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We are what we eat,

2
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but how many of us know
what we are actually eating?

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How many of us know

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what food does to the environment
before it comes to our plate.

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How many of you know

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what food does to the farmer
who is producing that food?

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Do you know? Have you ever thought?

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How many of you think,
when you are eating food,

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about the farmer who has produced it

10
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or the fate of the farmer
who has produced it?

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These are some of the questions

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which grappled me
when I was studying agriculture.

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While doing my Ph. D. in agriculture,

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I had a choice.

15
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Like every young boy in 90's,

16
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I was also crazy about getting
into Indian Civil Service.

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I was reading about the Indian economy.

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I really understood
about the Indian economy

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by reading for an exam.

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Finally, by the time
I got into the services,

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I was selected for Indian Revenue Service.

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But I also had a choice of joining
as an Agricultural Research Scientist.

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It was a tough choice.

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I made my choice to join
as an Agricultural Research Scientist.

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I thought, I should continue 
working with farmers.

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(Applause)

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But that didn't last long,
I'll come to that.

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Before I come to that, 
let's understand: what is our food?

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What are we eating? How safe is our food?

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All of you saw this news, some time back.

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Pesticides residues
in soft drinks and bottled water.

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But forgotten the next day.

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Have you ever thought

34
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how pesticides residues got
into this bottled water or soft drinks?

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If bottled water and soft drinks
had pesticide residues,

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the water you used to make tea or coffee
also must be having.

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But we never worry about it.

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The news is short,
the next day we forget about it.

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At least this must be in your memory:
noodles having heavy metals.

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How many of you thought,

41
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how did these heavy metals
reach the noodles?

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If lead has to be added to the noodles,

43
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probably lead is more costly
than the noodles.

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Nobody will add it, but it came.
How did it come?

45
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If ingredients used
to make noodles had the lead,

46
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then the 'aata' which you used
to make your 'chapati'

47
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also must be having.

48
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Or the 'samosa' which you're eating
also must be having, right?

49
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But we don't connect the dots.

50
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Same story when we hear
about pesticide residues in vegetables.

51
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You all get horrified,
but forget it in the evening.

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We all think, if we buy food
at a good place,

53
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or eat it in a good hotel, it's safe.

54
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Food is only as safe as it is grown.

55
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End of pipe solutions don't work.

56
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The pesticides which are 
used in agriculture,

57
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less than 1% actually kills the insects,
99% gets into the water,

58
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gets into the air,
and comes back into your food.

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We look at it very casually.

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Everything happening around us,
we look at it very casually.

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I'll give you an example.

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While having the lunch,
I saw people painting there.

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What is that? Spray Paint.

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Where does it go?

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Part of it goes onto the board,
part of it into the air.

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You were all eating there.
It comes there.

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We are all educated,
we feel we can make connections.

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We never make them.

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We expect that the farmer
will make those connections

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and produce safe food for all of us.

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I think that's there is a disconnect

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between what we observe,
what we know, and how we act.

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It is a serious problem.

74
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It's not only about the pesticides.

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Do you know the eggs 
that you buy in the market,

76
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what kind of eggs are you buying?

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They are haploid eggs.

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Haploid means they are produced
without male and female meeting together.

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That's why if you hatch the eggs,
they won't make chickens.

80
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But how they are produced?
They are produced by using estrogens.

81
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And what happens to those estrogens?

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When you eat those eggs
they'll come back to you.

83
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That's one reason today
the puberty in girls has advanced.

84
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The gynecological problems
in women have increased.

85
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The breast development
in men has increased.

86
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Last year's India Today's survey shows

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that the largest number
of plastic surgeries done in India

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are to remove breasts in men.

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You got into the situation where fruit,
which is supposed to be healthy,

90
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is creating all these problems.

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It's not just the pesticides,
or antibiotics, or growth hormones

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which are used in production,
but also how they are processed.

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You might have heard, last week,
10 days, doing rounds in all the media:

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artificially ripened fruits.

