0:00:00.166,0:00:02.168
Why you can't smoke in public places

0:00:02.268,0:00:04.466
is it because everybody doesn't want to smoke secondhand smoke

0:00:04.466,0:00:05.372
in a closed environment?

0:00:05.372,0:00:06.606
That would be wrong

0:00:06.606,0:00:07.974
Smoking must use fire

0:00:07.974,0:00:10.643
The presence of spark may cause a fire

0:00:10.710,0:00:12.445
And when the fire really came

0:00:12.445,0:00:14.147
Evacuation and rescue in unfamiliar environment

0:00:14.147,0:00:15.515
would be a big problem

0:00:15.515,0:00:17.117
Especially the design of some places

0:00:17.217,0:00:19.019
is totally unexpected

0:00:19.119,0:00:23.289
An underground station fire in London in 1987 said it all

0:00:29.996,0:00:32.665
Platform 9¾ at King's Cross Station

0:00:32.665,0:00:34.067
it awakens reminiscences of your youth, right?

0:00:34.067,0:00:36.970
I think it's because of Harry Potter that you know this station, right?

0:00:37.103,0:00:38.671
Actually in real life,

0:00:38.671,0:00:42.142
King's Cross station is the oldest, one of the busiest railway stations in London

0:00:42.308,0:00:46.413
Beautiful majestic Victorian style is already a landscape.

0:00:46.413,0:00:48.214
Later, it was sought after by magic fans

0:00:48.415,0:00:50.283
King's Cross station is famous overseas

0:00:50.316,0:00:52.285
It has become a must-see famous point in London

0:00:52.652,0:00:53.987
Unfortunately few people know that

0:00:53.987,0:00:57.057
there was a serious fire here

0:00:57.123,0:00:58.725
November 18, 1987

0:00:58.725,0:01:02.862
King's Cross was crowded with commuters rushing home

0:01:02.862,0:01:04.330
Plus the shopping season was coming

0:01:04.330,0:01:05.565
The station was quite busy

0:01:05.598,0:01:07.901
Throughput of at least 250,000 passengers per day

0:01:07.901,0:01:10.470
So the escalator was naturally overloaded

0:01:10.470,0:01:12.572
So that it needed maintenance every two days

0:01:12.572,0:01:14.574
And most of the escalators at that time

0:01:14.574,0:01:16.876
all made of wooden slats and rubber handrails

0:01:17.077,0:01:18.144
After tinkering,

0:01:18.144,0:01:19.879
there's probably another 20 coats of paint

0:01:19.946,0:01:22.348
No one remembers what the background color of the board is

0:01:22.348,0:01:23.750
but it's doesn't matter

0:01:23.783,0:01:24.918
Two weeks before the accident,

0:01:24.918,0:01:28.154
there were obvious gaps between steps and sides of escalator

0:01:28.154,0:01:29.255
Although it is not big

0:01:29.255,0:01:30.590
it has to be repaired in time

0:01:30.690,0:01:31.891
Due to the end of the year

0:01:31.891,0:01:34.294
there's significantly fewer maintenance workers at London Station

0:01:34.294,0:01:37.097
Therefore, the repair work of the gap has been delayed.

0:01:37.363,0:01:38.898
Given lessons from other accidents

0:01:38.898,0:01:40.533
London stations are non-smoking

0:01:40.533,0:01:42.135
But since there are no mandatory measures

0:01:42.302,0:01:44.370
when commuters generally leave the ticket hall

0:01:44.370,0:01:46.773
they couldn't bear it when standing on the escalator

0:01:46.773,0:01:49.809
so smoking on the escalator had become the norm

0:01:49.943,0:01:51.277
Around 7:30 p.m.

0:01:51.277,0:01:54.080
a commuter reminded a conductor, Phillip Brickell

0:01:54.080,0:01:55.982
There's a piece of paper on fire at the bottom of the escalator

0:01:56.382,0:01:58.251
Philip immediately put down his work

0:01:58.251,0:02:00.053
Sure enough, he found a burning tissue

0:02:00.053,0:02:01.488
So quickly put it out

0:02:01.488,0:02:03.389
In the end, he went straight back to his post.

0:02:03.389,0:02:04.891
The station is non-smoking

0:02:04.891,0:02:07.393
Philip didn't even think about where the fire came from

0:02:07.393,0:02:09.062
He didn't tell the other colleagues

0:02:09.062,0:02:10.263
He didn't even report to the leadership

0:02:10.263,0:02:11.731
It seems that this piece of paper

0:02:11.731,0:02:13.733
was the last warning before the fire.

