[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.42,0:00:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ [music] ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.08,0:00:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Alex] Now that we know \Nhow to find the profit
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.39,0:00:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maximization point, \Nwe're going to show
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.80,0:00:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of profit on the diagram \Nusing the average cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.52,0:00:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as I said in the last lecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.40,0:00:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average cost is the cost \Nper unit of output.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.30,0:00:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, average cost is\Ntotal cost divided by Q.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.14,0:00:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now remember also \Nthat total cost can be broken down
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.04,0:00:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into fixed costs plus \Nvariable costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.22,0:00:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can also write average cost\Nin a slightly longer format.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.68,0:00:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Average cost is equal \Nto fixed cost divided by Q
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.51,0:00:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus the variable cost divided \Nby Q, the units of output.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.19,0:00:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a little bit useful \Nbecause we're able to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.70,0:00:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get some intuition, for the shape \Nof a typical average cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.56,0:01:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that the fixed costs \Ndon't change with Q.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.46,0:01:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why they're fixed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.26,0:01:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when Q is small -- this number,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.31,0:01:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppose fixed cost is 100,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.14,0:01:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Q is small -- then this number \Nis going to be big
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.29,0:01:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like 100 divided by 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.98,0:01:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Q gets larger, however,\Nthis number --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.99,0:01:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixed cost divided by Q -- \Nis going to get smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.41,0:01:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when Q is 10, this number \N100 divided by 10 becomes 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.67,0:01:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it goes from 100,\Nand it goes down, down, down, down,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.10,0:01:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get's lower and lower and lower\Nall the time as you divide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.81,0:01:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a bigger quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.63,0:01:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, the variable \Ncosts increase with quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.15,0:01:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, what we saw \Nwith the marginal cost curve
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.77,0:01:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that at some point,\Nyour variable costs are going
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.92,0:01:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase faster than quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going to happen is \Nthat this number at some point --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.68,0:01:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,variable cost divided by quantity --\Nis going to get bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.86,0:01:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bigger and bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.24,0:01:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have two things, one force \Nis driving average cost down.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.41,0:02:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's going to be particularly \Nstrong at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.12,0:02:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, however, \Nthe second force here is going
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.78,0:02:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drive average cost up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.56,0:02:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's going to be our typical \Nshape of an average cost curve --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.19,0:02:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling, reaches a minimum,\Nand then rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.67,0:02:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's draw it like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.45,0:02:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, here's our typical\Nmarginal cost curve,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.08,0:02:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here is our marginal \Nrevenue curve, equal to price.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.68,0:02:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that the profit maximizing \Npoint is where marginal revenue
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.40,0:02:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is equal to marginal cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.22,0:02:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is our average cost curve,\Nand notice it has the shape
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.70,0:02:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I described --\Nit starts off high, it falls,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.16,0:02:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaches a minimum, \Nand then goes right back up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.82,0:02:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Couple of other points to notice\Nis that the minimum point,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.64,0:02:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the marginal cost curve goes \Nthrough the minimum point
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.40,0:02:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.42,0:02:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's just a mathematical fact, \Nbut let me give you some intuition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.05,0:02:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of cost, I want \Nto talk about average grade
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.96,0:02:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and marginal grade.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.14,0:03:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So suppose that your \Naverage grade is 80%.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.54,0:03:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're doing really pretty good,\Nbut then on your next test
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.03,0:03:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you only get 60% -- lower.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.16,0:03:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is that going to do \Nto your average?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.57,0:03:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's going to drive \Nyour average down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.46,0:03:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed whenever your marginal \Nis below your average,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.04,0:03:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average must be falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.40,0:03:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, suppose \Nthat you're getting 80%,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.33,0:03:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on your next test you get 90%.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.94,0:03:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great, but what does \Nthat do to your average?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.53,0:03:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It drives your average up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.95,0:03:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed whenever your marginal\Nis above the average,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.85,0:03:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average must be rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.78,0:03:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now suppose what happens \Nwhen you're getting let's say 80%,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.49,0:03:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on your next test,\Nyou also get 80%.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.35,0:03:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well then your marginal is equal \Nto your average grade,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.32,0:03:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your average grade is flat -- \Nit doesn't change, it's flat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.46,0:03:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is true for average \Nand marginal grades is also true