95
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But why are fruits ripened artificially?

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If all of you want
to eat fruits off-season:

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how do they do it?

98
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If you want mangoes in May,
how do you get mangoes?

99
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You have to cut unripened one's,
ripen it artificially, and sell it.

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Banana's which look uniformed yellow.

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What are they? 
They are all carbon ripened.

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The apples, the shiny apples
which you see.

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What are they?
When were they produced?

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Where were they produced?
Do you know?

105
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California apples, 
you get apples from California.

106
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Can you keep it fresh?
They are coated with wax.

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Go back to your home, 
take an apple from your fridge.

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Just scratch it. You'll see the wax.

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We are eating all that.

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The watermelons which are red in color,


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they are injected with injections, color.

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They are injected with growth hormones.

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The milk which is sold,

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we have seen in news
of the last several years,

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the reports say,

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"The milk is contaminated
with synthetic milk."

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If you want to have milk
at ₹. 40/- a liter,

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that's what you get.

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We want food cheaper,

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and there is competition 
between the companies.

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They pay low prices to the farmers.

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They also contaminate it 
and then get away with that.

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All brands of milk sold in Hyderabad,

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is prone to have been
contaminated with synthetic milk.

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GM Foods.

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How many of you know about this?
How many of you have heard about this?

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Bt Brinjal.

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I'll tell you simply what Bt Brinjal is.

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When pesticide is sprayed from outside,
it damages the environment.

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Like I said, 99% goes into the environment
only 1% kills the insect.

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So, scientist thought, why not
we produce pesticide in the plant itself.

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So the plant produces insecticides,

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so that whichever insect
eats the plant will die.

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But what happens to us?
Who eats that?

135
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So, there are several bio safety questions
in front of us which were never addressed.

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What you see here, yellow, white,
golden rice, which is going to come soon.

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Do you know why it was done?

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They say, vitamin A deficiency 
is a serious problem,

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so we will produce
vitamin A in the plant.

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If you eat that rice, you can have 
as much as vitamin A as possible,

141
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but do you know vitamin A
is a fat soluble vitamin?

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It's not just enough to have vitamin A,
but you also need to have enough fat,

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but if you have enough fat in your food
you don't need golden rice.

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In 2005 we came across a farmer in Guntur,

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who was cultivating Bt Bhendi.

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We were shocked.

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I said, "How did you get it?"

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He said, "The company gave me the seeds."

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We went to the company, 
and they said, "We are doing a trial."

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We went to the government.

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The government said,
"Yeah, that's their seed."

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They said, "You are not permitted."

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It was taken off in 2005.

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2013, similarly we came across a cotton.

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Herbicide-tolerant cotton which is grown.

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No permissions.

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In 2009, when Bt brinjal was permitted,
there was a public discussion.

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It was the only time 
there was a public discussion,

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to introduce whether we need
a food or not, and it was banned.

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Sometimes, some wise politicians 
take better decisions.

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But otherwise we would have 
been flooded with GM foods.

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Today there is case
pending in Supreme Court,

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there is an expert committee
appointed by Supreme Court

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which said, "We don't need this 
for next the 10 years. Let's wait."

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There's a parliamentary standing committee
which also said, "We don't need."

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But you don't know how they are 
going to come into your plate.

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Food is not only useful energy
but also good for your health.

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It can treat many of the diseases.
Food is a medicine.

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It can act as preventive medicine,
and can also act as a curative medicine.

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I know many people who are working on
treating autism with good food.

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Many problems which you are seeing

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- obesity, diabetes, blood pressure -
all are because of the food which you eat.

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You need to make a right choice
about your food.

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Second: what food does to the environment.

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Let's look at the ecological footprints.

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How many of you have seen rice fields?

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Almost all, right?

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What comes to your mind 
when we think of rice fields?

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Full of water.

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How much water does it take
to produce an acre of rice?

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6 million liters.

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6 million liters per acre of rice.

