0:00:10.476,0:00:12.185
We are what we eat,

0:00:12.185,0:00:15.194
but how many of us know[br]what we are actually eating?

0:00:15.424,0:00:17.379
How many of us know

0:00:17.380,0:00:20.435
what food does to the environment[br]before it comes to our plate.

0:00:20.435,0:00:22.311
How many of you know

0:00:22.311,0:00:25.936
what food does to the farmer[br]who is producing that food?

0:00:26.300,0:00:28.663
Do you know? Have you ever thought?

0:00:29.798,0:00:32.292
How many of you think,[br]when you are eating food,

0:00:32.292,0:00:34.831
about the farmer who has produced it

0:00:34.831,0:00:37.411
or the fate of the farmer[br]who has produced it?

0:00:37.411,0:00:39.202
These are some of the questions

0:00:39.202,0:00:43.362
which grappled me[br]when I was studying agriculture.

0:00:44.982,0:00:47.436
While doing my Ph. D. in agriculture,

0:00:47.436,0:00:49.446
I had a choice.

0:00:50.616,0:00:54.483
Like every young boy in 90's,

0:00:54.483,0:00:58.175
I was also crazy about getting[br]into Indian Civil Service.

0:00:58.725,0:01:01.335
I was reading about the Indian economy.

0:01:01.335,0:01:03.457
I really understood[br]about the Indian economy

0:01:03.457,0:01:05.169
by reading for an exam.

0:01:05.169,0:01:08.374
Finally, by the time[br]I got into the services,

0:01:08.374,0:01:11.134
I was selected for Indian Revenue Service.

0:01:11.134,0:01:15.063
But I also had a choice of joining[br]as an Agricultural Research Scientist.

0:01:15.433,0:01:16.985
It was a tough choice.

0:01:17.751,0:01:20.715
I made my choice to join[br]as an Agricultural Research Scientist.

0:01:20.715,0:01:23.208
I thought, I should continue [br]working with farmers.

0:01:23.682,0:01:25.494
(Applause)

0:01:25.910,0:01:29.595
But that didn't last long,[br]I'll come to that.

0:01:32.301,0:01:35.341
Before I come to that, [br]let's understand: what is our food?

0:01:35.741,0:01:38.303
What are we eating? How safe is our food?

0:01:38.601,0:01:41.266
All of you saw this news, some time back.

0:01:42.128,0:01:47.494
Pesticides residues[br]in soft drinks and bottled water.

0:01:48.551,0:01:50.394
But forgotten the next day.

0:01:50.394,0:01:51.626
Have you ever thought

0:01:51.626,0:01:56.507
how pesticides residues got[br]into this bottled water or soft drinks?

0:01:58.705,0:02:01.695
If bottled water and soft drinks[br]had pesticide residues,

0:02:01.695,0:02:04.936
the water you used to make tea or coffee[br]also must be having.

0:02:04.936,0:02:06.799
But we never worry about it.

0:02:07.089,0:02:10.042
The news is short,[br]the next day we forget about it.

0:02:10.042,0:02:13.952
At least this must be in your memory:[br]noodles having heavy metals.

0:02:14.341,0:02:16.391
How many of you thought,

0:02:16.391,0:02:19.954
how did these heavy metals[br]reach the noodles?

0:02:20.203,0:02:22.138
If lead has to be added to the noodles,

0:02:22.138,0:02:24.535
probably lead is more costly[br]than the noodles.

0:02:25.034,0:02:28.161
Nobody will add it, but it came.[br]How did it come?

0:02:28.781,0:02:32.497
If ingredients used[br]to make noodles had the lead,

0:02:33.968,0:02:36.963
then the 'aata' which you used[br]to make your 'chapati'

0:02:36.963,0:02:39.613
also must be having.

0:02:40.083,0:02:43.035
Or the 'samosa' which you're eating[br]also must be having, right?

0:02:44.087,0:02:46.453
But we don't connect the dots.

0:02:46.863,0:02:50.666
Same story when we hear[br]about pesticide residues in vegetables.

0:02:51.029,0:02:55.559
You all get horrified,[br]but forget it in the evening.