0:02:13.733,0:02:15.401
Too bad people didn't notice

0:02:15.401,0:02:18.705
and the flames breed quietly in a corner of the station

0:02:18.805,0:02:20.473
Commuters kept reporting that

0:02:20.473,0:02:22.609
seeing a plume of smoke while riding the escalator

0:02:22.709,0:02:23.877
At this time, the security inspector

0:02:23.877,0:02:26.146
Christopher Hayes went to check out

0:02:26.179,0:02:28.414
He found the fire was under the escalator

0:02:28.414,0:02:30.116
and cannot be extinguished with a fire extinguisher

0:02:30.250,0:02:32.152
So he tried to check the sprinkler system

0:02:32.285,0:02:33.753
But the system belongs to another department

0:02:33.753,0:02:35.321
he doesn't know how to do it

0:02:35.321,0:02:36.356
but even so

0:02:36.356,0:02:37.957
He still didn't call the firemen

0:02:38.057,0:02:39.259
as the smoke grew

0:02:39.259,0:02:41.594
Christopher just realized the seriousness of the problem

0:02:41.661,0:02:43.663
So he ran first to stop the train from stopping

0:02:43.663,0:02:44.864
to evacuate all personnel

0:02:44.864,0:02:47.066
Luckily one cop managed to get to the ground

0:02:47.066,0:02:48.201
and called the fire department

0:02:48.368,0:02:51.070
Soon the firefighters went down to check the situation

0:02:51.104,0:02:53.273
Due to the location of the fire is in a blind spot

0:02:53.273,0:02:55.808
Firefighters only saw flames about the size of a cardboard box

0:02:55.808,0:02:57.043
It is determined that the fire is not large

0:02:57.043,0:02:57.844
don't panic

0:02:58.144,0:02:59.112
Actually at this time

0:02:59.112,0:03:01.481
The entire bottom of the escalator is on fire.

0:03:01.481,0:03:03.850
As the passing trains past

0:03:03.850,0:03:05.752
Fresh air kept blowing into the tunnel

0:03:05.752,0:03:07.587
The train just acts as a piston

0:03:07.587,0:03:10.323
And the whole subway station is more like a huge bellows

0:03:10.356,0:03:12.225
It's filled with superheated gas all at once

0:03:12.559,0:03:14.861
At this time, thick smoke billowed in the ticket hall

0:03:14.928,0:03:17.130
The smell of heated rubber is very bad

0:03:17.130,0:03:19.766
It's a nightmare for passengers who just got off the bus

0:03:19.766,0:03:21.501
This station is full of smoke

0:03:21.501,0:03:23.169
and they can't even see the exit

0:03:23.336,0:03:24.771
But it's too late

0:03:24.771,0:03:26.306
The train behind has left

0:03:26.306,0:03:28.374
They can only bite the bullet and squeeze in the chaos

0:03:28.374,0:03:29.209
to try to escape

0:03:29.209,0:03:30.343
To evacuate passengers

0:03:30.343,0:03:31.711
there were staff directing them

0:03:31.711,0:03:33.213
to take another escape elevator

0:03:33.213,0:03:34.814
and go to the ticket hall on the upper level

0:03:34.814,0:03:37.684
Unexpectedly, this actually pushed the passengers into the abyss

0:03:37.684,0:03:39.652
At approximately 7:45 pm

0:03:39.652,0:03:41.387
Another train crashed into the station,

0:03:41.387,0:03:43.289
brought a lot of fresh oxygen

0:03:43.323,0:03:45.892
Everyone thought the fire was under control

0:03:45.892,0:03:50.063
but this rush let the already dying flames burn again

0:03:50.063,0:03:51.497
Billowing smoke straight up,

0:03:51.497,0:03:52.765
sparked a raging fire

0:03:52.765,0:03:54.167
and devoured everything around

0:03:54.334,0:03:56.002
Especially the passengers who escaped upwards

0:03:56.002,0:03:58.905
All fell to the ground by this sudden fireball attack

0:03:58.905,0:04:00.406
plus black smoke

0:04:00.406,0:04:02.275
Many people can't even stand up

0:04:02.275,0:04:03.186
According to the statistics

0:04:03.186,0:04:05.878
About 700 passengers were still trapped underground at this time.