183
00:10:01,272 --> 00:10:05,038
Which is equal to 100 families 
annual consumption.

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One family of five members
eats about a kilogram of rice a day.

185
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Which is equivalent to
a tanker of water: 180 showers.

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All of us want to eat rice.

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More and more water
you need in production of rice.

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Let's make a making calculation:

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how much one meal of rice in Hyderabad 
costs to the environment?

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It's probably as big as a whole dam.

191
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We need to worry
about the ecological footprints.

192
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It's not just about the water, 
about pesticides, about growth hormone.

193
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Everything.

194
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What agriculture leaves 
before it comes to your plate?

195
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And not just that.
What does it do to the farmers?

196
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The more and more pesticides
you spray, insects get resistant.

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They don't work.

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First time you spray,
second time you spray,

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third time you spray,
fourth time you drink it.

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That's what we have seen
all along, farmer suicides.

201
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The fall out of such things
is increasing cost of cultivation,

202
00:11:00,847 --> 00:11:02,761
but the prices are not increasing.

203
00:11:03,108 --> 00:11:08,128
Production costs for one kilogram of rice,
₹. 2,100 as per government calculations,

204
00:11:08,128 --> 00:11:10,196
but today the price
is on 1,400 for farmers.

205
00:11:10,508 --> 00:11:14,799
Today a ton of sugarcane is ₹. 2,000.

206
00:11:14,799 --> 00:11:17,156
A ton of firewood is ₹. 4,000.

207
00:11:18,256 --> 00:11:19,849
How can farmers live?

208
00:11:20,126 --> 00:11:22,267
The policies are also lopsided.

209
00:11:23,767 --> 00:11:27,842
Today, the average income
of 83% of the farmers in this country

210
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is only ₹. 5,000.

211
00:11:32,262 --> 00:11:34,863
So farmers have lost 
their economic independence.

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00:11:34,863 --> 00:11:38,070
Not just economic independence,
physical independence as well.

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00:11:38,313 --> 00:11:40,418
These are photographs wich we have taken

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00:11:40,418 --> 00:11:42,798
of farmers standing
in queue for fertilizers.

215
00:11:42,798 --> 00:11:44,688
Standing in queue for seeds.

216
00:11:44,688 --> 00:11:46,465
Seeds which they can produce.

217
00:11:46,704 --> 00:11:49,681
Fertilizer which they
can make by composting,

218
00:11:49,681 --> 00:11:51,195
but they are not subsidized.

219
00:11:51,195 --> 00:11:53,409
If you buy it in a market,
they are subsidized.

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Lopsided policies from government.

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All these lead to farmer suicides.

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00:11:59,328 --> 00:12:03,591
In last 20 years, 300,000 farmers 
have committed suicide.

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Every day about 48.

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What is the point about just discussing
the dark side of the picture?

225
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How much and what can we do 
to change the situation.

226
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Some of us working in agriculture
at various institutions came together,

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00:12:16,421 --> 00:12:20,106
and we started an organization
called Center for Sustainable Agriculture,

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in 2004.

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We started working with farmers,
telling them how they can move away

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from the high external input
base agriculture

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00:12:28,742 --> 00:12:31,438
to low external input based agriculture.

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It was not easy,

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but what we found is across the country 
there were wonderful experiences.

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00:12:36,492 --> 00:12:40,071
But all those experiences
were taught in ideological frameworks.

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They don't talk to each other.

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There are good things and bad things,

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if they would discuss with each other
it would have been good,

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00:12:46,703 --> 00:12:48,356
but they never talk to each other.

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Mainstream institutions 
never worried about them.

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00:12:50,749 --> 00:12:53,202
So we brought all the practices together,

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evolved what we called
sustainable agricultural practices.

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The first success came in Kulukulla.

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00:12:59,218 --> 00:13:03,001
Kulukulla is village in Kamang district
which became completely pesticide free.

244
00:13:03,001 --> 00:13:06,084
The village, which was spending
about 6 million per annum,

245
00:13:06,084 --> 00:13:08,394
they completely stopped using pesticides.

