and found

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exactly the same result

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but learning styles are a preference so

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how strongly do learners stick to their

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preference

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well in a 2018 study during the first

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week of semester

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over 400 students at a university in

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indiana completed the varc

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questionnaire and they were classified

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according to their learning style

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then at the end of the semester the same

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students completed a study strategy

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questionnaire

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so how did they actually study during

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the term well an overwhelming majority

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of students

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used study strategies which were

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supposedly incompatible with their

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learning style

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and the minority of students who did did

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not perform significantly differently

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on the assessments in the course the

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visual auditory reading writing

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kinesthetic or

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vark model came about from neil fleming

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a school inspector in new zealand

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describing the origins of arc he says i

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was puzzled when i observed excellent

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teachers who did not reach some learners

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and poor teachers who did i decided to

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try to solve this puzzle

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there are of course many reasons for

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what i observed

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but one topic that seemed to hold some

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magic

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some explanatory power was preferred

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modes of learning

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modal preferences and thus vark was born

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there was no study that revealed

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students naturally cluster into four

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distinct groups

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just some magic that might explain why

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some teachers can reach students while

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others can't

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but how can this be if we accept that

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some people

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are more skilled at interpreting and

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remembering certain kinds of stimuli

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than others

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like visual or auditory then why don't

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we see differences in learning or recall

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with

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different presentations well it's

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because what we actually want people to

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recall

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is not the precise nature of the images

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or the pitch or quality of the sound

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it's the meaning behind the

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presentations there are some tasks that

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obviously require the use of a

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particular modality

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learning about music for example should

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have an auditory component

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similarly learning about geography will

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involve looking at maps

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and some people will have greater

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aptitude to learn one task over another

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someone with perfect pitch for example

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will be better able to recall certain

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tones in music

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someone with excellent visual spatial

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reasoning will be better at learning the

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locations of countries on a map

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but the claim of learning style theories

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is that these preferences will be

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consistent across

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learning domains the person with perfect

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pitch

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should learn everything better

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auditorily but that is clearly not the

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case

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most people will learn geography better

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with a map review articles of learning

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styles consistently conclude

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there is no credible evidence that

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learning styles exist

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in a 2009 review the researchers note

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the contrast between the enormous

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popularity of the learning styles

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approach within education

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and the lack of credible evidence for

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its utility is

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in our opinion striking and disturbing

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if classification of students learning

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styles has practical utility

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it remains to be demonstrated what we're

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expecting is

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if your style was honored you're going

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to perform better than if

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you had some experience that conflicted

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with your style and this is where

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we don't see any support for the

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learning styles theory

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one of the reasons many people find

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learning styles so convincing

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is because they already believe it to be

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true for example

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they may already think that they're a

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visual learner and then when a teacher

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shows them

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a diagram of say a bike pump and

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suddenly the concept clicks

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well they interpret this as evidence for

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their visual learning style if you

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already believe that learning styles is

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right

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when you have an experience the first

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thing you think is is that in some way

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consistent with learning styles

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and if it is you don't think further

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when in reality that diagram might just

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be a great diagram that would have

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helped

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anyone learn when we already believe the

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world to be a certain way

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then we interpret new experiences to fit

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with those beliefs whether they actually

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do

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or not so if learning styles don't

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improve learning

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then what does well there's a large body

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of literature that supports the claim

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that

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everyone learns better with multimodal

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approaches where words and pictures are

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presented together

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rather than either words or pictures

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alone now there's going to be words as

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well as the picture

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we're going to see if this is any better

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this is known as the multimedia effect

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and it explains in part at least why

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videos can be such powerful tools for

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learning

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when the narration complements the

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visuals duck

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in my phd research i found explicit

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discussion of misconceptions was

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essential

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in multimedia teaching for introductory

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physics how many is that

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six six okay that's good that is a whole

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50 percent better

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do you think that was easier that yeah

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yeah

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yeah 100 ultimately the most important

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thing for learning

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is not the way the information is

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presented but what is happening

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inside the learner's head people learn

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best when they're

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actively thinking about the material

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solving problems or imagining what

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happens if

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different variables change i talked

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about how and why we learn best in my

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video

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the science of thinking so check that

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out now the truth is

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there are many evidence-based teaching

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methods that improve learning

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learning styles is just not one of them

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and it is likely given the prevalence of

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the learning styles misconception that

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it actually makes

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learning worse i mean learning styles

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give teachers

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unnecessary things to worry about and

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they may make some students reluctant to

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engage with certain types of instruction

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and all the time and money spent on

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learning styles and related training

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could be better spent on interventions

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that

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actually improve learning you are not a

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visual learner

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nor an auditory learner nor a

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kinesthetic learner or

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more accurately you are all these kinds

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of learner

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in one the best learning experiences are

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those that involve

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multiple different ways of understanding

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the same thing

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and best of all this strategy works not

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just for one subset of people but

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for everyone

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this part of the video was sponsored by

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google search now there are lots of

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topics out there that are controversial

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like learning styles for example most

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people believe

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learning styles are a thing whereas

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educational researchers

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find no robust evidence for them and if

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you search for learning styles

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you'll get lots of sites with resources

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00:13:25,519 --> 00:13:29,600
and quizzes but if you search for

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00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:31,600
learning styles debunked well then

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00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:33,040
you'll find articles about how there is

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very little evidence for the learning

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styles hypothesis

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i think one of the most common traps

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people fall into

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is only searching for information that

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confirms what they already believe

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00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,800
a common mistake is putting the answer

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you're looking for right

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00:13:44,799 --> 00:13:48,078
in the search query a better idea is to

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try another

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00:13:48,078 --> 00:13:51,439
search adding debunked or false at the

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00:13:49,919 --> 00:13:53,039
end and see what comes up

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and google makes it easy to get more

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detail about the source of the

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00:13:54,639 --> 00:13:57,360
information

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just click the three dots next to any

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00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:00,720
search result and then you can judge for

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yourself whether the information is

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00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:02,720
trustworthy and if you want to visit the

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site

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00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:07,199
a google search is meant to surface the

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most relevant information for your query

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00:14:07,198 --> 00:14:11,519
but it's up to you to formulate that

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query try a few different searches

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00:14:11,519 --> 00:14:15,039
and assess whether the information is

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reliable and the whole point of

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veritasium is to get to the truth

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so i'm excited to encourage everyone to

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think more critically about how we get

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information i want to thank google for

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sponsoring this part of the video

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and i want to thank you for watching