0:02:56.110,0:03:00.377
We all think, if we buy food[br]at a good place,

0:03:00.377,0:03:02.997
or eat it in a good hotel, it's safe.

0:03:03.167,0:03:05.511
Food is only as safe as it is grown.

0:03:05.945,0:03:08.124
End of pipe solutions don't work.

0:03:10.123,0:03:12.302
The pesticides which are [br]used in agriculture,

0:03:13.238,0:03:18.018
less than 1% actually kills the insects,[br]99% gets into the water,

0:03:19.825,0:03:22.801
gets into the air,[br]and comes back into your food.

0:03:22.976,0:03:24.912
We look at it very casually.

0:03:25.142,0:03:28.008
Everything happening around us,[br]we look at it very casually.

0:03:28.008,0:03:29.796
I'll give you an example.

0:03:29.796,0:03:33.348
While having the lunch,[br]I saw people painting there.

0:03:33.348,0:03:35.780
What is that? Spray Paint.

0:03:35.780,0:03:37.178
Where does it go?

0:03:37.560,0:03:40.999
Part of it goes onto the board,[br]part of it into the air.

0:03:41.601,0:03:44.750
You were all eating there.[br]It comes there.

0:03:44.910,0:03:47.717
We are all educated,[br]we feel we can make connections.

0:03:47.717,0:03:48.985
We never make them.

0:03:49.321,0:03:52.588
We expect that the farmer[br]will make those connections

0:03:52.588,0:03:55.026
and produce safe food for all of us.

0:03:55.271,0:03:57.797
I think that's there is a disconnect

0:03:57.797,0:04:03.350
between what we observe,[br]what we know, and how we act.

0:04:03.350,0:04:06.100
It is a serious problem.

0:04:06.540,0:04:08.583
It's not only about the pesticides.

0:04:08.990,0:04:12.016
Do you know the eggs [br]that you buy in the market,

0:04:12.016,0:04:13.831
what kind of eggs are you buying?

0:04:13.831,0:04:15.246
They are haploid eggs.

0:04:15.246,0:04:19.526
Haploid means they are produced[br]without male and female meeting together.

0:04:19.949,0:04:24.329
That's why if you hatch the eggs,[br]they won't make chickens.

0:04:25.276,0:04:29.681
But how they are produced?[br]They are produced by using estrogens.

0:04:29.681,0:04:31.674
And what happens to those estrogens?

0:04:32.085,0:04:34.382
When you eat those eggs[br]they'll come back to you.

0:04:34.382,0:04:38.051
That's one reason today[br]the puberty in girls has advanced.

0:04:38.461,0:04:42.266
The gynecological problems[br]in women have increased.

0:04:42.656,0:04:44.772
The breast development[br]in men has increased.

0:04:45.066,0:04:47.825
Last year's India Today's survey shows

0:04:47.825,0:04:51.043
that the largest number[br]of plastic surgeries done in India

0:04:51.043,0:04:53.293
are to remove breasts in men.

0:04:53.603,0:04:57.965
You got into the situation where fruit,[br]which is supposed to be healthy,

0:04:59.994,0:05:01.672
is creating all these problems.

0:05:02.034,0:05:06.967
It's not just the pesticides,[br]or antibiotics, or growth hormones

0:05:06.967,0:05:09.991
which are used in production,[br]but also how they are processed.

0:05:10.261,0:05:15.334
You might have heard, last week,[br]10 days, doing rounds in all the media:

0:05:15.864,0:05:17.534
artificially ripened fruits.

0:05:17.935,0:05:20.032
But why are fruits ripened artificially?

0:05:20.462,0:05:24.350
If all of you want[br]to eat fruits off-season:

0:05:24.350,0:05:26.295
how do they do it?

0:05:26.639,0:05:29.413
If you want mangoes in May,[br]how do you get mangoes?

0:05:29.763,0:05:34.618
You have to cut unripened one's,[br]ripen it artificially, and sell it.

0:05:34.962,0:05:37.532
Banana's which look uniformed yellow.

0:05:38.367,0:05:41.258
What are they? [br]They are all carbon ripened.