246
00:13:08,394 --> 00:13:11,665
(Applause)

247
00:13:11,665 --> 00:13:16,555
The Agriculture minister came
and said, "Wonderful. What do you want?"

248
00:13:17,785 --> 00:13:23,082
The farmers said, "Make
Andhra Pradesh pesticide free."

249
00:13:23,663 --> 00:13:26,796
He was amazed. He said,
"Certainly I'll do. But what do you want?"

250
00:13:26,796 --> 00:13:31,056
I said,"We are happy with what we have.
Just change all agricultural practices."

251
00:13:31,404 --> 00:13:36,035
He brought all the scientists
of the department of agriculture together

252
00:13:36,035 --> 00:13:37,627
to see and then make a change.

253
00:13:37,627 --> 00:13:41,236
They said,"Sir, this is one village.
We can't do it. It is not possible."

254
00:13:41,236 --> 00:13:42,648
Then came Enabavi.

255
00:13:42,648 --> 00:13:45,818
This is about 80 kilometers from here,
completely organic village.

256
00:13:45,818 --> 00:13:47,108
The last three years,

257
00:13:47,108 --> 00:13:49,776
more than 10 thousand people 
have visited the village

258
00:13:49,776 --> 00:13:51,573
to know how they are doing farming.

259
00:13:51,573 --> 00:13:54,664
But this also has not changed
anything under government.

260
00:13:54,664 --> 00:13:56,193
But consumers have changed.

261
00:13:56,193 --> 00:13:59,061
Many people have started
understanding what is good for them.

262
00:13:59,061 --> 00:14:02,628
This is an advertisement 
which is The Hindu uses for itself.

263
00:14:03,204 --> 00:14:05,038
This is a village called Dorli.

264
00:14:05,263 --> 00:14:07,797
Dorli is in Vardha.

265
00:14:07,797 --> 00:14:11,157
After Telangana, you hear
lots of suicides from Vardha.

266
00:14:11,157 --> 00:14:13,544
In 2005 the village was put up for sale,

267
00:14:13,544 --> 00:14:15,364
farmers decided we can't do farming.

268
00:14:15,364 --> 00:14:16,872
They put up village for sale.

269
00:14:16,872 --> 00:14:20,802
We went there in 2006 and said,
"Can we start working together?"

270
00:14:21,242 --> 00:14:23,990
Today all of them have repaid their loans,

271
00:14:23,990 --> 00:14:26,049
all of them are back to farming.

272
00:14:26,049 --> 00:14:27,044
(Applause)

273
00:14:27,044 --> 00:14:30,103
It's possible. It's possible.

274
00:14:30,103 --> 00:14:31,691
All examples are in front of us.

275
00:14:31,691 --> 00:14:32,811
We also started working


276
00:14:32,811 --> 00:14:35,575
with the woman self fill groups
in Andhra Pradesh.

277
00:14:35,575 --> 00:14:38,125
These are cover stories
of 'Down To Earth' magazine,

278
00:14:38,125 --> 00:14:39,930
which tracked the whole change.

279
00:14:39,930 --> 00:14:42,850
We started with 225 acres in 2005.

280
00:14:43,540 --> 00:14:48,769
Today its 3.5 million acres
in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana together,

281
00:14:48,769 --> 00:14:50,038
pesticide free.

282
00:14:50,038 --> 00:14:51,358
(Applause)

283
00:14:51,358 --> 00:14:54,812
50% of use of pesticide 
in the state has come down.

284
00:14:56,969 --> 00:15:00,700
We were third in the country
in terms of per acre pesticide used,

285
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:02,400
today we are 20th in the country.

286
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:03,306
(Applause)

287
00:15:03,306 --> 00:15:06,485
This was part of a show
on Satyamev Jayate,

288
00:15:06,485 --> 00:15:07,942
some of you may have seen it.

289
00:15:07,942 --> 00:15:10,115
In this show we had
an interesting discussion.