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.20,0:04:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for average cost and marginal cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.79,0:04:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever the marginal cost is \Nbelow the average,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.87,0:04:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average is falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.70,0:04:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever the marginal cost is \Nabove the average,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.87,0:04:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average is rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.62,0:04:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where marginal is \Njust equal to average,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.86,0:04:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average is flat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.45,0:04:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, we are \Nat the minimum point
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.08,0:04:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.82,0:04:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, now I said we could use \Nthe average cost curve
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.75,0:04:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out profit -- \Nshow profit on the diagram.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.48,0:04:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do that with just \Na little bit of rearranging.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.52,0:04:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that profit is equal \Nto total revenue minus total cost
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.98,0:04:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and total revenue is \Nprice times quantity -- P times Q.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.57,0:04:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know \Nthat average cost is equal
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.11,0:04:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to total cost divided by quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.80,0:04:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's just rearrange that \Nto tell us that total cost is equal
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.83,0:04:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to average cost times quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.29,0:04:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just take this one \Nand multiply both sides by Q.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.78,0:04:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now make these substitutions \Ninto our profit equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.81,0:05:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we do that, then profit is equal \Nto total revenue --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.90,0:05:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,price times quantity --\Nminus total cost --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.44,0:05:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average cost times quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.32,0:05:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take Q out \Nof both parts of this equation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.28,0:05:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we find that profit \Ncan also be written as price
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.60,0:05:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,minus average cost, \Nall of that times quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.59,0:05:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's nice because we can find
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.60,0:05:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these elements \Non our diagram.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.78,0:05:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the price.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.34,0:05:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the average cost\Nat the profit maximizing quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.87,0:05:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's just show that. \NThere's the price.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.54,0:05:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the average cost \Nat the profit maximizing quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.09,0:05:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So profit at the profit \Nmaximizing quantity is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.14,0:05:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this green area right here --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.74,0:05:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,price minus average cost \Ntimes quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.04,0:05:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we have a nice way \Nof showing in a diagram
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.70,0:05:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly how much profit is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.75,0:05:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's use this tool some more.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.29,0:06:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another example \Nof the average cost curve in action.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.17,0:06:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, I said that profit \Nmaximization doesn't necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.67,0:06:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean the firm is making \Na positive profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.54,0:06:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes the best you can do \Nis to minimize your losses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.89,0:06:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have to take a loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.77,0:06:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, suppose \Nthat the price is below $17.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.92,0:06:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, here's the market price, \Nwhich is equal to the firm's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.17,0:06:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marginal revenue curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.10,0:06:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the firm profit maximize?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.13,0:06:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It chooses the quantity \Nwhere marginal revenue is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.85,0:06:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equal to marginal cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.64,0:06:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that case, this quantity is one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.17,0:06:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's the profit \Nfor the firm?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.06,0:06:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, as usual we measure \Nprofit as price minus
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.97,0:06:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average cost times quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.79,0:06:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But notice that price is \Nbelow the average cost
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.82,0:06:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the profit maximizing \Nquantity of one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.77,0:06:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since price is below average cost, \Nthis is a loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.97,0:06:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a negative quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.70,0:07:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a loss. In fact, notice \Nthat the breakeven price is $17,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.88,0:07:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the minimum \Nof the average cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.43,0:07:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to make a profit, \Nthe firm at least has to meet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.24,0:07:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the minimum of its \Naverage cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.43,0:07:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at any price below $17,\Nwe'll be profit maximizing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.33,0:07:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a point where price is equal\Nto marginal cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.10,0:07:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and notice that all of these \Nprices are below average cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.71,0:07:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of this area down here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.85,0:07:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the profit maximizing \Nquantity, will mean a loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.28,0:07:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, once we get \Nabove $17, above the minimum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.93,0:07:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost curve, then we \Ncan price equal to marginal cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.56,0:07:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can choose the quantities such \Nthe price is equal to marginal cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.33,0:07:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That price will be above average \Ncost, so we'll be taking a profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.52,0:07:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, $17, the minimum\Nof the average cost curve,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.22,0:08:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the breakeven point.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.56,0:08:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the price is less \Nthan the minimum
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.03,0:08:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost curve, \Nwe're going to be taking a loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.37,0:08:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the price is bigger \Nthan the minimum
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.34,0:08:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost curve, \Nthen we can make a profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.98,0:08:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when should a firm enter \Nor exit an industry?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.85,0:08:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the long run, the firms will \Nenter when price