0:05:42.519,0:05:45.320
The apples, the shiny apples[br]which you see.

0:05:45.678,0:05:48.043
What are they?[br]When were they produced?

0:05:48.533,0:05:51.033
Where were they produced?[br]Do you know?

0:05:51.373,0:05:54.631
California apples, [br]you get apples from California.

0:05:56.334,0:05:59.372
Can you keep it fresh?[br]They are coated with wax.

0:06:00.255,0:06:03.609
Go back to your home, [br]take an apple from your fridge.

0:06:04.012,0:06:06.158
Just scratch it. You'll see the wax.

0:06:06.934,0:06:08.390
We are eating all that.

0:06:08.662,0:06:10.874
The watermelons which are red in color,[br]

0:06:12.371,0:06:15.061
they are injected with injections, color.

0:06:15.689,0:06:17.919
They are injected with growth hormones.

0:06:18.518,0:06:20.168
The milk which is sold,

0:06:20.168,0:06:23.248
we have seen in news[br]of the last several years,

0:06:23.248,0:06:25.966
the reports say,

0:06:25.966,0:06:29.276
"The milk is contaminated[br]with synthetic milk."

0:06:29.606,0:06:35.177
If you want to have milk[br]at ₹. 40/- a liter,

0:06:35.177,0:06:36.447
that's what you get.

0:06:36.787,0:06:38.613
We want food cheaper,

0:06:39.966,0:06:43.099
and there is competition [br]between the companies.

0:06:44.519,0:06:46.834
They pay low prices to the farmers.

0:06:46.834,0:06:49.796
They also contaminate it [br]and then get away with that.

0:06:49.796,0:06:52.266
All brands of milk sold in Hyderabad,

0:06:52.272,0:06:55.742
is prone to have been[br]contaminated with synthetic milk.

0:06:56.172,0:06:57.445
GM Foods.

0:06:57.745,0:07:01.055
How many of you know about this?[br]How many of you have heard about this?

0:07:01.055,0:07:03.103
Bt Brinjal.

0:07:03.103,0:07:05.763
I'll tell you simply what Bt Brinjal is.

0:07:05.763,0:07:09.190
When pesticide is sprayed from outside,[br]it damages the environment.

0:07:09.190,0:07:13.987
Like I said, 99% goes into the environment[br]only 1% kills the insect.

0:07:14.282,0:07:18.301
So, scientist thought, why not[br]we produce pesticide in the plant itself.

0:07:18.633,0:07:21.034
So the plant produces insecticides,

0:07:21.034,0:07:23.384
so that whichever insect[br]eats the plant will die.

0:07:23.554,0:07:25.413
But what happens to us?[br]Who eats that?

0:07:25.413,0:07:29.692
So, there are several bio safety questions[br]in front of us which were never addressed.

0:07:29.947,0:07:35.290
What you see here, yellow, white,[br]golden rice, which is going to come soon.

0:07:35.530,0:07:37.122
Do you know why it was done?

0:07:37.125,0:07:42.249
They say, vitamin A deficiency [br]is a serious problem,

0:07:42.249,0:07:44.948
so we will produce[br]vitamin A in the plant.

0:07:44.948,0:07:49.184
If you eat that rice, you can have [br]as much as vitamin A as possible,

0:07:49.184,0:07:52.530
but do you know vitamin A[br]is a fat soluble vitamin?

0:07:52.530,0:07:56.357
It's not just enough to have vitamin A,[br]but you also need to have enough fat,

0:07:56.777,0:08:00.195
but if you have enough fat in your food[br]you don't need golden rice.

0:08:00.575,0:08:05.300
In 2005 we came across a farmer in Guntur,

0:08:05.300,0:08:07.528
who was cultivating Bt Bhendi.

0:08:07.528,0:08:08.669
We were shocked.

0:08:08.669,0:08:10.070
I said, "How did you get it?"

0:08:10.070,0:08:12.057
He said, "The company gave me the seeds."

0:08:12.057,0:08:15.004
We went to the company, [br]and they said, "We are doing a trial."

0:08:15.004,0:08:16.634
We went to the government.