0:04:05.878,0:04:08.381
As the escalator connecting to the ground had been surrounded by fire

0:04:08.381,0:04:11.517
some people even ran onto the train tracks in desperation,

0:04:11.517,0:04:13.186
trying to escape this horrible hell

0:04:21.027,0:04:24.731
The ticket hall was already packed with commuters during the evening rush hour

0:04:24.931,0:04:27.100
In the chaos, the crowd blocked the exit again,

0:04:27.100,0:04:28.368
hampered rescue efforts

0:04:28.368,0:04:30.203
the enormous heat generated in the fire

0:04:30.203,0:04:32.805
made the cement of the ceiling expand after the structure loses water

0:04:32.839,0:04:34.307
caused extensive shedding

0:04:34.307,0:04:36.576
slammed on commuter causing serious injuries

0:04:36.609,0:04:38.945
The entire station had been turned into a high-temperature furnace

0:04:38.945,0:04:40.346
at least 600 degrees Celsius

0:04:40.346,0:04:43.316
Firefighters had to spray each other with water guns to cool down

0:04:43.549,0:04:46.286
Firefighting and search and rescue operations lasted all night

0:04:46.319,0:04:47.387
until 6 hours later

0:04:47.387,0:04:49.689
That is, at 1:45 in the morning of the next day

0:04:49.689,0:04:51.491
The fire was completely extinguished

0:04:51.524,0:04:53.293
the reason why rescue work was so difficult is that

0:04:53.293,0:04:54.627
the ferocious fire and

0:04:54.627,0:04:58.464
the firefighters didn't get the plans for the station.

0:04:58.665,0:05:00.600
It is said it's locked in an office

0:05:00.600,0:05:03.202
And no one knows who holds the key

0:05:03.202,0:05:05.238
it's seriously affected the progress of the rescue work

0:05:05.371,0:05:07.740
The fire killed 31 people

0:05:07.740,0:05:08.675
100 injured

0:05:08.675,0:05:09.575
that's a heavily lost

0:05:09.609,0:05:11.878
A station policeman named Colin Townsley disappeared

0:05:11.878,0:05:14.681
after going underground with the firefighters

0:05:14.714,0:05:15.948
Rescuers later found that

0:05:15.948,0:05:18.685
his body lying next to a badly burned passenger

0:05:18.885,0:05:20.753
It turned out that Colin was helping the passenger

0:05:20.753,0:05:22.422
Unexpectedly, he was also shrouded in smoke

0:05:22.422,0:05:23.756
just can't breathe anymore

0:05:23.923,0:05:24.791
After the rescue

0:05:24.791,0:05:26.292
Investigation began immediately

0:05:26.359,0:05:28.027
Everyone was wondering about one question

0:05:28.161,0:05:29.595
How come in just tens of seconds

0:05:29.595,0:05:31.597
the flames suddenly climbed up the escalator

0:05:31.664,0:05:33.299
to form a jet fireball?

0:05:33.299,0:05:35.134
According to eyewitnesses and firefighters

0:05:35.134,0:05:39.005
earlier, fire on escalator was completely under the control

0:05:39.005,0:05:41.074
And there were already several firefighters on the scene

0:05:41.074,0:05:42.709
Everyone had no sense of crisis

0:05:42.809,0:05:46.412
People's cognition of the flame on the inclined surface is limited

0:05:46.546,0:05:49.148
So they can't find the reason why the fire spread fast

0:05:49.215,0:05:51.718
Some even began to suspect that this was a terrorist attack

0:05:51.918,0:05:54.120
Finally, the combustion power expert showed up

0:05:54.220,0:05:56.923
They built the escalator model of King's Cross station

0:05:57.123,0:05:59.425
The fire scene was simulated using a supercomputer

0:05:59.559,0:06:01.127
after the escalator caught fire

0:06:01.127,0:06:02.261
originally upward flame

0:06:02.261,0:06:03.996
suddenly parallel advance along the escalator

0:06:03.996,0:06:04.831
and spread rapidly

0:06:04.864,0:06:07.600
Turns out it's a combination of the Coanda effect and the chimney effect

0:06:07.667,0:06:10.103
Experts call this phenomenon the "trench effect".

