[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.79,0:00:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that when you walked\Nin here this evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.75,0:00:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you discovered that everybody in the room
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.82,0:00:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked almost exactly the same:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.45,0:00:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ageless, raceless,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.45,0:00:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generically good-looking.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.43,0:00:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That person sitting right next to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.48,0:00:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might have the most\Nidiosyncratic inner life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.70,0:00:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't have a clue\Nbecause we're all wearing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.04,0:00:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same blank expression all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.45,0:00:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the kind of creepy transformation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.64,0:00:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is taking over cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.07,0:00:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only it applies to buildings, not people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.48,0:00:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are full of roughness and shadow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.71,0:00:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,texture and color.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.93,0:00:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can still find architectural surfaces\Nof great individuality and character,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.38,0:00:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in apartment buildings in Riga
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.61,0:00:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and [???].
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.04,0:00:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social housing in Vienna,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.50,0:00:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopi villages in Arizona,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.54,0:00:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brownstones in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.86,0:00:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wooden houses in San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.92,0:01:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These aren't palaces or cathedrals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.25,0:01:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just ordinary residences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.09,0:01:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expressing the ordinary\Nsplendor of cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.97,0:01:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason they're like that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.02,0:01:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the need for shelter
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.01,0:01:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is so bound up with the human desire
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.34,0:01:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.30,0:01:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their rough surfaces give us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.79,0:01:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a touchable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.07,0:01:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? Streets that you can read\Nby running your fingers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.45,0:01:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over brick and stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.78,0:01:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's getting harder to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.43,0:01:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because cities are becoming smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.92,0:01:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New downtowns sprout towers\Nthat are almost always made
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.88,0:01:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of concrete and steel
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.38,0:01:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and covered in glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.17,0:01:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can look at skylines\Nall over the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.08,0:01:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Houston, Guangzhou,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.52,0:01:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frankfurt --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.48,0:01:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see the same army\Nof high-gloss robots
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.99,0:01:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marching over the horizon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.74,0:01:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now just think of everything we lose
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.92,0:01:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when architects stop using the full range
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.38,0:02:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of available materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.93,0:02:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we reject granite
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.10,0:02:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and limestone and sandstone\Nand wood and copper
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.80,0:02:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and terra cotta and brick
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.33,0:02:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wattle and plaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.31,0:02:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we simplify architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.49,0:02:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we impoverish cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.84,0:02:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if you reduced all\Nof the world's cuisines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.29,0:02:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to airline food.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.37,0:02:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.94,0:02:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chicken or pasta?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.68,0:02:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But worse still,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.96,0:02:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assemblies of glass towers\Nlike this one in Moscow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.62,0:02:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggest a disdain for the civic\Nand communal aspects of urban living.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.63,0:02:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? Buildings like these are intended\Nto enrich their owners and tenants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.47,0:02:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not necessarily the lives\Nof the rest of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.20,0:02:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those of us who navigate the spaces\Nbetween the buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.46,0:02:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we expect to do so for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.06,0:02:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shiny towers are an invasive species,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.20,0:02:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are choking our cities\Nand killing off public space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.82,0:02:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to think of a facade
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.47,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being like makeup,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.10,0:03:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a decorative layer applied at the end\Nto a building that's effectively complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.15,0:03:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because a facade is superficial
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.88,0:03:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean it's not also deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.14,0:03:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.42,0:03:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how a city's surfaces affect\Nthe way we live in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.51,0:03:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I visited Salamanca in Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.37,0:03:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gravitated to the Plaza Mayor
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.76,0:03:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at all hours of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.56,0:03:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? Early in the morning,\Nsunlight rakes the facades,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.08,0:03:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sharpening shadows,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.69,0:03:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at night, lamplight segments\Nthe buildings into hundreds
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.75,0:03:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of distinct areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.68,0:03:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balconies and windows and arcades,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.91,0:03:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one a separate pocket\Nof visual activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.60,0:03:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That detail and depth, that glamour