290
00:15:10,115 --> 00:15:14,535
The other side was the largest 
pesticide seller in this country.

291
00:15:14,535 --> 00:15:16,726
Towards the end Amir Khan
asked me a question:

292
00:15:16,726 --> 00:15:19,536
"I am fully convinced with what you're
saying and what you're doing

293
00:15:19,536 --> 00:15:20,966
It is possible to do it India.

294
00:15:20,966 --> 00:15:23,466
But how do I convince
this man who is sitting here?"

295
00:15:23,766 --> 00:15:25,226
I said: "Ask his brother,

296
00:15:25,226 --> 00:15:28,168
His brother is the largest
organic exporter in this country."

297
00:15:28,168 --> 00:15:30,653
(Applause)

298
00:15:32,546 --> 00:15:33,906
And he said, "Yes."

299
00:15:34,318 --> 00:15:37,245
That shows that people see it as business.

300
00:15:37,245 --> 00:15:41,782
If pesticide sells, they sell pesticides,
if organic sells, they sell organic.

301
00:15:42,542 --> 00:15:45,359
You buy pesticides or 
other organic pesticides

302
00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,192
or certificate from us saying
you haven't used any of these things.

303
00:15:49,702 --> 00:15:51,799
Farmers are made into consumers.

304
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:54,293
But what are our consumers doing?

305
00:15:54,293 --> 00:15:55,663
Then what we did is

306
00:15:55,663 --> 00:15:58,027
we brought some consumers
in Hyderabad together

307
00:15:58,027 --> 00:16:00,741
to form a consumer cooperative
called Sahaja Aharam.

308
00:16:00,741 --> 00:16:04,704
We also brought all farmers together 
to form farmers cooperative,

309
00:16:04,704 --> 00:16:06,328
so that they can market directly.

310
00:16:06,328 --> 00:16:08,570
Today we have 20 farmer cooperatives

311
00:16:08,570 --> 00:16:12,544
who produce organically 
and directly sell in the market.

312
00:16:12,544 --> 00:16:16,066
While many of you worry
about organic food prices,

313
00:16:16,066 --> 00:16:20,988
the organic Sahaja Aharam prices
are 20% lower than the market prices,

314
00:16:20,988 --> 00:16:24,734
and 75% of what the consumer pays
goes to the farmers.

315
00:16:25,279 --> 00:16:29,170
In the regular market it is
just 20% which goes to the farmer.

316
00:16:29,170 --> 00:16:31,391
(Applause)

317
00:16:32,481 --> 00:16:34,044
What do I see from here?

318
00:16:34,044 --> 00:16:35,772
I see a ray of hope.

319
00:16:35,772 --> 00:16:37,153
It's possible.

320
00:16:37,153 --> 00:16:39,936
If all of us can join hands together,
we can make a change.

321
00:16:40,356 --> 00:16:43,559
But it's a long way to go
in terms of Government Policies.

322
00:16:43,559 --> 00:16:46,089
Still there is serious crisis
in agriculture.

323
00:16:46,089 --> 00:16:48,487
Yesterday, you may have seen
about farmer's suicide.

324
00:16:48,487 --> 00:16:50,647
Today, this morning's newspaper,
you may have seen.

325
00:16:50,818 --> 00:16:52,511
Numbers of farmers are dying.

326
00:16:52,511 --> 00:16:54,493
It's a responsibility of all of us.

327
00:16:54,493 --> 00:16:56,377
Business as usual is not an option.

328
00:16:56,377 --> 00:17:00,493
We need to change as consumers,
we need change as farmers.

329
00:17:00,493 --> 00:17:04,552
We all need to come together 
to pressurize government

330
00:17:04,552 --> 00:17:05,913
to make a change.

331
00:17:05,913 --> 00:17:08,252
Otherwise, the future is very very glee.

332
00:17:08,252 --> 00:17:09,512
Thank you.

333
00:17:09,512 --> 00:17:10,682
(Applause)