0:08:16.634,0:08:18.903
The government said,[br]"Yeah, that's their seed."

0:08:19.463,0:08:21.559
They said, "You are not permitted."

0:08:22.089,0:08:24.519
It was taken off in 2005.

0:08:25.709,0:08:28.592
2013, similarly we came across a cotton.

0:08:28.592,0:08:30.901
Herbicide-tolerant cotton which is grown.

0:08:31.461,0:08:33.271
No permissions.

0:08:33.271,0:08:36.574
In 2009, when Bt brinjal was permitted,[br]there was a public discussion.

0:08:36.784,0:08:40.077
It was the only time [br]there was a public discussion,

0:08:40.077,0:08:43.184
to introduce whether we need[br]a food or not, and it was banned.

0:08:43.526,0:08:47.480
Sometimes, some wise politicians [br]take better decisions.

0:08:47.919,0:08:52.305
But otherwise we would have [br]been flooded with GM foods.

0:08:52.695,0:08:55.122
Today there is case[br]pending in Supreme Court,

0:08:55.122,0:08:57.938
there is an expert committee[br]appointed by Supreme Court

0:08:57.938,0:09:01.167
which said, "We don't need this [br]for next the 10 years. Let's wait."

0:09:01.347,0:09:05.076
There's a parliamentary standing committee[br]which also said, "We don't need."

0:09:05.369,0:09:09.557
But you don't know how they are [br]going to come into your plate.

0:09:09.557,0:09:14.147
Food is not only useful energy[br]but also good for your health.

0:09:14.467,0:09:17.036
It can treat many of the diseases.[br]Food is a medicine.

0:09:17.036,0:09:21.273
It can act as preventive medicine,[br]and can also act as a curative medicine.

0:09:21.593,0:09:26.414
I know many people who are working on[br]treating autism with good food.

0:09:27.204,0:09:28.831
Many problems which you are seeing

0:09:28.831,0:09:34.019
- obesity, diabetes, blood pressure -[br]all are because of the food which you eat.

0:09:34.019,0:09:36.373
You need to make a right choice[br]about your food.

0:09:36.373,0:09:38.757
Second: what food does to the environment.

0:09:38.757,0:09:40.697
Let's look at the ecological footprints.

0:09:40.697,0:09:42.597
How many of you have seen rice fields?

0:09:42.597,0:09:43.957
Almost all, right?

0:09:43.957,0:09:46.497
What comes to your mind [br]when we think of rice fields?

0:09:46.497,0:09:48.310
Full of water.

0:09:48.310,0:09:52.440
How much water does it take[br]to produce an acre of rice?

0:09:54.060,0:09:55.794
6 million liters.

0:09:57.595,0:10:00.648
6 million liters per acre of rice.

0:10:01.272,0:10:05.038
Which is equal to 100 families [br]annual consumption.

0:10:05.304,0:10:09.169
One family of five members[br]eats about a kilogram of rice a day.

0:10:09.169,0:10:13.126
Which is equivalent to[br]a tanker of water: 180 showers.

0:10:13.356,0:10:15.823
All of us want to eat rice.

0:10:15.823,0:10:20.785
More and more water[br]you need in production of rice.

0:10:20.785,0:10:22.307
Let's make a making calculation:

0:10:22.307,0:10:27.687
how much one meal of rice in Hyderabad [br]costs to the environment?

0:10:28.257,0:10:30.496
It's probably as big as a whole dam.

0:10:30.751,0:10:33.292
We need to worry[br]about the ecological footprints.

0:10:34.122,0:10:37.729
It's not just about the water, [br]about pesticides, about growth hormone.

0:10:37.927,0:10:39.062
Everything.

0:10:39.062,0:10:42.252
What agriculture leaves [br]before it comes to your plate?

0:10:43.492,0:10:45.837
And not just that.[br]What does it do to the farmers?

0:10:46.233,0:10:49.393
The more and more pesticides[br]you spray, insects get resistant.

0:10:49.393,0:10:50.331
They don't work.

0:10:50.331,0:10:52.368
First time you spray,[br]second time you spray,

0:10:52.368,0:10:54.536
third time you spray,[br]fourth time you drink it.