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.73,0:03:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives the plaza a theatrical quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.14,0:03:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It becomes a stage where\Nthe generations can meet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.40,0:03:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have teenagers sprawling\Non the pavement,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.34,0:03:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seniors monopolizing the benches,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.29,0:04:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and real life starts to look\Nlike an opera set.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.59,0:04:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The curtain goes up on Salamanca.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.28,0:04:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just because I'm talking about\Nthe exteriors of buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.64,0:04:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not form, not function, not structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.98,0:04:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even so those surfaces\Ngive textures to our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.57,0:04:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because buildings create\Nthe spaces around them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.59,0:04:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those spaces can draw people in
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.56,0:04:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or push them away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.52,0:04:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the difference often has to do\Nwith the quality of those exteriors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.31,0:04:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one contemporary equivalent\Nof the Plaza Mayor in Salamanca
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.98,0:04:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Place de la Défense in Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.05,0:04:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a windswept, glass-walled open space
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.50,0:04:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that office workers hurry through
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.58,0:04:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the way from the Metro\Nto their cubicles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.84,0:04:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but otherwise spend\Nas little time in as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.11,0:04:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the early 1980s,\Nthe architect Philip Johnson
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.37,0:04:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to recreate a gracious\NEuropean plaza in Pittsburgh.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.95,0:04:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is PPG Place,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.44,0:05:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a half acre of open space\Nencircles by commercial buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.58,0:05:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made of mirrored glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.25,0:05:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he ornamented those buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.83,0:05:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with metal trim and baize
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.55,0:05:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gothic turrets
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.48,0:05:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which really pop on the skyline.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.66,0:05:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at ground level,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.68,0:05:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plaza feels like a black glass cage.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.17,0:05:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean sure, in summertime kids\Nare running back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.15,0:05:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the fountain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.49,0:05:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's ice skating in the winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.23,0:05:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it lacks the informality\Nof a leisurely hangout.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.99,0:05:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just not the sort of place\Nyou really want to just hang out and chat.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.64,0:05:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public spaces thrive or fail\Nfor many different reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.58,0:05:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architecture is only one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.70,0:05:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's an important one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.94,0:05:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some recent plazas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.37,0:05:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Federation Square in Melbourne
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.13,0:05:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Superkilen in Copenhagen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.13,0:05:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,succeed because they combine old and new,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.61,0:05:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rough and smooth,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.53,0:05:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neutral and bright colors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.33,0:06:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because they don't rely\Nexcessively on glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.05,0:06:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm not against glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.18,0:06:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an ancient and versatile material.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.31,0:06:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to manufacture and transport
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.12,0:06:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and install and replace
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.17,0:06:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.74,0:06:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes in everything\Nfrom enormous, ultra-clear sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.59,0:06:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translucent bricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.47,0:06:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New coatings make it change mood
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.57,0:06:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the shifting light.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.87,0:06:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In expensive cities like New York,\Nit has the magical power
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.30,0:06:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being able to multiply real estate\Nvalues by allowing views,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.04,0:06:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is really the only commodity\Nthat developers have to offer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.02,0:06:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to justify those surreal prices.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.82,0:06:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the middle of the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.40,0:06:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the construction\Nof the Crystal Palace in London,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.36,0:06:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glass leapt to the top of the list\Nof quintessentially modern substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.57,0:06:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the mid-20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.08,0:06:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had come to dominate the downtowns\Nof some American cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.90,0:07:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largely through some really spectacular
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.02,0:07:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,office buildings like Lever House
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.73,0:07:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in midtown Manhattan, designed\Nby Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.68,0:07:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, the technology
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.60,0:07:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,advanced to the point where architects\Ncould design structures so transparent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.35,0:07:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they practically disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.42,0:07:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And along the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.02,0:07:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glass became the default material\Nof the high rise city,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.70,0:07:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a very\Npowerful reason for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.35,0:07:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as the world's populations\Nconverge on cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.22,0:07:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the least fortunate pack into\Njerrybuilt shantytowns,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.84,0:07:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but hundreds of millions of people\Nneed apartments and places to work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.73,0:07:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ever larger buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.98,0:07:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it makes economic sense\Nto put up towers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.51,0:07:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wrap them in cheap\Nand practical curtain walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.33,0:07:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But glass has a limited ability
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.45,0:07:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be expressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.46,0:07:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a section of wall framing a plaza
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.60,0:07:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pre-Hispanic city of Mitla,\Nin southern Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.68,0:08:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those 2,000-year old carvings