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.32,0:08:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is above average cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.19,0:08:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If price is somewhere \Nabove the average cost curve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.99,0:08:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the firm can make \Na profit by entering,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.26,0:08:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what firms want to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.97,0:08:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to find profit, \Nso they will want to enter
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.25,0:08:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherever a profit is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.01,0:08:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firms will exit the industry \Nwhen the price is below
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.64,0:08:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average cost curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.23,0:08:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they're going \Nto be taking a loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.55,0:08:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're going to want to exit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.36,0:08:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, when the price is \Nequal to the minimum
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.23,0:08:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost --\Nit's just equal to the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.93,0:08:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the average cost curve, \Nprofits are zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.76,0:08:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no incentive
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.28,0:08:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to either exit \Nor enter the industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.16,0:08:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you might ask, \Nwhy would firms remain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.52,0:08:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an industry if profits are zero?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.41,0:09:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zero profits, this is just \Na matter of terminology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.40,0:09:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that at the market price \Nthe firm is covering all
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.01,0:09:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its costs, including enough \Nto pay labor and capital,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.87,0:09:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their ordinary opportunity cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.49,0:09:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So zero profits means \Neveryone is being paid
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.65,0:09:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough to make them satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.72,0:09:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zero profits, in other words,\Nis what normal people mean
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.51,0:09:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by normal profits.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.50,0:09:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when an economist \Nsays zero profits
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.71,0:09:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just substitute normal profits.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.34,0:09:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One more point \Nabout entry and exit.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.97,0:09:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't always make sense \Nto exit an industry immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.94,0:09:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when price falls \Nbelow average cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.21,0:09:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to enter immediately \Nwhen price is above average cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.25,0:09:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why not? Well, there are \Nalso entry and exit costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.28,0:09:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, suppose \Nthat that the price of oil is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.72,0:09:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,currently above the average \Ncost of pumping oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.37,0:09:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you've already got a well.\NShould you enter the industry?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.27,0:10:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, maybe not necessarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.27,0:10:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because entry requires you \Nto drill an oil well,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.78,0:10:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drilling an oil well is \Na sunk cost -- literally in this case.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.04,0:10:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sunk cost is a cost that once \Nincurred can never be recovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.74,0:10:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you enter the industry \Nand drill the oil well,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.85,0:10:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't get that money back \Nwhen you later exit the industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.37,0:10:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is you\Ndon't want to enter
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.93,0:10:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless you expect \Nthe price of oil to stay
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.29,0:10:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the minimum \Nof the average cost curve
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.66,0:10:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long enough so that you can \Nalso recover your entry costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.44,0:10:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just because the price goes\Nabove the average cost a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.53,0:10:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't immediately \Nwant to jump into that industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.79,0:10:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to expect that \Nthat price is going to stay
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.04,0:10:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above average cost \Nlong enough for you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.96,0:10:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recover your entry costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.95,0:10:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the same reasons, \Nif there are exit costs --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.92,0:11:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, if you have \Nto shutter up the well
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.60,0:11:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fill the well with cement \Nwhen you exit the industry
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.40,0:11:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you do in the United States --\Nthen when price falls
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.39,0:11:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,below average cost, \Nit may be best to weather
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.38,0:11:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the storm at least \Nfor sometime before you exit.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.90,0:11:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only if you expect the price \Nof oil to stay below your minimum
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.80,0:11:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of average cost \Nfor an extended period of time
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.72,0:11:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will you want to exit the industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.60,0:11:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, if the price of oil falls \Nbelow the average cost
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.26,0:11:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just for a little bit, \Nand then it goes back up,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.96,0:11:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lifetime profits can \Nstill be possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.37,0:11:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, entry and exit could be \Nquite complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.98,0:11:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you've got \Nto be thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.66,0:11:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the lifetime profits,\Nnot just your immediate profits.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.19,0:11:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the bottom line\Nis pretty simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.87,0:11:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firms seek profits,\Nand they want to avoid losses.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.23,0:11:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, firms will enter \Nindustries when the price is above
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.24,0:11:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the average cost\Nand they can make a profit,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.58,0:12:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will exit when the price \Nis below the average cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.50,0:12:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.63,0:12:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] If you want to test \Nyourself, click, "Practice Questions."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.43,0:12:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, if you're ready to move on,\Njust click, "Next Video."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.51,0:12:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ [music] ♪