0:10:54.536,0:10:57.121
That's what we have seen[br]all along, farmer suicides.

0:10:57.121,0:11:00.847
The fall out of such things[br]is increasing cost of cultivation,

0:11:00.847,0:11:02.761
but the prices are not increasing.

0:11:03.108,0:11:08.128
Production costs for one kilogram of rice,[br]₹. 2,100 as per government calculations,

0:11:08.128,0:11:10.196
but today the price[br]is on 1,400 for farmers.

0:11:10.508,0:11:14.799
Today a ton of sugarcane is ₹. 2,000.

0:11:14.799,0:11:17.156
A ton of firewood is ₹. 4,000.

0:11:18.256,0:11:19.849
How can farmers live?

0:11:20.126,0:11:22.267
The policies are also lopsided.

0:11:23.767,0:11:27.842
Today, the average income[br]of 83% of the farmers in this country

0:11:27.842,0:11:31.142
is only ₹. 5,000.

0:11:32.262,0:11:34.863
So farmers have lost [br]their economic independence.

0:11:34.863,0:11:38.070
Not just economic independence,[br]physical independence as well.

0:11:38.313,0:11:40.418
These are photographs wich we have taken

0:11:40.418,0:11:42.798
of farmers standing[br]in queue for fertilizers.

0:11:42.798,0:11:44.688
Standing in queue for seeds.

0:11:44.688,0:11:46.465
Seeds which they can produce.

0:11:46.704,0:11:49.681
Fertilizer which they[br]can make by composting,

0:11:49.681,0:11:51.195
but they are not subsidized.

0:11:51.195,0:11:53.409
If you buy it in a market,[br]they are subsidized.

0:11:53.409,0:11:55.889
Lopsided policies from government.

0:11:56.775,0:11:59.328
All these lead to farmer suicides.

0:11:59.328,0:12:03.591
In last 20 years, 300,000 farmers [br]have committed suicide.

0:12:03.591,0:12:05.236
Every day about 48.

0:12:05.563,0:12:09.749
What is the point about just discussing[br]the dark side of the picture?

0:12:09.749,0:12:12.673
How much and what can we do [br]to change the situation.

0:12:12.673,0:12:16.413
Some of us working in agriculture[br]at various institutions came together,

0:12:16.421,0:12:20.106
and we started an organization[br]called Center for Sustainable Agriculture,

0:12:20.106,0:12:21.406
in 2004.

0:12:21.406,0:12:24.876
We started working with farmers,[br]telling them how they can move away

0:12:24.876,0:12:28.742
from the high external input[br]base agriculture

0:12:28.742,0:12:31.438
to low external input based agriculture.

0:12:31.698,0:12:33.002
It was not easy,

0:12:33.002,0:12:36.492
but what we found is across the country [br]there were wonderful experiences.

0:12:36.492,0:12:40.071
But all those experiences[br]were taught in ideological frameworks.

0:12:40.507,0:12:41.979
They don't talk to each other.

0:12:41.979,0:12:43.779
There are good things and bad things,

0:12:43.779,0:12:46.703
if they would discuss with each other[br]it would have been good,

0:12:46.703,0:12:48.356
but they never talk to each other.

0:12:48.356,0:12:50.749
Mainstream institutions [br]never worried about them.

0:12:50.749,0:12:53.202
So we brought all the practices together,

0:12:53.202,0:12:56.848
evolved what we called[br]sustainable agricultural practices.

0:12:56.848,0:12:59.218
The first success came in Kulukulla.

0:12:59.218,0:13:03.001
Kulukulla is village in Kamang district[br]which became completely pesticide free.

0:13:03.001,0:13:06.084
The village, which was spending[br]about 6 million per annum,

0:13:06.084,0:13:08.394
they completely stopped using pesticides.

0:13:08.394,0:13:11.665
(Applause)

0:13:11.665,0:13:16.555
The Agriculture minister came[br]and said, "Wonderful. What do you want?"

0:13:17.785,0:13:23.082
The farmers said, "Make[br]Andhra Pradesh pesticide free."