0:06:10.370,0:06:11.771
Let's take a look

0:06:11.771,0:06:13.906
The Coanda effect is also known as the wall attachment effect

0:06:13.906,0:06:16.275
it refers to the direction in which the fluid moves away from the original direction of flow

0:06:16.275,0:06:18.678
and changes to the tendency to flow with protruding surfaces

0:06:18.678,0:06:21.080
The most common example is when we pour water

0:06:21.080,0:06:23.015
The water will flow out along the wall of the container

0:06:23.149,0:06:25.718
And after the superheated gas at the fire site encountered the escalator

0:06:25.718,0:06:28.020
changes the original vertical upward movement path

0:06:28.187,0:06:29.589
straight up the slope

0:06:29.589,0:06:30.990
As the heat continues to climb

0:06:31.157,0:06:32.792
There's a new train coming in

0:06:32.792,0:06:34.861
infusing fresh oxygen again and again

0:06:34.994,0:06:36.696
This creates a chimney effect

0:06:36.763,0:06:38.097
This is better to understand

0:06:38.097,0:06:40.933
When a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, it often occurs

0:06:40.933,0:06:42.335
When hot air rises

0:06:42.335,0:06:44.303
it draws outside air in to fill

0:06:44.303,0:06:45.505
so there's excellent combustion effect

0:06:45.571,0:06:47.206
Under the combination of these two phenomena

0:06:47.206,0:06:48.808
Trench effect arises from this

0:06:48.808,0:06:49.976
the fire is burning greater

0:06:49.976,0:06:50.910
and becomes unstoppable

0:06:58.518,0:07:01.454
Presumably, the fire started because someone lit a cigarette

0:07:01.487,0:07:05.124
unextinguished match fell through the gap in the escalator steps

0:07:05.124,0:07:07.504
which ignited a large amount of dust, bits and paint

0:07:07.504,0:07:09.328
that has accumulated in the escalator running track

0:07:09.328,0:07:11.531
nobody knows who caused that

0:07:11.531,0:07:13.466
After all, a group of people were smoking on the escalator

0:07:13.466,0:07:15.768
littering cigarette butts and matches had become commonplace

0:07:15.935,0:07:17.937
It is understood that a few years before the fire

0:07:17.970,0:07:20.006
The Director of Station Operations once proposed

0:07:20.006,0:07:22.308
accumulated paint can pose a fire hazard

0:07:22.308,0:07:24.277
But that's beyond his remit.

0:07:24.277,0:07:25.478
So there is no more text

0:07:25.478,0:07:29.081
Do you think the subway staff seem to be a bit incompetent

0:07:29.081,0:07:30.716
like when it first started

0:07:30.716,0:07:33.519
after conductor Philip being called out to dispose of burning tissues

0:07:33.553,0:07:35.188
he immediately returned to his post

0:07:35.188,0:07:36.155
he did not delve into it

0:07:36.155,0:07:37.890
It seem like it's not a matter of his job

0:07:37.890,0:07:38.791
so he automatically blocked it

0:07:39.125,0:07:40.726
Indeed, an insider later revealed

0:07:40.726,0:07:42.595
because the station staff were warned

0:07:42.595,0:07:44.197
that do not contact the fire department casually

0:07:44.197,0:07:45.932
Otherwise it will cause unnecessary panic

0:07:46.098,0:07:48.501
It's just incredible to us now

0:07:48.568,0:07:50.140
there is a large part of the reason that

0:07:50.140,0:07:52.428
these seemingly indifferent behaviors far from duty

0:07:52.428,0:07:55.007
comes from a set of unwritten operating rules of the London Underground

0:07:55.374,0:07:57.543
Each employee only needed to do their own specific work

0:07:57.543,0:07:58.978
and don't need to ask anything else

0:07:58.978,0:08:01.280
Simply put, don't meddle

0:08:01.280,0:08:02.949
Of course, there were pros and cons to this approach.

0:08:03.049,0:08:05.284
For example, the conductor only cared about handling tickets

0:08:05.284,0:08:06.552
they can maximize efficiency

0:08:06.552,0:08:09.322
So Philip didn't tell anyone about the tissues

0:08:09.322,0:08:10.189
maybe it's also because

0:08:10.189,0:08:12.692
this thing in itself has gone above and beyond his duty.