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.39,0:08:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make it clear that this was a place\Nof high ritual significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.70,0:08:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we look at those and we can see\Na historical and textural continuity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.18,0:08:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between those carvings,\Nthe mountains all around,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.81,0:08:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that church which is built\Non top of the ruins
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.94,0:08:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using stone plundered from the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.13,0:08:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In nearby Oaxaca, even\Nordinary plaster buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.93,0:08:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become canvasses for bright colors,\Npolitical murals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.94,0:08:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sophisticated graphic arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.08,0:08:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an intricate, communicative language
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.14,0:08:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an epidemic of glass\Nwould simply wipe out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.20,0:08:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that architects\Nand developers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.15,0:08:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have begun to rediscover\Nthe joys of texture
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.93,0:08:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without backing away from modernity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.57,0:08:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some find innovative uses\Nfor old materials like brick
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.90,0:08:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and terra cotta.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.01,0:08:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others invent new products\Nlike the molded panels
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.86,0:08:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Snøhetta used
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.62,0:09:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give their San Francisco\NMuseum of Modern Art
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.64,0:09:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that crinkly, sculptural quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.84,0:09:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The architect Stefano Boeri\Neven created living facades.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.52,0:09:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is his Vertical Forest,\Na pair of apartment towers in Milan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.58,0:09:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose most visible feature is greenery.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.44,0:09:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Boeri is designing a version of this\Nfor Nanjing in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.31,0:09:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And imagine if green facades\Nwere as ubiquitous as glass ones
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.45,0:09:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much cleaner the air\Nin Chinese cities would become.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.46,0:09:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the truth is that these\Nare mostly one-offs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.56,0:09:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boutique projects,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.12,0:09:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not easily reproduced\Nat a global scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.35,0:09:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.45,0:09:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you use materials\Nthat have a local significance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.57,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you prevent cities from\Nall looking the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Copper has a long history in New York --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.92,0:09:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Statue of Liberty,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.62,0:09:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crown of the Woolworth Building --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.01,0:09:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it fell out of fashion for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.70,0:10:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until shop architects used it to cover\Nthe American Copper Building,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.10,0:10:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pair of twisting towers\Non the East River.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.30,0:10:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not even finished and you\Ncan see the way sunset
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.18,0:10:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lights up that metallic facade,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.79,0:10:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will weather to green as it ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.82,0:10:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buildings can be like people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.29,0:10:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their faces broadcast their experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.27,0:10:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's an important point,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.09,0:10:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when glass ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.26,0:10:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just replace it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.43,0:10:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the building looks pretty much\Nthe same way it did before
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.67,0:10:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until eventually it's demolished.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.23,0:10:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all other materials\Nhave the ability to absorb
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.94,0:10:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infusions of history and memory
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.28,0:10:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and project it into the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.85,0:10:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The firm Ennead
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.05,0:10:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clad the Utah Natural History Museum\Nin Salt Lake City in copper and zinc,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.87,0:10:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ores that had been mined\Nin the area for 150 years
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.41,0:10:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that also camouflage the building\Nagainst the ochre hills
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.69,0:10:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you have a natural history museum
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.59,0:11:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reflects the region's\Nnatural history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.72,0:11:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the Chinese\NPritzker Prize Winner Wang Shu
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.74,0:11:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was building a history museum in Ningbo,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.85,0:11:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't just create\Na wrapper for the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.12,0:11:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he built memory right into the walls
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.41,0:11:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using brick and stones and shingles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.88,0:11:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,salvaged from villages\Nthat had been demolished.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.51,0:11:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, architects can use glass
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.82,0:11:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in equally lyrical and inventive ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.44,0:11:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in New York, two buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.05,0:11:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one by Jean Nouvel\Nand this one by Frank Gehry
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.84,0:11:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face off across West 19th Street,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.79,0:11:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the play of reflections\Nthat they toss back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.81,0:11:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like a symphony in light.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.42,0:11:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when a city defaults to glass
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.55,0:11:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it grows,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.03,0:11:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes a hall of mirrors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.07,0:11:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disquieting and cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.14,0:11:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, cities are places\Nof concentrated variety
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.58,0:12:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the world's cultures\Nand languages and lifestyles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.87,0:12:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come together and mingle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.89,0:12:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rather than encase all that variety
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.96,0:12:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and diversity in buildings\Nof crushing sameness,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.76,0:12:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should have an architecture that honors
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.01,0:12:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the full range of the urban experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.59,0:12:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.18,0:12:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)