0:13:23.663,0:13:26.796
He was amazed. He said,[br]"Certainly I'll do. But what do you want?"

0:13:26.796,0:13:31.056
I said,"We are happy with what we have.[br]Just change all agricultural practices."

0:13:31.404,0:13:36.035
He brought all the scientists[br]of the department of agriculture together

0:13:36.035,0:13:37.627
to see and then make a change.

0:13:37.627,0:13:41.236
They said,"Sir, this is one village.[br]We can't do it. It is not possible."

0:13:41.236,0:13:42.648
Then came Enabavi.

0:13:42.648,0:13:45.818
This is about 80 kilometers from here,[br]completely organic village.

0:13:45.818,0:13:47.108
The last three years,

0:13:47.108,0:13:49.776
more than 10 thousand people [br]have visited the village

0:13:49.776,0:13:51.573
to know how they are doing farming.

0:13:51.573,0:13:54.664
But this also has not changed[br]anything under government.

0:13:54.664,0:13:56.193
But consumers have changed.

0:13:56.193,0:13:59.061
Many people have started[br]understanding what is good for them.

0:13:59.061,0:14:02.628
This is an advertisement [br]which is The Hindu uses for itself.

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This is a village called Dorli.

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Dorli is in Vardha.

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After Telangana, you hear[br]lots of suicides from Vardha.

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In 2005 the village was put up for sale,

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farmers decided we can't do farming.

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They put up village for sale.

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We went there in 2006 and said,[br]"Can we start working together?"

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Today all of them have repaid their loans,

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all of them are back to farming.

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(Applause)

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It's possible. It's possible.

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All examples are in front of us.

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We also started working[br]

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with the woman self fill groups[br]in Andhra Pradesh.

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These are cover stories[br]of 'Down To Earth' magazine,

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which tracked the whole change.

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We started with 225 acres in 2005.

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Today its 3.5 million acres[br]in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana together,

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pesticide free.

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(Applause)

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50% of use of pesticide [br]in the state has come down.

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We were third in the country[br]in terms of per acre pesticide used,

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today we are 20th in the country.

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(Applause)

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This was part of a show[br]on Satyamev Jayate,

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some of you may have seen it.

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In this show we had[br]an interesting discussion.

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The other side was the largest [br]pesticide seller in this country.

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Towards the end Amir Khan[br]asked me a question:

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"I am fully convinced with what you're[br]saying and what you're doing

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It is possible to do it India.

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But how do I convince[br]this man who is sitting here?"

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I said: "Ask his brother,

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His brother is the largest[br]organic exporter in this country."

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(Applause)

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And he said, "Yes."

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That shows that people see it as business.

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If pesticide sells, they sell pesticides,[br]if organic sells, they sell organic.

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You buy pesticides or [br]other organic pesticides

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or certificate from us saying[br]you haven't used any of these things.

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Farmers are made into consumers.

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But what are our consumers doing?

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Then what we did is

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we brought some consumers[br]in Hyderabad together

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to form a consumer cooperative[br]called Sahaja Aharam.

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We also brought all farmers together [br]to form farmers cooperative,

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so that they can market directly.

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Today we have 20 farmer cooperatives

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who produce organically [br]and directly sell in the market.

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While many of you worry[br]about organic food prices,

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the organic Sahaja Aharam prices[br]are 20% lower than the market prices,

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and 75% of what the consumer pays[br]goes to the farmers.

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In the regular market it is[br]just 20% which goes to the farmer.

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(Applause)

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What do I see from here?

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I see a ray of hope.

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It's possible.

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If all of us can join hands together,[br]we can make a change.

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But it's a long way to go[br]in terms of Government Policies.

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Still there is serious crisis[br]in agriculture.

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Yesterday, you may have seen[br]about farmer's suicide.

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Today, this morning's newspaper,[br]you may have seen.

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Numbers of farmers are dying.

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It's a responsibility of all of us.

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Business as usual is not an option.

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We need to change as consumers,[br]we need change as farmers.

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We all need to come together [br]to pressurize government

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to make a change.

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Otherwise, the future is very very glee.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)