0:08:12.792,0:08:13.593
he didn't want any more trouble

0:08:13.593,0:08:15.495
And not only employees do not exceed their authority

0:08:15.495,0:08:17.864
Even the various departments will not interfere with each other

0:08:17.930,0:08:20.199
For example, the underground system is divided into 4 departments

0:08:20.199,0:08:21.067
signal engineering

0:08:21.067,0:08:21.868
electrical engineering

0:08:21.868,0:08:23.402
Civil and Mechanical Engineering

0:08:23.536,0:08:25.338
Each department has its own hierarchical network,

0:08:25.338,0:08:26.806
responsible for its own jurisdiction

0:08:26.873,0:08:29.408
In short, each department worked independently

0:08:29.408,0:08:30.943
Although this seems to be in order

0:08:30.943,0:08:33.312
in practice, there were many disadvantages

0:08:33.479,0:08:34.981
they lack of communication among employees

0:08:34.981,0:08:36.849
They will not actively share information with each other

0:08:36.849,0:08:38.584
not to mention "extraordinary" things

0:08:38.651,0:08:40.686
Most importantly, they lack of safety training

0:08:40.953,0:08:42.855
Christopher, as a safety inspector,

0:08:42.855,0:08:44.724
can't even control the sprinkler system

0:08:44.724,0:08:46.292
let alone other staff

0:08:46.292,0:08:48.928
And all of this is because of the upper

0:08:49.195,0:08:52.098
Staff were not trained in such a big station

0:08:52.098,0:08:54.400
no exaggeration, it's just a matter of time

0:08:54.700,0:08:56.202
And what's even more shocking is that

0:08:56.269,0:08:57.503
after the accident

0:08:57.503,0:09:00.239
many managements at Kings Cross station all resigned

0:09:01.240,0:09:03.042
Except of course the irresponsible upper management

0:09:03.175,0:09:05.945
The escalator itself existed years of litter and dirt

0:09:05.945,0:09:07.380
plus heavy paint

0:09:07.380,0:09:08.915
and the missing station plan

0:09:08.915,0:09:11.817
These are all details before the disaster

0:09:11.817,0:09:12.818
No one cares

0:09:12.818,0:09:13.849
Even noticed, they'll be like

0:09:13.849,0:09:16.722
"oh", "it's not my business" and "forget it"

0:09:16.722,0:09:18.824
A little leak will sink a great ship

0:09:18.858,0:09:20.826
When all the little bugs collide

0:09:20.826,0:09:22.628
they can also cause devastating disasters

0:09:22.795,0:09:23.963
After the accident

0:09:23.963,0:09:25.998
All wooden escalators at the station were replaced

0:09:25.998,0:09:28.134
Fire extinguishers and alarms were also installed

0:09:28.134,0:09:28.935
besides,

0:09:28.935,0:09:29.969
automatic sprinkler system,

0:09:29.969,0:09:32.004
the fire detection system is also fully installed in place

0:09:32.004,0:09:34.106
Many slogans also appeared at King's Cross Station

0:09:34.106,0:09:36.042
like prohibiting random littering

0:09:36.042,0:09:37.076
No smoking

0:09:37.076,0:09:39.512
The disaster also sounded the alarm to the whole world

0:09:39.545,0:09:40.947
Trench effect especially

0:09:41.047,0:09:43.316
It was also regarded as a classic fire protection case for science popularization,

0:09:43.316,0:09:45.151
leaving a profound lesson for future generations

0:09:45.184,0:09:47.520
I've also talked about many tragic accidents to this day.

0:09:47.520,0:09:48.421
Did you find out

0:09:48.621,0:09:51.424
sometimes the cause of a catastrophe is very small

0:09:51.624,0:09:53.326
but always due to a series of errors

0:09:53.326,0:09:55.261
they led to a fatal disaster

0:09:55.428,0:09:57.530
Through these accidents, we can also feel that

0:09:57.530,0:09:59.532
the cost of ignoring risk is simply too high

0:09:59.532,0:10:01.601
More importantly, no matter what industry

0:10:01.867,0:10:03.803
Departments need to break down information islands,

0:10:03.803,0:10:05.638
so everyone will complete the goal together

0:10:05.638,0:10:07.907
In short, any little thing can't be taken lightly

0:10:08.074,0:10:09.976
Even if it's just a little spark

0:10:10.009,0:10:11.777
Well, that's the end of this video.

0:10:11.777,0:10:13.312
What do you think of this disaster?

0:10:13.312,0:10:14.480
You can leave a message below

0:10:14.614,0:10:16.115
If you think the video is good

0:10:16.182,0:10:17.817
Don't forget to like, collect and vote

0:10:17.950,0:10:18.517
I'm Zheng Zheng

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